Math 201 Solutions to Assignment 1

1. Solve the initial value problem: x2 dx + 2ydy = 0, Solution: x2 dx + 2ydy = 0 , 2ydy = x2 dx y(0) = 2 y(0) = 2.

1 y 2 = x3 + C 3 1 y = C x3 3

Notice that y is not dened for some values of x. Applying the initial condition gives us that y(0) = C = 2, so C = 4. Then y= 1 4 x3 3 .

2. Find the general solution to the equation: x Solution: The integrating factor is given by: (x) = 3 x dy sin x + 3(y + x2 ) = . dx x

and after integration we nd that (x) = x3 . Multiply the standard form of the equation by to obtain (x3 y) = 3x4 + x sin x 1

Integrating both sides we get x3 y = 3/5x5 + x sin xdx.

integrating the integral above by parts and dividing the equation by x3 we obtain y = 3/5x2 cos x/x2 + sin x/x3 + C/x3 . 3. Solve the initial value problems: (yexy 1/y)dx + (xexy + x/y 2 )dy = 0, Solution: Using the test for exactness one veries that the equation is exact. Then F/x = yexy 1/y and after integration F (x, y) = exy x/y + g(y) Dierentiating with respect to y we get F/y = xexy + x/y 2 + g (y) On the other hand we need that F/y = xexy + x/y 2 and therefore g (y) = 0. Thus we can choose g(y) = 0 because any constant can be absorbed in the right hand side constant of the solution which we easily obtain from (1) to be: exy x = const = C y (1) y(1) = 1,

Since we want y(1) = 1 it follows that F (1, 1) = e 1 = C 2

and then the solution of the initial-value problem (IVP) is given by exy x = e 1. y

(et x + 1)dt + (et 1)dx = 0,

x(1) = 1.

Solution: Again we can verify that this is an exact equation. Then F/t = et x + 1 and integrating we obtain F (t, x) = xet + t + g(x) Dierentiating with respect to y F/x = et + g (x) On the other hand F/x = et 1 or g = x F (t, x) = xet + t x = const = C g (x) = 1

is a solution. We need that x(1) = 1 or F (1, 1) = e = C which gives the unique solution to the IVP x= et et 1

4. Find the general solution to the equations: dy y(ln y ln x + 1) = . dx x Solution: The equation can be put in the form dy y y = ln + 1 . dx x x This is a homogeneous equation and we need to substitute u = y/x. Then the equation in terms of u reads x du + u = u(ln u + 1). dx

This is a separable equation and the separated form is dx du = . u ln u x After one integration we obtain ln ln |u| = ln |x| + c1 and taking the exponents of both sides ln |u| = cx. This yields y = xecx .

dy y = e2x y 3 dx Solution: We rst divide by y 3 and obtain y 3 dy y 2 = e2x . dx 4

Note that while dividing by y we presume that y = 0 but y = 0 is a solution to the initial equation which will not be a solution to the new equation. Therefore, we have to keep it in mind. We further substitute y 2 = u and after some simple calculus (du/dx = 2y 3 dy/dx) obtain du + 2u = 2e2x . dx This is a linear equation and the integrating factor is (x) = e2x . Multiplying the equation with it we obtain d 2x (e u) = 2e4x dx and integrating once, and substituting back u = y 2 1 y 2 = e2x + ce2x . 2 So the solutions are y 2 = 1 e2x + ce2x and y = 0. 2

dy = (2x + y 1)2 , dx Solution: The equation is of the type: G(ax + by) with a = 2, b = 1. We substitute v = 2x + y to obtain: dv dy =2+ dx dx and therefore the equation becomes dv = (v 1)2 + 2 dx which is a separable equation. Then dv = dx (v 1)2 + 2 5

which after one integration yields 1 v1 arctan = x + c1 2 2 or v= 2 tan( 2x + c), c= 2c1

Substituting v = 2x + y we get y = 1 2x + 2 tan( 2x + c)

dy y + = 4y 2 , d Solution: The equation is of a Bernoulli type with n = 2. Therefore we substitute v = y 3 which yields dv dy = 1/3y 2 d d The equation transforms into 1/3y 2 or (substituting y 3 = v) dv 3 + v = 12 d which is a linear equation. (x) = 3 and multiplying by it we get d 3 [ v] = 124 d which after one integration gives v = 12/52 + c/3 6 dv y + = 4y 2 d

or y = 12/52/3 + c1 /

dy xy1 = dx x+y+5 Solution: Some elementary algebra (as shown in p. 73 of the textbook, 8th edition) shows that the substitution x = u 2, y = v 3 reduces the equation to the homegeneous one: dv uv = du u+v Therefore we substitute v/u = w which yields dv v dw 2 = udu u du Then 1w dw u = w + du 1+w After some elementary calculations we obtain 1+w du dw = 2 1 2w w u Integrating once both sides we get 1 2 dp = ln |u| + c 2p

where p = (w + 1)2 . After computing the integral we get 1/2 ln |(w + 1)2 2| = ln |u| + c or after taking the exponent of both sides (w + 1)2 2 = Au2 . 7

After substituting back w, u and v and some elementary algebra we obtain (y + 3)2 + 2(x + 2)(y + 3) (x + 2)2 = A or y 2 x2 + 2xy + 10y + 2x = C 5. Solve the initial value problem: dy = dx Solution: The equation is obviously homogeneous and therefore we substitute v= which yields dy dv =x +v dx dx After substitution in the equation we get x dv 1 = dx v y x x y + , y x y(1) = 4.

which is a separable equation. After integrating it we obtain the following solution 1/2v 2 = ln |x| + c or after substituting v = y/x y2 = 2 ln |x| + c x2 To obtain the solution of the IVP we impose that y 2 (1) = 16 which yields c = 16.