JYOTHISHMATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE (KARIMNAGAR)

A PAPER PRESENTATION ON RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICE (RFID) TECHNOLOGY.

SUBMITTED BY: CH.SARISHMA (Eid: sarishma_sai@yahoo.com) G.USHA RANI (Eid: ushagodugu@yahoo.com)

CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS RFID? TECHNOLOGY BEHIND RFID COMPONENTS IN RFID RFID TAGS & ITS FEATURES OPERATION FREQUENCY RANGE RFID PRODUCTS APPLICATIONS OF RFID: STUDENTS SAFELY ARRIVING/LEAVING MESSAGE AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION (AVI)

SERVICE SYSTEM

1. GUARD AGAINST THEFT NETWORKS BASED ON AVI & GPS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

1. RED LIGHT VIOLATION DETECTION AND RECORDING 2. OVER-SPEED DETECTION AND COUNTING CAR NUMBERS

SOME MORE APPLICATIONS FEATURES OF RFID ADVANTAGES OF RFID FUTURE SCOPE CONCLUSION

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the applications and future commercial impacts of RFID technology. Its objective is to summarize the ways in which organizations and academics are thinking about these technologies and to simulate strategy thinking about there possible uses and implications. It first provides an overview of this technology. Then it explores the surprisingly wide variety of current applications of RFID. Next it looks at several classes of potential RFID applications & how there might after how organizations work. Finally it examines the cost & implementation considerations of this technology. The paper concludes that RFID is viable technology with many possible applications. However, only some of the impacts on organizations &society can be anticipated at present. RFID is a wireless communication technology that lets computers read the identity of inexpensive electronic tags from a distance without requiring a battery in the tags. As RFID technology matures, it will likely unleash a new way of applications that will exploit inexpensive & highly available automatic identification. WHAT IS RFID? RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification Information - an inexpensive chip-based technology that enables identification of a tag by using electromagnetic waves. RFID is a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) technology which describes various technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND RFID: With RFID, the electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the RF (radio frequency) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used to transmit signals RFID

technology does not require contact or line of sight for communication. RFID data can be read through the human body, clothing and non-metallic materials. COMPONENTS: A basic RFID system consists of three components: 1. Antenna or coil 2. A transceiver (with decoder) 3. A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information

RFID TAGS: RFID tags come in three general varieties:1. Passive tags 2. Active tags 3. Semi-passive (also known as battery-assisted). PASSIVE TAGS: Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response. Most passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier wave from the reader. This means that the antenna has to be designed both to collect power from the incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. S.NO 1 2 FIELDS NEAR FIELD FAR FIELD DISTANCE RANGE 11cm (4 inches) 10 meters (33 feet) TECHNIQUE TO REACH LONG DISTANCES Backscattering Load modulation

When these are combined with phased array can reach up to 600 feet (183 m).

FEATURES: In passive tags the power level to power up the circuitry must be 100 times stronger than with active or semi-active tags, also the time consumption for collecting the energy is omitted and the response comes with shorter latency time. ACTIVE TAGS: Active RFID tags have their own internal power source, which is used to power the integrated circuits and to broadcast the response signal to the reader. Communications from these to readers is more reliable due to the ability for active tags to conduct a "session" with a reader. FEATURES: 1. More reliable 2. Transmits at higher power levels & operational range up to 100s of meters 3. Bigger in size (due to battery size) & large memory 4. More expensive due to price of the battery 5. Battery life up to 10 years

Special active RFID tags may include specialized sensors to record temperature, humidity, shock/vibration, light, nuclear radiation, pressure and concentrations of gases such as ethylene.

SEMI-PASSIVE TAGS: Semi-passive tags have their own power source, but the battery only powers the microchip and does not power the broadcasting of a signal. The response is usually powered by means of backscattering the RF energy from the reader, where energy is reflected back to the reader as with passive tags. An additional application for the battery is to power data storage. FEATURES: 1. Greater sensitivity 2. Longer battery life & can perform active actions under their own power OPERATION: The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it. Antennas are the conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data acquisition and communication. Antennas are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built into a door frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door, or mounted on an interstate toll booth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags are expected continually. If constant interrogation is not required, the field can be activated by a sensor device. Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader (a.k.a. interrogator), which can be configured either as a handheld or a fixedmount device. The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

FREQUENCIES: S.NO 1 GENERIC NAME Low frequency BAND FREQUENCY RANGE 30KHz-500KHz APPLICATIONS Security access Asset tracking Animal identification

High frequency

850KHz-950KHz

Railroad car tracking Automate toll &

Ultra high frequency

2.4GHz-2.5GHz

connection Warehouse distribution chain

Fast Bluetooth & WiFi systems RFID Products include

APPLICATIONS:

1.

STUDENTS

SAFELY

ARRIVING/LEAVING

MESSAGE

SERVICE

SYSTEM:

FUNCTION: -- Send message to inform parents their kids have safely arrived or left school Arriving: each student wears a tag with unique ID. When he enter the gate, reader nearby detect tag ID immediately and upload information to system to inform his parents Leaving: When student leave school, the reader nearby detect tag ID immediately and upload information to system to inform his parents --Student attendance checking Students dont have to stop to slide card one by one and the system automatically record all attendance information. --through message system, teachers and parents can communicate conveniently School notice: teachers can inform them parent meeting, payment, etc. Student status notification: teachers send evaluation of students, such as behaviour in class, homework, behaviour comments, exam grades, recent status to parents Notes from parents: parents send message to teachers in charge of class or school principals --assistant mobile office Meeting notice: send message to teachers through message inside school Personal reminding: customize personal time message to remind in time 2. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION (AVI)

Our complete RFID solution finally solves most problems rising in automatic vehicle identification (AVI) and city traffic management. Example functions include vehicle registration, annually check, traffic statistic (counting car numbers and measuring speed), anti-theft, police supervision, over-speed check, traffic light violation control, etc. Considering two types of products are involved in this application and they have different functional emphasis, the solution will be focused on automatic vehicle identification, each vehicle having one unique ID tag, on traffic management, wireless vehicle detector applied here to check speed, count car number and work with camera monitoring system to realize required functions. The whole system would be very flexible and more and more functions can be added on with the same hardware. Do not be restricted by the functions listed below since we just show partial standard functions of the system and give customers some concepts about this application. Please notice RFID technology is always customer oriented. We are open to work with customers to build most suitable and complete and cost effective solutions to meet your specific requirements. In the aspect of vehicle guard against theft, GPS was one of the main selectable technologies. GPS anti stealing is an active network system, a large system. Service men in the supervising centre can provide 7x24 hours instant service, including preparing works before alarming and assigning police men. But GPS can not be widespread due to the high cost. It costs RMB 6000~7000 Yuan to install one set of GPS without screen and another thousand Yuan for the service fee which the service provider requires. Under these situations, RFID technology can be applied to reduce the cost. Nowadays, AVI systems tend to use active RFID technology. AVI system can be installed at the entrance/exit of the road or street in the city, as the fixed AVI base station. It also can be installed on the top of the police vehicle, as a mobile AVI station. Mobile AVI system is one of the effective ways to solve the problems above. It can move to the assigned conference entrance, road side, checkpoints and toll stations. It can reliably collect data and information from the vehicles passing by (or stop) in real time, on which active RFID tags are installed. By using long range RFID technology, the collected data can be identified, transmitted to the vehicle control centre via (GSM/GPRS/CDMA) and then compared

with the saved information in the database of the centre to judge whether the vehicle is illegal, or has disobeyed traffic laws or even stolen. The results of comparison will feed back to the AVI system to determine the disposure for the vehicle. For those blacklisted vehicles, the police man can alarm and hold up at once, or inform the check points ahead via communication equipments to hold up them. AVI (Automatic Vehicle Identification-AVI), based on active RFID technology, includes 1. Car RF tags 2. Fixed AVI base station system 3. Mobile AVI base station system 4. Simplized mobile check equipment GUARD AGAINST THEFT NETWORKS BASED ON AVI & GPS: The system is consisted of fixed AVI, mobile AVI and GPS locating and guiding system, DDN data transmission and exchange system and GSM mobile communication system. As the diagram below:

Once the owners who use RFID tags found their car stolen, they can give an alarm to the police. While the police receive the alarm, they are giving command to every fixed AVI station to check the passing vehicles, reading the RFID tags of

the cars passing by and comparing with the target vehicles information. If the present car is the target car, then send the cars ID, location of the AVI station and time information to the police via DDN. After receiving the signal, the police can send SMS to the police cars which are equipped with mobile AVI and GPS via GSM. When the police car confirms the message, they will find the best route by using route optimization via GPS locating and guiding system. After confirmation and route optimization for several times and sending its own GPS location to other police cars, the stolen car will be hold up and criminals will be caught. The whole process for the return of the stolen car is as below:

Besides guard against theft function, for the cars equipped with GPS, the system can also provide road location and vehicle location inquiry function. Under the

assurance of guard against theft, by using RFID tech, the system has greatly reduce the cost, which is acceptable for most people. It has also saved the police force and enhanced the reaction velocity, especially has potential market for wide spreading in taxi industry. Meanwhile, the system can be combined with ETC, AEI and GAI system to be the vital parts of the intelligent transportation system. The application is also fit able for military and police vehicle anti-fake distinguishing field. 3. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT:

1. RED LIGHT VIOLATION DETECTION AND RECORDING:

Three elements when capturing running a red light: stop line, red light signal and license number. According to the electromagnetic induction method, when an object of metal passes through an electromagnetic field, it will change the magnetic flux of the field and will lead to a change of return circuit of the field. By imbedding a wireless terrestrial magnetism detector beyond the stop line at the crossroad, the detector will generate an electromagnetic field which is vertical with the road surface. When vehicles pass through the detector, it just equals as a metal object cutting the

electromagnetic field, as a result the magnetic flux of the field changes, and lead to a change of return circuit of the wireless terrestrial magnetism detector.

When the vehicle detector installed at the crossroad receives the return circuit of the wireless terrestrial magnetism detector, it will transform the current signal into an output high-low frequency signal. On the other hand, when the signal converter installed at the crossroad receive a current signal of the signal light at the same time, it will convert the current signal into an output high-low frequency signal. If the control software can detect the signal converters red light signal and the signal from the vehicle detector saying there a vehicle passes through at the same moment, then the controller will send a signal of capture to the camera and flashlight and the camera will capture the disobeying situation when vehicle pass beyond the stop line during red light. If the light at the crossroad is inadequate, the control system will start flashlight automatically to light the environment. The disobeying information captured include stop line, red light signal, license number, type of the vehicle, colour of the vehicle, disobeying date and time, disobeying lane . The control software of system cannot send a capture signal to camera and flashlight until it simultaneously detect the converted red light signal and the passing signal from the vehicle detector. Both of the signals should be got. For instance, if the signal light is green, then the signal detected by the signal detector is green light, even if there is a vehicle passing through, the controller will not send a capture signal to camera and flashlight. If the signal light is multi-directional, as left-turning, right-turning and straight movement, then detecting coils can be imbedded in different lanes to avoid mistakenly capturing and lost capturing for different lanes and to maintain the justice and accuracy for enforcement. 2. OVER-SPEED DETECTION AND COUNTING CAR NUMBERS: Two wireless vehicle detectors will be put closely along the road, at the point speed needs to be checked. If over-speed is detected, attached camera monitoring system will start to work to catch pictures of the vehicle. The system is also used for normal vehicle speed checking with good precision level. Besides, we use such detectors to calculate traffic flow at any points need to monitor. Based on those data, traffic management can be much more effective and efficient.

FEATURES: 1. High precision: the magnetic field of earth is invariable in several kilometres, but large magnetic material object can influent the earths magnetic field greatly, the terrestrial magnetism detector can identify 1/6000 variation of the earth magnetic field. While the influence caused by vehicles on earth magnetic can be strong enough to use the terrestrial magnetism detector to detect vehicles, which has extremely high sensitivity. 2. Convenient for installation and maintenance, not need to block off the street, little damage to the surface. When eFlux is installed on suspension bracket or on profile, theres no need to destroy the road surface, just inspect the terrestrial magnetism detector when maintaining. The detect point is not easy to be damaged, no influence by movement of the road surface. 3. Not influent by the climate, as the terrestrial magnetism detector can detect the variation of magnetic field when metal material objects pass through.

4. LONG RANGE: easily read within 10 meters. Due to the practical need of Gate-ban, the reading range should not be too long. Users have not to approach the reader or pass through the appointed area to be detected by the reader. The identifying process is full automatic, which can avoid the problem that driver must open the window to punch the card in bad weathers. This advantage can effectively relieve the jam caused by massive entering and exiting vehicles in rash hours. 5. STABLE RUNNING: active cards have stable reading range and not influent by the environment. Moreover, active cards can effectively avoid the shielding effect of the vehicles anti-explosion metal net, exchanging data with the reader successfully. 6. High speed data exchange between reader and tags, the speed of readable cards can reach 200km/hours.

7. Bi-directional High speed data exchange between detector and receiver 8. High reliability, working temperature -40~85 centigrade, waterproof, shockproof and dustproof. 9. Anti-jamming capability, tolerance of interfering sources at the scene 10. Global free ISM microwave frequency band, no need to apply and pay 11. Ultra-low power consumption, safer and healthier SOME MORE APPLICATIONS ARE: 1. Parcel tracking 2. Airline baggage tag 3. Access control 4. Retail stock keeping / inventory management 5. Document management ADVANTAGES USING RFID PRODUCTS: 1. Highest automation of item scanning process 2. Capable of read and / or write. Replacement of barcode 3. Reprogram chip memory many times without contacting or replacing smart tag / label 4. No line-of-sight necessary 5. Capable of processing multiple items simultaneously 6. Suitable for harsh environment 7. Information directly attached to product

FUTURE SCOPE: In commercial & government applications the deployment of tracking technologies is done. RFID tags are incorporated into all new mobiles. Bar codes are removed from consumer product packaging as they are replaced by RFID tags. Improvements in standardization have already occurred, with several additional standards under development. Improvements in tag life expectancy and durability have improved substantially in the past few years. RFID providers should carefully review their plans and start to develop policies to ensure the future adoption of the technology. CONCLUSION: Even though the technology still hasnt matured, the opportunity for immediate and dramatic improvements in customer service and productivity outweigh the negatives. The benefits of RFID technology cannot be ignored in todays stuffing. RFID could conceivably grow more quickly over the next few years in closed loop. As the technology continues to evolve, increasing numbers of customers across all markets will choose to implement RFID because of the unique capabilities it can deliver that drive efficiencies into their operations. Finally, we must remember that Change is easy.improvement is far more difficult. It is just the beginning. Look out for more innovations in RFID technology in the future. REFERENCES: Electronics for you: Oct 2007 www.superrfid.net Electronics today: Sept 2007 www.rfidinc.com