Gas Chromatography

Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography, in spite of other developments in analytical chemistry, remains one of the most frequently used analytical tools. It is applied in widely different areas such as medicine, biology, environmental sciences and most notably in an impressive number of industrial applications. No other analytical technique can provide the combination of resolving power with speed of analysis and sensitivity. Besides qualitative and quantitative information contained in the chromatogram, GC can rather easily be coupled with spectrometric techniques for structure confirmation or selective detection such as GC-MS (Mass spectrometers). The performance of columns and chromatographic equipment has steadily been improved. The major breakthrough was the invention of capillary columns by Golay in 1958. The introduction of flexible fused silica columns by Dandeneau and Zerenner in 1979 meant a large step forward in the acceptance of capillary columns. Compared to packed columns the capillary columns give much better resolution in shorter analysis time. For analytical work capillary colums are normally used. A wide range of universal and selective detectors with well adapted solvents (high purity solvents) are available, many of the eminently suited for residue and trace analysis. Autosamplers, that can run unattendedly, provide very good precision in sample introduction. Quantitative GC-results can be very accurate. For all the reasons summed up above, it is clear that GC is the method of choice, provided that the sample has sufficient volatility and thermal stability in the selected temperature region.

Gas Chromatography

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Gas Chromatography

Content
Gas Chromatography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
High purity solvents for gas chromatography: SupraSolv and UniSolv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Merck - sorbents for packed columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Merck - Derivatisation reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Merck - Reference substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Gas Chromatography

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High purity solvents for gas chromatography:

SupraSolv and UniSolv

High purity solvents for gas chromatography: SupraSolv and UniSolv High purity solvents for gas chromatography: SupraSolv and UniSolv

Tailor-Made Solvents for Gas Chromatography GC-Analysis comprises sample preparation like extraction and concentration of the extracts before injection. Solvents are necessary with the highest possible degree of purity. SupraSolv and UniSolv are the GC solvents of high batch consistency for all trace and environmental analyses. They provide the analyst with the security and reliability so necessary for todays applications, especially when monitoring and determining environmentally relevant substances in soil and water samples, e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), pesticides, but also highly volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (HVHC) present in ppb trace amounts only. Whilst the demands placed on the selectivity and sensitivity of the detection procedures used for environmental pollutants are constantly increasing, the results obtained may be falsified by the tiniest traces of impurities in the solvents used. The specifications of the solvents have been especially adapted to the particular area of application. SupraSolv for Gas Chromatography UniSolv for organic trace analysis

Solvents for Gas Chromatography

Trade Name SupraSolv for Gas Chromatography Application Instrumentation Sample preparation Gas Chromatography Analysis of medium to high boiling substances (e.g. pesticides) suitable for Detection GC-ECD ONE FOR ALL Sample preparation Analysis of low to high boiling substances (e.g. waste water and/ or soil analysis) Gas Chromatography suitable for Detection GC-ECD GC-FID GC-MS

UniSolv for Organic Trace Analysis

Gas Chromatography

Specifications SupraSolv for Gas Chromatography

GC-ECD retention time range 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene to Decachlorobiphenyle Individual signals (Lindane standard) Column HP Ultra 2 max. 3 pg/ml

4 3

Fig. 1: GC-ECD, n-Hexane SupraSolv (1.04371), batch chromatogram

Fig. 2: GC-ECD, Reference chromatogram 1 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 2 Lindane 3 Coumaphos 4 Decachlorobiphenyle

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High purity solvents for gas chromatography:

SupraSolv and UniSolv

UniSolv for Organic Trace Analysis

GC-ECD retention time range 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene to Decachlorobiphenyle Individual signals (Lindane standard) max. 2 pg/ml Column HP Ultra 2 (see Fig. 1/2) Dichloromethane to 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Individual signals (Carbon tetrachloride standard) max. 1 ng/ml Column DB 624

23 1 4

Fig. 3: GC-ECD, n-Hexane UniSolv (1.04369), batch chromatogram

Fig. 4: GC-ECD, Reference chromatogram 1 Dichloromethane 2 Chloroform 3 Carbon tetrachloride 4 Tetrachloro ethylene 5 Trichlorobenzene

GC-FID retention time range n-Undecane to n-Tetracontane Individual signals (n-Tetradecane standard)

max. 2 ng/ml

1 3 2

Fig. 5: GC-FID, n-Hexane UniSolv (1.04369), batch chromatogram

Fig. 6: GC-FID, Reference chromatogram 1 n-Undecane 2 n-Tetradecane 3 n-Tetracontane

Gas Chromatography

GC-MS retention time range n-Undecane to n-Tetracontane (scanning area 30-600 amu) Individual signals (n-Tetradecane standard)

max. 2 ng/ml

2 3

Fig. 7: GC-MS, n-Hexane UniSolv (1.04369), batch chromatogram

Fig. 8: GC-MS, Reference chromatogram 1 n-Undecane 2 n-Tetradecane 3 n-Tetracontane

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High purity solvents for gas chromatography:

SupraSolv and UniSolv

Ordering Information SupraSolv for Gas Chromatography

Designation Ordering No. evap. residue max. [mg/l] 3.0 Water max. [%] 0.05 Colour max. [Hazen] 10 Content

Acetone

1.00012.1000 1.00012.2500 1.00012.4000 1.00012.9010 1.00012.9030 1.00017.1000 1.00017.2500 1.00017.4000 1.01792.1000 1.01995.1000 1.01995.2500 1.01995.4000 1.02432.1000 1.02432.2500 1.02432.4000 1.02817.1000 1.02817.2500 1.02817.4000 1.02817.9010 1.02817.9030 1.06054.1000 1.06054.2500 1.06054.4000 1.06054.9010 1.06054.9030 1.10983.1000 1.10983.2500 1.10972.1000 1.10972.2500 1.10972.4000 1.10972.9010 1.10972.9030

1l 2.5 l 4l 10 l 30 l 1l 2.5 l 4l 1l 1l 2.5 l 4l 1l 2.5 l 4l 1l 2.5 l 4l 10 l 30 l 1l 2.5 l 4l 10 l 30 l 1l 2.5 l 1l 2.5 l 4l 10 l 30 l

Acetonitrile

3.0

0.05

10

Benzene tert-Butyl methyl ether

3.0 3.0

0.02 0.02

10 10

Chloroform

5.0

0.01

10

1.04371 n-Hexane SupraSolv

Cyclohexane

3.0

0.01

10

Dichloromethane

5.0

0.01

10

N,N-Dimethylformamide Ethyl acetate

3.0 3.0

0.05 0.02

10 10

Gas Chromatography

1.16740 Petroleum benzene (40-60C) UniSolv

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High purity solvents for gas chromatography:

SupraSolv and UniSolv

Designation

Ordering No.

evap. residue max. [mg/l] 3.0

Water max. [%] 0.01

Colour max. [Hazen] 10

Content

n-Hexane

1.04371.1000 1.04371.2500 1.04371.4000 1.04371.9010 1.04371.9030 1.04340.2500 1.15440.1000 1.15440.2500 1.06011.1000 1.06011.2500 1.06011.4000 1.01772.1000 1.01772.2500 1.01772.4000 1.01772.9010 1.01772.9030 1.00998.1000 1.00998.2500 1.08389.1000 1.08389.2500 1.08389.4000 1.08389.9010 1.08389.9030

1l 2.5 l 4l 10 l 30 l 2.5 l 1l 2.5 l 1l 2.5 l 4l 1l 2.5 l 4l 10 l 30 l 1l 2.5 l 1l 2.5 l 4l 10 l 30 l

Isohexane Isooctane Methanol

3.0 3.0 3.0

0.01 0.01 0.1

10 10 10

Petroleum benzene (40-60 C)

3.0

0.01

10

1.04369 n-Hexane Unisolv

2-Propanol Toluene

3.0 3.0

0.1 0.03

10 10

UniSolv for organic trace analysis

Designation Ordering No. evap. residue max. [mg/l] 3.0 Water max. [%] 0.005 Colour max. [Hazen] 10 Content

n-Hexane

1.04369.1000 1.04369.2500 1.04369.9010 1.07288.1000 1.07288.2500 1.16740.1000 1.16740.2500 1.08388.1000 1.08388.2500

1l 2.5 l 10 l

Gas Chromatography

n-Pentane Petroleum benzene (40-60 C) Toluene

3.0 3.0 3.0

0.01 0.005 0.005

10 10 10

1l 2.5 l 1l 2.5 l 1l 2.5 l

1.07288 n-Pentane UniSolv

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High purity solvents for gas chromatography:

SupraSolv and UniSolv

Application
Determination of hydrocarbon oil index in water according to ISO 9377-2 (H 53, 2000) and in soil according to ISO 16703 (2002-03) by GC-FID. Petroleum benzene, UniSolv (1.16740) is used as an extracting agent. Due to the high quality of Petroleum benzene, UniSolv analysis time can be reduced extremly (retention time within 14 minutes of hydrocarbon oil index C10-C40 including long-chain or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon) (see Figures below). Thus allows a high throughput of samples. (Acknowledgement to CAL, Chemisch Analytisches Laboratorium GbR, Darmstadt, Germany, www.cal-darmstadt.de to make the chromatograms available for publishing)

Fig. 1: Determinaton of hydrocarbon oil index (C10-C40) in soil, Petroleum benzene UniSolv, measured value 173 mg/kg, GC-FID 1 hydrocarbon oil index (C10-C40) - 8.10 min.

Fig. 2: Determination of hydrocarbon oil index (C10-C40) in water, Petroleum benzene UniSolv, measured value 0,62 mg/l , GC-FID 1 hydrocarbon oil index (C10-C40) - 7.13 min.

Gas Chromatography

Fig. 3: GC-FID, Reference chromatogram of hydrocarbons C10-C40, Petroleum benzene UniSolv 1 hydrocarbon oil index (C10-C40) - 8.36 min.

Fig. 4: Petroleum benzene UniSolv, blank run

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Merck - sorbents for packed columns

The chromatographic column can be filled by an adsorbent (Gas-Solid Chromatography, GSC). For GSC the most often used adsorbent is the active charcoal.

Merck - sorbents for packed columns Merck - sorbents for packed columns

1.09678

1.09631

Ordering information of Merck - sorbents for packed columns Sorbents for GSC - Active charcoal
Designation Ordering No. Particle size (mm) 0.3 - 0.5 0.3 - 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 Particle size (mesh) 35 - 50 35 - 50 18 - 35 18 - 35 Package Content

Active charcoal Active charcoal Active charcoal Active charcoal

1.09631.0100 1.09631.0500 1.09624.0100 1.09624.0500

Glass Glass Glass Glass

100 g 500 g 100 g 500 g

Liquid stationary phases

Designation Ordering No. Solvent* Temperature range (C) 0 - 40 20 - 130 40 - 90 40 - 130 50 - 150 20 - 130 20 - 120 20 - 180 20 - 180 Package Content

Gas Chromatography

Dimethyl sulfoxide Dinonyl phthalate Polyethylene glycol 400 (Carbowax 400) Polyethylene glycol 1000 (Carbowax 1000) Polyethylene glycol 4000 (Carbowax 4000) Silicone oil 550 Squalane Triton X-100 Triton X-100

1.09678.0100 1.09669.0100 1.09726.0100 1.09729.0100 1.09727.0100 1.09762.0100 1.09766.0100 1.12298.0101 1.12298.1001

A A, C C C C C C M M

Glass Glass Glass Glass Plastic Glass Glass Glass Glass

100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 100 g 100 g 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 1l

* A = Acetone

C = Chloroform

M = Methanol

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Merck - Derivatisation reagents

Merck - Derivatisation reagents Merck - Derivatisation reagents

Many substances - e.g. readily decomposed or difficultly volatile compounds - can only be investigated chromatographically after conversion to stable, readily volatile derivatives. In many cases, however, a derivatisation reaction serves to increase the sensitivity of detection. The following table provides an overview of the fields of application of the various derivatisation reagents. The table contains acylating, alkylating and silylating reagents and also several ancillary reagents.
1.09649

Ordering information of Merck - Derivatisation reagents Silylation

Designation Bis(trimethylsilyl) acetamide, BSA Bis(trimethylsilyl) acetamide, BSA Bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide, BSTFA Bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide, BSTFA Chlorotrimethylsilane, TMCS Chlorotrimethylsilane, TMCS 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane, HMDS 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane, HMDS Hexamethyldisiloxane N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide, MSTFA N-(Trimethylsilyl)imidazole, TMSI Ordering No. 1.09649.0010 1.09649.0025 1.10255.0005 1.10255.0025 1.02333.0100 1.02333.0250 1.12186.0025 1.12186.0100 1.04500.0100 1.11805.0005 1.09771.0005 Package Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Content 10 ml 25 ml 5 ml 25 ml 100 ml 250 ml 25 ml 100 ml 100 ml 5 ml 5 ml

Acylation
Gas Chromatography
Designation Heptafluorobutyric anhydride HFAA Trifluoroacetic anhydride, TFAA Ordering No. 1.09653.0010 1.12513.0010 Package Content Glass ampoule 10 ml Glass 10 ml

Application fields of the derivatisation reagents

Substances Reagent Bis(trimethylsilyl) acetamide Bis(trimethyl) trifluoroacetamide Chlorotrimethylsilane Heptafluorobutyric anhydride Hexamethyldisilazane N-Methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoro acetamide Trifluoroacetic anhydride N-(Trimethylsilyl) acetamide N-(Trimethylsilyl) diethylamine N-(Trimethylsilyl) imidazole Alcohols X X X X X X X X X Amines X X X X X X X X X X Carboxylic acids X X X

X X

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Merck - Reference substances

Under the designation "reference substance for GC" we offer a range of particularly pure substances, the great majority of which are completely synthetic in origin and, hence, largely free from isomers that are difficult to separate by GC. Their assay is generally greater than 90 % usually over 99.5 or 99.7 %. Each pack includes a gas chromatogram under the appropriate test conditions. The reference substances can be used for the identification of unknown compounds in a gas chromatogram or as standards in quantitative GC analysis. They serve also for the characterisation of GC column properties. The reference substances belonging to the hydrocarbon group are packed in pierceable ampoules, the fatty acid methyl esters and other reference substances in screw-capped glass vials.

Merck - Reference substances Merck - Reference substances

Ordering information of Merck - Reference substances Hydrocarbons C5

Designation Cyclopentane 2-Methylbutane n-Pentane Ordering No. 1.09662.0005 1.09643.0005 1.09719.0005 Assay (%) Empirical formula 99.5 99.7 99.7 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12 Package Glass Glass Glass Content 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml

C6
Designation Benzene Cyclohexane n-Hexane Ordering No. 1.09646.0005 1.09663.0005 1.09687.0005 Assay (%) Empirical formula 99.9 99.7 99.7 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 Package Glass Glass Glass Content 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml

C7
Designation 2,3-Dimethylpentane n-Heptane Methylcyclohexane 3-Methylhexane Toluene Ordering No. 1.09679.0005 1.09686.0005 1.09704.0005 1.09703.0005 1.09768.0005 Assay (%) Empirical formula 99.0 99.5 99.5 99.0 99.7 C7H16 C7H16 C7H14 C7H16 C7H8 Package Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Content 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml

Gas Chromatography

C8
Designation Ethylbenzene 3-Methylheptane n-Octane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Ordering No. 1.09635.0005 1.09699.0005 1.09716.0005 1.09798.0005 1.09797.0005 1.09799.0005 Assay (%) Empirical formula 99.5 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.3 99.5 C8H10 C8H18 C8H18 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 Package Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Content 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml

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Merck - Reference substances

C 9 - C 18
Designation n-Nonane n-Decane n-Undecane n-Dodecane n-Tridecane n-Tetradecane n-Pentadecane n-Hexadecane n-Heptadecane n-Octadecane Ordering No. 1.06833.0005 1.09603.0005 1.09794.0005 1.09658.0005 1.09609.0005 1.09608.0005 1.09607.0005 1.09605.0005 1.09604.0005 1.09606.0005 Assay (%) Empirical formula 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.0 99.5 99.0 99.5 99.0 99.3 99.3 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C18H34 C17H36 C18H38 Package Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Content 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml

Reference substances - Fatty acid methyl esters

Designation Methyl decanoate Methyl erucate Methyl laurate Methyl linoleate Methyl margarate Methyl myristate Methyl octanoate Methyl oleate Methyl stearate Ordering No. 1.09637.0005 1.09757.0005 1.09693.0005 1.09767.0005 1.09754.0005 1.09736.0005 1.09633.0005 1.09743.0005 1.09602.0005 1.09782.0005 1.09781.0005 Assay (%) Empirical formula 99.5 95.0 99.0 98.0 99.0 99.5 99.5 96.0 99.0 99.5 99.5 C11H22O2 C23H44O2 C13H26O2 C19H34O2 C18H36O2 C15H30O2 C9H18O2 C19H36O2 C19H38O2 C14H28O2 C6H12O2 Package Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Content 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5g 5 ml 5 ml

Gas Chromatography

Methyl tridecanoate Methyl valerate

Miscellaneous reference substances

Designation D-Camphor Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Ethyl methyl ketone Hexamethyldisiloxane Ordering No. 1.09656.0005 1.09667.0005 1.09664.0005 1.09709.0005 1.04500.0100 Assay (%) Empirical formula 99.0 99.0 99.8 99.5 99.0 C10H16O C6H12O C6H10O C4H8O C6H18OSi2 Package Glass Glass Glass Glass Glass Content 5g 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 100 ml

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