MD1 intro block exam

Section I Multiple choice questions Choose the most correct answer: 1 Which of the following set of vitamins has antioxidant function? a) Vitamin K, vitamin D and -carotene b) -carotene, Retinol and Vit.E c) Vit.E, -carotene and vitamin C d) -carotene, Vit C and Vit.D The presence of polyunsaturation in fatty acids imparts: a) tendency to exist in solid state at room temperature b) tendency to exist in liquid state at room temperature c) tendency to exist in cis-conformation at room temperature d) tendency to acquire trans-conformation Cholesterol is an important membrane lipid because: a) it increases the fluidity of the membrane b) it is highly hydrophilic thus acting as a polar head of the phospholipids c) it is so small that it can pack between phospholipid bilayers d) it can be converted to vitamin D Analyse the following structures:

Structure A

Structure B

The difference between A and B in NET CHARGE at pH near 7 is that: a) A will be neutral while B will be negatively charged b) A will be neutral while B will be positively charged c) Both A and B will be neutral d) Both A and B will be negatively charged e) Both A and B will be positively charged 5 Protein kinase-A and Protein kinase-C (PK-A and PK-C) phosphorylate proteins at which of the following amino acids: a) serine and threonine b) tyrosine and phenylalanine c) threonine and tyrosine d) histidine and serine

Absence of dipalmitoyl lecithin in infants leads to: a) hemorrhagic syndrome b) rickets c) keratinisation of mucus secreting epithethia d) respiratory distress syndrome The structure below can best be written as:

a) b) c) d) 8

20:44,8,11,14 20:45,8,11,14 20:46,9,12,15 20:45,8,12,15

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid: a) Stearic acid b) Oleic acid c) Linoleic acid d) Arachidonic acid Which of the following IS NOT a function of bile salts: a) b) c) d) e) Their excretion in the feces represent the only significant mechanism for elimination of excess cholesterol They solubilize cholesterol in the bile, thereby preventing the precipitation of cholesterol in the gallbladder. They facilitate the intestinal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. They assist in the digestion of carbohydrates by hydrolysing the glycosidic bonds glycine tryptophan serine

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Which of the following amino acids absorb light at 260nm? a) b) c)

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the site marked y is a site of hydrolysis by: phospholipase D

b) c) d) 12

phospholipase C phospholipase A1 phospholipase A2

Which one of the following is NOT TRUE about Platelate activating factor (PAF)? a) b) c) d) is synthesized in response to formation of antigen-IgE complexes on surfaces of immune cells it stimulates platelate aggregation it is a mediator of hypersensitivity, acute inflammation and anaphylactic shock it is a sphingolipid of great physiological importance

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excessive retinol in the body can lead to all of the following EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) presence of free retinol in the cell teratogenic effect to embryos keratinisation of mucus secreting membranes hpervitaminosis A

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One of the major roles of vitamin A in immunity is: a) b) c) d) cell growth and differentiation growth and maintenance of health epithelial tissues production of antigens production of antibodies

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Beta carotene is an effective antioxidant scavenging free radicals in which of the following sites most? a) b) c) d) adipose tissue bellow the skin low oxygen partial pressure regions high oxygen partial pressure regions

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Which one of the following is NOT a free radical? a) b) c) d) superoxide radical (O2-) OH

ROO OH-

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the role of Calcitonin in calcium homeostasis is: a) b) c) d) to facilitate calcium resorption from bones to facilitate calcium deposition in bones to facilitate calcium transport from maternal to foetal circulation to facilitate absorption of calcium from intestine

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Vitamin E is stored mostly in which of the following region? a) b) c) d) adipose tissue bellow the skin kidney liver

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Vitamin E in fighting free radicals it acts in conjunction with which of the following vitamins? a) b) c) d) vitamin C vitamin A vitamin D vitamin K

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Which of the following drug can induce vitamin K deficiency? a) b) c) d) warfarin tetracycline aspirin gama carboxyglutamate

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Which of the following is NOT a function of cholesterol? a) b) c) d) it forms vitamin D it forms bile acids it forms steroid hormones it forms blood group antigens

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Which of the following amino acids is NOT chiral? a) b) c) d) glycine serine alanine tryptophan 4

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which of the following amino acid is NOT a primary amino acid: a) b) c) d) phenylalanine lysine glutamate hydroxyproline

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Which of the following amino acids can function as a neurotransmitter? a) b) c) d) phenylalanine lysine glutamate hydroxyproline

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Which one of the following amino acids is non polar hydrophobic? a) b) c) d) glutamate histidine aspartatic acid alanine

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Which of the following amino acids CAN NOT act as a phosphorylation site for specific protein kinases? a) b) c) d) tyrosine serine threonine glycine

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the building block for glycerol phospholipids is: a) b) c) d) phosphatidic acid ceramide sphongosine glycerol

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the building block for sphingolidis is: a) b) c) d) phosphatidic acid ceramide sphongosine glycerol 5

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A cerebroside differs from a globoside in that: a) b) c) d) cerebroside contains only one sugar unit while globoside contains more than one sugar units cerebroside contains more than one sugar units while globoside contains only one sugar unit cerebroside contains positively charge sugars while globoside contains neutral sugar units cerebroside contains sialic acid while globoside contains no sialic acid

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The difference between a globoside and ganglioside is that: a) b) c) d) ganglioside contains only one sugar unit while globoside contains more than one sugar units gangliosides contain more than one sugar units while globoside contains only one sugar unit gangliosides contain positively charge sugars while globoside contains neutral sugar units Gangliosides contain sialic acid while globoside contains no sialic acid

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Niemann-Pick disease is caused by lack of: a) b) c) d) acid sphingomyelinase sphingomyelin phospholipase A phospholipaseC

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a sulphatide contains: a) b) c) d) sulphuric acid group phosphoric acid group disulfide bonds a sulpha group

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Keratinization of mucus secreting epithelia is characteristic feature in the deficiency of: a) b) c) d) vitamin C vitamin D vitamin A vitamin E

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Tay Sach disease is caused by lack of the following enzyme: a) b) c) d) Hexosaminiades A (HEXA) sphingomyelinase glucocerebroside alpha-galactosidase

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Excess cholesterol in the body can significantly be removed through: a) b) c) d) formation and secretion of bile salts/acids formation of vitamin D formation of steroid hormones oxidation to CO2 and energy

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Which of the following molecultes is NOT AMPHIPATHIC? a) b) c) d) cholesterol fatty acid Beta carotene 11-cis retinal

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Which of the following amino acids is important in for haemoglobin to carry oxygen and act as a buffer? a) b) c) d) Histidine tyrosine alanine arginine

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One of the following is NOT a rich source of vitamin A a) b) c) d) carrot green cabbage tomatoes fish

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Which of the following is a rich source of vitamin K? a) b) c) d) green leafy vegetables onions tomato potatoes 7

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Which of the following is a very good source of retinol form of vitamin A? a) b) c) d) liver tomatoes potatoes carrots

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Where is vitamin A stored in the body? a) b) c) d) in liver in kidney in adipose tissues below the skin

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What do we call a fatty acid that is not cannot be synthesized in the body? a) b) c) d) essential primary basic secondary

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The following substances are all lipids EXCEPT one? a) b) c) d) bee wax cow fat oils hydrophobic protein

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If a reaction proceeds with elimination of water that reaction can be termed? a) b) c) d) hydrolysis condensation oxidation group transfer

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If a reaction proceeds with production of heat that reaction can be termed? a) b) hydrolysis Endorgonic 8

c) d) 46

oxidation exergonic

group transfer reactions involve: a) b) c) d) transfer of a group of atoms from one reactant to another joining of two molecules to one product transfer of water to molecule transfer of energy to a molecule

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phosphorolysis refers to: a) b) c) d) breaking of bonds through addition of a phosphate group addition of phosphate groups to a molecule addition of a phosphate group to glucose lysis of using phosphoric acid

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Impulse generation during visual perception is a result of: a) hyperpolarisation of retinal membrane b) depolarisation of retinal membrane c) conformational change of retinol d) conformational change of the retinoic acid A mixed TG is one that contains: a) b) c) d) two fatty acids of same type three fatty acids of same type more than one type of fatty acids a glycerol and a phosphate group

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Permeability of the plasma membrane is facilitated by: a) b) c) d) channels and transporters channels and simple diffusion simple diffusion and transporters integral protein and channels

Section II - Short answers questions: Fill all answers in the space provided in this question paper:

In the retina there are three types of cone cells that provide colour vision basing on intensities of the characteristic wavelengths of the light arriving at the retina. These cells are: i) _____________ ii) ________________ i) ___________________ (3 marks) Give a structure of any phospholipid you know and show which part is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic. (3marks)

phosphotidylcholine

Define a primary amino acid (1 mark) _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ __ List any 3 functional significances of amino acid R-groups (3 marks) a. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Proteins are made by joining of amino acids through condensation reaction. Illustrate how a peptide bond is formed between amino acids. (2 marks)

Define the following terms: (1 marks each)

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a) zwitterions:_________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ b) pH:_________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ c) chiral carbon: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ d) disulfide bond: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ e) amphipathic molecule ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ f) oxidation and reduction ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __ g) covalent bonding ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __ h) Hydrogen bonding ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __ i) lone pair of electrons ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __ j) lipids ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __ 6 The body prefers to store most of the excess calories in form of fats and not as glycogen because of two major reasons: a) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________(2 marks) b) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________(2 marks) Give the structure of blood group antigen O. (2 marks)

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a) Why is blood group O a universal donor? (2 marks) _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ___ b) Why cant blood group O-person receive blood from other groups like A, B or AB? (2 marks) _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ __ 8 Name the lipid that its lack in premature infants causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): _________________________________ (1 marks) During which time this lipid is synthesized in the foetus? ____________________________________________________________ (1 marks) What is the function of this lipid? _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ (2 marks) Study the reaction pathway below and answer the questions that follow after:

a) Name the enzymes that act at sites named A, B and C (1 mark each) i)______________ii)__________________________iii)____________________ b) list four sites where the last reaction at C occurs in the human body (1 mark each) c) i)_______________ii)__________________iii)________________iv)__________ d) What are the deficiency symptoms of the above substance in adults and children? (1 mark each)

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Adults; ________________________________________________________ Children: _______________________________________________________ e) what is the name and function of the substance above (1 mark) ____________________________________________________________________ 10 list any four function of vitamin A including one function for each of the four functions of vitamin A: (1 mark each) i) ________________________________________________________________ ii) _________________________________________________________________ _ iii) _________________________________________________________________ _ iv) _________________________________________________________________ _

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