C H A P T E R 1 Preparation for Calculus

Section 1.1 Section 1.2 Section 1.3 Section 1.4 Section 1.5 Section 1.6 Graphs and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Linear Models and Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Fitting Models to Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Review Exercises

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

C H A P T E R 1 Preparation for Calculus

Section 1.1
1. y
1 2x

Graphs and Models

2. y 9 x2 3, 0 , 3, 0

x-intercept: 4, 0 y-intercept: 0, 2 Matches graph (b). 3. y 4 x2 2, 0

x-intercepts:

y-intercept: 0, 3 Matches graph (d). 4. y x3 x 1, 0 , 1, 0

x-intercepts: 2, 0 , y-intercept: 0, 4 Matches graph (a). 5. y x y

3 2x

x-intercepts: 0, 0 , y-intercept: 0, 0 Matches graph (c). 6. y 6 x y 2 10

y

1 4 5
y 8 6 4 2

2x 1 8 0 6 1 4 2 2 3 0 4 2

2 2

0 1

2 4

4 7

(4, 7) (2, 4)

10

(0, 1)
2 4 6 8

8 6 4

4 2 x 6 4 2 2 6

(4, 5)

4 6 8

(2, 2)

7. y x y

4 3 5

x2 2 0
y 6

8. y 0 4 2 0 3 5 x y

x 0 9

3 1 4
y 10

2 1

3 0

4 1

5 4

6 9

(0, 4) ( 2, 0)
6 4 2

8 6 x 4 6 2 x 2 2 4 6 4

(2, 0)
2 4 6

(3, 5)

(3, 5)

Section 1.1 9. y x y x 5 3 2 4 2
y 6 4 4 3

Graphs and Models

10. y 3 1 2 0 1 1 0 2 1 3 x y

x 3 2
y

1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 3 2

( 5, 3)

(4, 2) 2 (3, 1)
6 4

(1, 3) (0, 2) (1, 1)

x 3 2 1

2 1 x 1 2 1 2 3

( 2, 0)
2

11. y x y
y 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10

x 0 4

4 1 3 4 2 9 1 16 0

12. y x y
y 5 4

x 2 0

2 1 1 0 2 2 2 7 3 14 4

(4, 2)
2

(16, 0)
x

3 2

(1, 3) (0, 4)

(9, 1)

12 14 16 18

x 5 10 15 20

13. y

2 x x y 3
2 3
y 3 2

14. y

1 x x y 3
1 4
y 4

1 1
1 2

2 1

1 2

0 Undef.

1 2

2 1

3
2 3

0 1

1 Undef.

2 1

3
1 2

5
1 4

(1, 2) (2, 1)
1 2

) 3, )
2 3
2 1

)3, 2 ) 3
x 3

) 1, )
1 2

(2, 1)

)3, 1 ) )5, 1 ) 2 4
x 3 4 5

( 2, 1) ( 1, 2)

) 3, 1 ) 4

(0, 1)

3 4

15.

Xmin = -3 Xmax = 5 Xscl = 1 Ymin = -3 Ymax = 5 Yscl = 1 Note that y 4 when x 0.

16.

Xmin = -30 Xmax = 30 Xscl = 5 Ymin = -10 Ymax = 50 Yscl = 5 Note that y 10 when x 0 or x 10.

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 18. y

(2, 1.73)
6 9 6 9

17. y

x
( 4.00, 3)

x5

5x

(a) 2, y (b) x, 3

2, 1.73 4, 3

y 3

5 5

2 4

1.73

(a) (b) x,

0.5, y 4

0.5, 2.47 1.65, 4 and x, 4 1, 4

19. y

x2

2 y y 02 0 2 2 2 1 2, 0 , 1, 0

20. y 2

x3

4x 03 40

y-intercept:

y-intercept: y 2 y x-intercepts: 0 0 x x2 y y

2; 0, x
2

0; 0, 0 x3 xx 4x 2 x 2

x-intercepts:

0 0 x

x 2 x 2, 1;

0, 2; 0, 0 , 2, 0 1 0 1 1; 0, x 1 02 1 x2 1 1

21. y

x 2 25

x2 y y 02 25 0; 0, 0 x2 x2 25 5 x2 x 5 x 02

22. y

y-intercept:

y-intercept:

x-intercepts:

0 0 x

x-intercept:

0 x

1; 1, 0

0, 5; 0, 0 ; 5, 0 x2 3x 3x 12 02 3 0 30 1 0; 0, 0 x2 3x x2 xx 0, 3x 12 3x 3 3; 0, 0 , 3, 0
2

23. y

32 x

x None. x cannot equal 0. 0 0 x 32 x 2 4; 4, 0 x x

24. y

y-intercept: x-intercept:

y-intercept: y y x-intercepts: 0 0 0 x

25. x 2 y

x2

4y

y-intercept: 02 y 02 4y y x-intercept: x2 0 x2 40 x 0 0; 0, 0 0 0; 0, 0

Section 1.1 26. y 2x x2 1 20 1; 0, 0 2x 4x 2 3x 2 x2 x x Note: x x2 x2 1 1 3

Graphs and Models

27. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis since 02 1 x2 1 1 1 1 y x

2

y-intercept: y y x-intercept:

x2

2.

2x x2

3 3 3 ,0 3

3 ; 3

3 3 is an extraneous solution.

28. y

29. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since y

2

No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin. 30. Symmetric with respect to the origin since y y y x3 x x3 x. 33. y 4
3

y2

x3

4x.

31. Symmetric with respect to the origin since x y xy 4.

x x

32. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since x y

2

xy 2

10.

No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin. 35. Symmetric with respect to the origin since y y x x x x2 1
2

34. Symmetric with respect to the origin since x y xy 4 4 x

2

0 0.

1 .

x2

36. y

x2 x2 1

is symmetric with respect to the y-axis x x

2 2

37. y

x3

x is symmetric with respect to the y-axis x

3

since y

x2 1 x2 1

since y .

x3

x3

x.

38. y since

x y y

3 is symmetric with respect to the x-axis x x 3 3.

39. y

3x

Intercepts:
2 3,

0 , 0, 2

2 1

(0, 2)
2 3,

Symmetry: none
1 1

0
x
2 3

Chapter 1 x 2

Preparation for Calculus 1 x 2

40. y

41. y

42. y

Intercepts: 4, 0 , 0, 2 Symmetry: none

y
3

Intercepts: 8, 0 , 0, 4

2 x 1 3 Intercepts: 0, 1 ,
3 2,

Symmetry: none
y
2

Symmetry: none
y

(8, 0)
x
2 4 8 10

(0, 2)
1

2 2

( 3 , 0) 2
(0, 4)
1 1 2

(0, 1)
x 1 2

(4, 0)
x
1 1 2 2 3 4

6 8 10

43. y

x2

44. y

x2

45. y

Intercepts: 1, 0 , 1, 0 , 0, 1

Intercept: 0, 3 Symmetry: y-axis

y

Intercepts: 3, 0 , 0, 9 Symmetry: none

y 12 10

Symmetry: y-axis
y
12 9

(0, 1) ( 1, 0)
2

(0, 9)

(1, 0)
x
2 1 2
6 3

(0, 3)
x
3 6

2 10 8 6 x

( 3, 0)

46. y

2x 2

x 2x

47. y

x3

48. y

x3

4x

Intercepts: 0, 0 ,
1 2,

Intercepts: 0
3

Intercepts: 0, 0 , 2, 0 , Symmetry: origin

y

2, 0 , 0, 2

2, 0

Symmetry: none
y
5 4 3 2

Symmetry: none
y
5 4 3

(
(0, 0)
x
1 2 3

2, 0)
1

( 1 , 0 ) 2
3 2 1

(0, 2)
x

(2, 0)
3 1 1 2 3

(0, 0)
1

(2, 0)
3

2 1

49. y

x x

2
6 5 4

50. y

x2
6 5 4

Intercepts: 0, 0 , 2, 0
(2, 0)
4 3 1

Intercepts: 3, 0 , 3, 0 , 0, 3

3 2

(0, 3)

Symmetry: none

(0, 0)
x 1 2 3 4

Symmetry: y-axis
4

1 2 1 1 2

x
1 2 4

( 3, 0)

(3, 0)

Section 1.1

Graphs and Models

51. x

y3

52. x

y2

53. y

Intercept: 0, 0 Symmetry: origin

y 4 3 2

Intercepts: 0, 2 , 0, 2, 4, 0

1 x Intercepts: none Symmetry: origin

y
3 2

Symmetry: x-axis
y
3

(0, 0)
4 3 2 1 2 3 4
3

x 1 2 3 4

(0, 2) ( 4, 0)
5 2 1

x
1
x

(0, 2)

54. y

10 x2 1

55. y

56. y

Intercept: 0, 10 Symmetry: y-axis

y 12 10

Intercepts: 0, 6 , 6, 0 , 6, 0

Intercepts: 0, 6 , 6, 0 Symmetry: none

y 8

Symmetry: y-axis
y

(0, 10)

8 6 4

(0, 6) (6, 0)
x 2 4 6 8

(0, 6)
4 2

( 6, 0)
2 6 4 2 x 2 4 6 8

2 4 2 2 4 6 8

(6, 0)
x 2 4 6 8

57. y 2

x y2 y

9 x

58. x 2 9 x 9

4y 2

4 y

4 2

x2

59. x

3y 2 3y 2 y

6 6

x 2 x 3 2

Intercepts: 2, 0 , 2, 0 , 0, 1 , 0, 1 Intercepts: 6, 0 , 0, 2 , 0,

Intercepts: 0, 3 , 0, 3, 9, 0

Symmetry: origin and both axes Domain: 2, 2

2

Symmetry: x-axis
4

Symmetry: x-axis
(2, 0)
1
3

(0, 3) (9, 0)
11

(0, 1)

(2, 0)
3

(0, 2 )
1

(6, 0)
8

(0, 3)
4

(0, 1)
2

(0, 2 )
3

60. 3x

4y 2 4y 2 y

8 3x

8 3,

61.

x 2x

y y x 3 1

2 y 1 y 2x 3x x 1

2 2x

x 1

8
3 4x

( , 0)
2
6 12

8 3

2
6

Intercept:

0 , no y-intercept

Symmetry: x-axis

The corresponding y-value is y Point of intersection: 1, 1

1.

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 2x 3 1 3 5x 13

62. 2x 5x 2x 3 2x

3y 3y 13 13 7x x

13 y 1 y 1 3 1 14 2 5x 5x

63. x 2 x 6

y y x2 0 0 x

6 y 4 y 4 x2 x 2, x x 2 x 1 2

6 4

x2 x

The corresponding y-values are y and y 5 (for x 1). 3. Points of intersection: 2, 2 , 1, 5 3 3 x 65. x 2 x
2

2 (for x

2)

The corresponding y-value is y Point of intersection: 2, 64. x y 3 3 x x 0 x 3 x x x2 x2 y2 y2 1 1

y2 y x2 x2 0 x

5 y2 1 y x x2 2x 2 1
2

5 x 1

x2

5 1 2 2 2 and y 1. x 1 x 2 5

2x x 1 or x

2x 2x

1 4 2 2 and y 1. 2x 1 x 2

1 or x

The corresponding y-values are y Points of intersection: 66. x 2 2x 25 25 y2 y x2 x2 0 x 25 y 2 10 y 10 100 5x 2 3 or x 2x

2

The corresponding y-values are y Points of intersection: 67. y y x3 x3 x x 0 0 1 1, 2 , 2, 1

1,

2 , 2, 1 x2 2x

25 10

40x 40x 5

4x 2 75 5x 3 x 5 xx x 4 and y 0.

x3 1 x 0, x

x 1

1, or x

The corresponding y-values are y Points of intersection: 3, 4 , 5, 0

The corresponding y-values are y y 1. Points of intersection: 0, 0 , 69. y y x3 2x2 x xx

3

0, y 1 , 1, 1 1 1 1

1, and

1, x

68. x3 x3 x x 1
2

y y 4x 2 2

x3 x x 0 0 2

4x 2 2

x3 x
2

2x2 3x 3x

x x2

1 2x 1 x 0 0

x2

3x x

2 x

y = x 3 2x 2 + x 1 (2, 1)

1 or x

1, 0, 2
4

The corresponding y-values are y Points of intersection: 1, 3, 2, 0

3 and y

0.

1,

5 , 0,

1 , 2, 1

(0, 1) (1, 5)
8

y = x 2 + 3 x 1

Section 1.1 70. y y 1 x2 0 0 x x4 1 x4 x

4

Graphs and Models

2x 2 x2 2x 2 x x
2

71. y y

x x2

6 4x
4

1
y= x+6

(3,

3)

x2

1 x

( 2, 2)
2

1, 0, 1

y=

x 2 4x
2

1, 0 , 0, 1 , 1, 0 Points of intersection:
y = x 2x + 1
4 2

2, 2 , x x 6 6 6 2 3, 2, 2 . 0 0 3

3, x2 x2

3 4x 4x

3, 1.732

Analytically,

(0, 1)
3

(1, 0)

(1, 0)

x2 x

5x 3 x

y = 1 x2

x x

3, y 2, y

3 2

72. y y 6

2x x
7

Points of intersection: 3, 3 , 1, 5 Analytically, 2x 3 2x 6 3 x or 6 x 2x 3 x 1. x x

(1, 5) (3, 3)
4 1

y=6x

2x
8

3 x

3 or

y = 2x 3 + 6

Hence, 3, 3 , 1, 5 .

73. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain y (b)

250

74. (a) y (b)

500

0.13t 2

11.1t

207

0.007t 2

4.82t

35.4.

0 5 50 35 0

50

(c) For 2010, t

40 and y

217.

(c) For 2010, t 60 and y 0.13 602 11.1 60

207

405 acres.

75. 5.5 x

C 10,000 5.5 x
2

R 3.29x 3.29x 10,000

2

30.25x 0 x The other root, x

10.8241x 2 10.8241x 2 3133 units

65,800x 65,830.25x

100,000,000 100,000,000 Use the Quadratic Formula.

2949, does not satisfy the equation R

C.

This problem can also be solved by using a graphing utility and finding the intersection of the graphs of C and R.

10

Chapter 1 10,770 x2

Preparation for Calculus

76. y
400

0.37

0 0

100

If the diameter is doubled, the resistance is changed by approximately a factor of 1. For instance, y 20 4 y 40 6.36125. 77. y x 2 x 4 x 6 (other answers possible) 78. y x
5 2

26.555 and

2 x

3 2

(other answers possible)

79.

(i) y

kx

5 matches (b). k1 5 k 2, thus, y 2x 5.

Use 1, 7 : 7 (ii) y x2

k matches (d). 9: 1
2

Use 1, 9 (iii) y

k k

10, thus, y

x2

10.

80. (a) If x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by y-axis symmetry. Since x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by x-axis symmetry. Hence, the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is not true. For example, y x3 has origin symmetry but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis or the y-axis. (b) Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin symmetry. If x, y is on the graph, so is x, y by x-axis symmetry. Since x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y x, y by origin symmetry. Therefore, the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. The argument is similar for y-axis and origin symmetry.

kx3 2

matches (a). k1
3 2

Use 1, 3 : 3 (iv) xy

3, thus, y

3x3 2.

k matches (c). k k 36, thus, xy 36.

Use 1, 36 : 1 36

81. False; x-axis symmetry means that if 1, 82. True

2 is on the graph, then 1, 2 is also on the graph. 83. True; the x-intercepts are b b2 2a 4ac ,0 . 84. True; the x-intercept is b ,0 . 2a
y 4

85. 2

0 4 x2

y y 24y 24y 8y y

3 3
2

x x2 x2 0 0 4 y2 y2

(0, 3)
2 1 2 1 1 x

4x 2 3x 2 x2

4y 2 3y 2 y2 x2

36 36 12 4
2

(x, y)

(0, 0)

Circle of radius 2 and center 0, 4 86. Distance from the origin x2 x2 1 K2 x2 1 K2 y2 4K 2x y2 y2 4K 2 K K Distance from 2, 0 x 2 4x
2

y2, K 4 y2

K 2 x2 0

Note: This is the equation of a circle!

Section 1.2

Linear Models and Rates of Change

11

Section 1.2
1. m 4. m 1 1

Linear Models and Rates of Change

2. m 5. m 2 12 3. m 6. m 0
40 3

7.
5 4 3 2 1

8.
m=1
m = 3 m=3
4 3 6

9. m
m= 1
3 y

2 5 6 2 3

4 3

(2, 3) m = 3 2
x 3 4 5

m is undefined.
1

( 4, 1)
6 5 2 1 2

m=0
x
1 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5

(5, 2)
x 1 2 3 5 6 7

m = 2

(3, 4)

10. m

4 2 2 1 2 3
y

11. m

5 2

1 2

12. m
y 2 1

2 4

2 3

4 0 undefined
y 6 5

( 2, 4)
4

x 1 1 2 3 4 5

(2, 5)
3

(3, 2) (4, 2)

2 1

(1, 2)

4 3 2 1 x

(2, 1)
x 1 3 4 5 6

2 1 1 2

13. m

2 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 2

1 6 3 4

y 3 2

14. m

3 4 7 8 1 3 8

1 4 5 4
3

( 1 , 2 ) 2 3
3 2 1 2 3

( 3 , 1 ) 4 6
x 1 2 3

8 3

2 1

(7,3) 8 4
x
1

1 1

5, 1 4 4

15. Since the slope is 0, the line is horizontal and its equation is y 1. Therefore, three additional points are 0, 1 , 1, 1 , and 3, 1 . 17. The equation of this line is y 7 y 3x 3x 1 10 .

16. Since the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its equation is x 3. Therefore, three additional points are 3, 2 , 3, 3 , and 3, 5 . 18. The equation of this line is y 2 y 2x 2x 2 2. 3, 4, 1, 0 ,

Therefore, three additional points are 0, 10 , 2, 4 , and 3, 1 .

Therefore, three additional points are and 0, 2 .

12

Chapter 1 y x
x

Preparation for Calculus 1 3

19. (a) Slope (b)

20. (a) m 400 indicates that the revenues increase by 400 in one day.
10 ft

(b) m 100 indicates that the revenues increase by 100 in one day. (c) m 0 indicates that the revenues do not change from one day to the next.

30 ft

By the Pythagorean Theorem, x2 x 21. (a)

Population (in millions)
290 280 270 260 t 6 7 8 9 10 11 y

302

102

1000 31.623 feet. 22. (a)

100 80 60 40 20 t 5 10 15 20 25 30 r

10 10

Year (6 1996)

(b) The slopes of the line segments are: 272.9 7 276.1 8 279.3 9 282.3 10 285.0 11 269.7 6 272.9 7 276.1 8 279.3 9 282.3 10 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.7

(b) The slopes are: 74 10 85 15 84 20 61 25 43 30 57 5 74 10 85 15 84 20 61 25 3.4 2.2 0.2 4.6 3.6

The population increased least rapidly between 2000 and 2001. 23. x 5y y 20
1 5x

The rate changed most rapidly between 20 and 25 seconds. The change is 4.6 mph sec. 24. 6x 5y y 15
6 5x

4
1 5

3
6 5

Therefore, the slope is m 0, 4 . 25. x 4

and the y-intercept is

Therefore, the slope is m 0, 3 . 26. y 1

and the y-intercept is

The line is vertical. Therefore, the slope is undefined and there is no y-intercept. 27. y 4y 0
3 4x

The line is horizontal. Therefore, the slope is m the y-intercept is 0, 1 . 28. x x 1 0

(1, 2)

0 and

3 12 4y 12
5 4

1
3 2 1

3x 3x

(0, 3)
2 1 4 3 2 1 x 1 3

2 1

x
1

Section 1.2 29. y 3y 2x

y 4 3 3 2 2 1

Linear Models and Rates of Change 31. y y 2 2 y y 3x

y 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4 5 6

13

2 3x

30. y

y 4

4 0
y
5

3x 3x 3x 0

3 9 11

2x 0

3y

11

(0, 4)

(0, 0)
x 1 1 2 3 4

x
1 2

2 1 1 2 3 4 5

(3, 2)

32. 5y 3x 5y

4 20 14
y
5

3 x 5 3x 0

2 6

33. m y

6 2 0 y

0 0 3x 3x
y 8 6

3 0

34. m y

3 0 1 0 0 y 3x 3x 0
y

3 0

3x
(2, 6)

(2, 4)

4 2

( 1, 3)
(0, 0)
x 2 4 6 8

2 1 3 2 1

8 6 4 2

(0, 0)
x
1 2

x 8

1 1

35. m y y

1 2 1 1 0
y 2 1

3 0 2x 2x 2x 2 4 y

36. m y y

4 1 4 4 0 2x 2x 2x

4 3 1 2 y
y
5 4 3 2

8 4

37. m

8 2 y

0 5 0 y

8 3 8 x 3 8 x 3 0 5 40 3

2 3y
(1, 4)
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 y

8x

40

(2, 1)
x 2 3 4 5 7 6 5 4 3

2 1 1 2 3

(2, 8)

x
1 2 3 2 3 4 5

(0, 3) ( 3, 4)

(5, 0)
x 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

38. m y y x y

6 2 3 1 2 2 3 0

4 4 1x x 1 1

1
7

39. m
( 3, 6)
6 5

8 5

1 , 5

Undefined 5

Vertical line x

3 2 1 4 3 2 1

(1, 2)

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 4

(5, 8)

(5, 1)
x 6 7 8 9

x
1 2 3

14

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 7 2 3 4 1 2 0 y 3 4 y 11 4 1 2 11 x 2 11 x 2 0 32x 0 3 4 11 2 3 4 7 8 1 3 8 y 12y 12y

y

40. m

0 y 2 0

41. m

42. m

1 4 5 4 8 3 1 4 3 37 0 8 x 3 32x 5 4 40

2
y

1
x

1 1

22x

4y
y

(1,
3 4

2)

(3,

2)
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

1 7 2, 2

)
3

( 0, 3 ) 4
x 1 2 3 4

2 1

( 7, 3) 8 4
x
1

1 1

5, 1 4 4

43. x

x 3

3 0
2 1

44. m y
(3, 0)
1 2 4

b a b x a b b

(0, b)

1 2

b x a x a x 2 3 3x 2 3x 3x y y 2 y 2 y 2 0

y y b

(a, 0)
x

45. 3x

x 2 2y

y 3 6

1 0

46.

1 1 2

47.

x a 1 a

y a 2 a 3 a a

1 1 1 3 x x y y 3 3 0

48.

x a 3 a

y a 4 a 1 a a

1 1

49. y

y 3
y

3 0

50. x
y

x 4

4 0

1 1 x x y
3 2 1

1 x 1 2 3 4 5

3 2 1

y 1

1 0

2 4 5 6

x
1 1 2 2 3 5

Section 1.2 51. y 2x

y 3

Linear Models and Rates of Change 53. y 2 y 2y 3x

y 4

15

52. 3y x
2 1
x

y 3
y

1 3x

3 2

1
1 2

3 2x

1 1

1 (0, 1) 2 3 4

x 3

3 2 1 4 3 2 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4

54. y

1 y

3x 3x
y
16 12

4 13

55. 2x

3 y
y
1

0 2x 3

56. x

2y

6 y

0
1 2x
y
4

x
2 1 1
x
4 8

2 10 8 6 2

3
x

2 3
4 6

16 12 8 4 8

57. (a)
10

10

(b)
10

10

The lines do not appear perpendicular.

15

15

The lines appear perpendicular.

10

10

The lines are perpendicular because their slopes, 1 and 1, are negative reciprocals of each other. You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular. Answers depend on calculator used. 58. (a)
5 5

(b)
5

The lines do not appear perpendicular.

The lines appear perpendicular.

The lines are perpendicular because their slopes, 2 and 2, are negative reciprocals of each other. You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular. Answers depend on calculator used. 59. 4x 2y y m (a) y y 2x (b) y y 2y x 2y 3 2x 2 1 1 3 1 2 4 0 2x 2x 0
1 2 3 2

60. x

y y m

7 x 1 y y 2 2 1 2 2 5 0 1x x 0 3 3 1x x 3 3 7

2 4

(a)

x x 2 x 2 (b)

y y y y

16 61. 5x

Chapter 1 3y y m (a) 24y 24y (b) 40y 40y 24x 40x y 0

5 3x 5 3

Preparation for Calculus 62. 3x 4y y m y

7 8 5 3

7
3 4x 3 4 7 4

3 4

(a)

y 4y 3x 4y y 3y 4x 3y

4 16 2 4 12 36 0

3 4

6 18

21 9
7 8

40x 0
3 5

30

3x

3 4

(b)

4 3

6 24

35 53 0

24x

18

4x 0

63. The given line is vertical. (a) x (b) y 2 x 5 y 2 5 0 0 2540 when t 2540 125t 4. 2040 4. 28,400

64. The given line is horizontal. (a) y (b) x 0 1 x 1 0

65. The slope is 125. V V 125 t 4

66. The slope is 4.5. V V 4.5 t 4

156 when t 156 4.5t

4.

138 4.

67. The slope is V 2000 t

2000. V 4

20,400 when t 20,400 2000t

68. The slope is V 5600 t 5600t

5600. V 4

245,000 when t 245,000

267,400 x2

69.
(2, 4)

70. y

x2

4x
6

3, y

2x

3 1

(0, 0)

6 9

(0, 3)

(3, 0)
9

You can use the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are 0, 0 and 2, 4 . Analytically, x2 2x 2 2x x 4x 2 x x 4x 0 0 0 y 2 y 0 0, 0 4 2, 4 . x2

You can use the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are 0, 3 and 3, 0 . Analytically, x2 4x 2x 2 2x x 3 6x 3 x x 0 0 0 y 3 y 3 0, 3 0 3, 0 . x2 2x 3

The slope of the line joining 0, 0 and 2, 4 is m 4 0 2 0 2. Hence, an equation of the line is y 0 y 2x 2x. 0

The slope of the line joining 0, 3 and 3, 0 is m 0 3 3 0 1. Hence, an equation of the line is y 3 y 1x x 3. 0

Section 1.2 1 2 2 2 m2 0 1 0 1 2 3

Linear Models and Rates of Change 6 4 7 0 10 7 7 5

17

71. m 1 m2 m1

72. m 1 m2 m1

11 5 m2

4 0

The points are not collinear. 73. Equations of perpendicular bisectors: y y c 2 c 2 a c a c b b x x a 2 b 2 a b

The points are not collinear.

y

(b, c)

( b a , 2c ) 2
( a, 0)

( a + b , 2c ) 2
(a, 0)
x

Setting the right-hand sides of the two equations equal and solving for x yields x 0. Letting x 0, a2 0 in either equation gives the point of intersection: b2 2c c2 . 0.

This point lies on the third perpendicular bisector, x 74. Equations of medians: y y y c x b c 3a c 3a b x x a a

75. Equations of altitudes: y x y a c b a c b x a b x a

Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection is b,

y

Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection is b c , . 3 3

a2 c

b2

(b, c)

b a, c 2 2

(b, c)

( a + b , 2c ) 2
( a, 0)
x

(a, 0) ( a, 0)
x

(0, 0) (a, 0)

76. The slope of the line segment from m1 a2 b b2 c b 3 c 3

b c a2 b2 , to b, is: 3 3 c 3a 2 3b 2 c 2 2b 3 a2 3a 2 3c b2 2c 3b 2 3a 2 c2 3b 2 2bc c2

The slope of the line segment from m2 m1 m2 a2 b2 0 c 2 2c b 3

b c , to 0, 3 3 c 3

is: 2c 2 6c 3a 2 3b 2 2bc c2

3c 2 b 3

Therefore, the points are collinear.

18

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 78. C If x 0.34x 137, C 150 0.34 137 150 $196.58.

77. Find the equation of the line through the points 0, 32 and 100, 212 . m F 32 F or C 5F For F 79. (a) W1 W2 (b)
50

180 100 9 5

9 5

0 32

9 5C

1 9

5F

160

9C 72 , C 0.75x 1.30x

160

22.2 . 12.50 9.20 Using a graphing utility, the point of intersection is 6, 17 . Analytically, 0.75x 12.50 3.3
30

1.30x 0.75 6

9.20 6 17. 12.50

(6, 17)
0 0

0.55x x

(c) Both jobs pay $17 per hour if 6 units are produced. For someone who can produce more than 6 units per hour, the second offer would pay more. For a worker who produces less than 6 units per hour, the first offer pays more. 80. (a) Depreciation per year:
875 5
1000

(b) y

875

175 2 175x

$525

$175 875 175x

0 0 6

(c) 200 175x x 82. (a) y (b)

100

875 675

where 0 x 5.

3.86 years 18.91 3.97x x quiz score, y test score

81. (a) Two points are 50, 580 and 47, 625 . The slope is m p 625 47 580 p or x (b)
50

580 50 15 x 15x 1 1330 15

15. 50 750 p 580 15x 1330

0 0

20

(c) If x

17, y

18.91

3.97 17

86.4.

(d) The slope shows the average increase in exam score for each unit increase in quiz score. (e) The points would shift vertically upward 4 units. The new regression line would have a y-intercept 4 greater than before: y 22.91 3.97x. 655 595 45 units. 49 units.

0 0

1500

If p (c) If p

655, x 595, x

1 1330 15 1 1330 15

Section 1.2 83. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the point 5, 12 and the center 0, 0 .
y

Linear Models and Rates of Change

19

84. The tangent line is perpendicular to the line joining the point 4, 3 and the center of the circle, 1, 1 .
y

(5, 12)
4 8 4 8 4 8 16 (0, 0) 8 x 16 6 2 2

(1, 1)
x 2 4

(4, 3)
6

Slope of the line joining 5, 12 and 0, 0 is 12 . 5 The equation of the tangent line is y 12 y 12y 5x 169 5 x 12 5 x 12 0. 40 30 10 42 32 1 1 12 1 2 10 5 5 169 12

Slope of the line joining 1, 1 1 1 3 4 4 . 3 3 x 4 3 x 4 0

and 4,

3 is

Tangent line: y 3 y 4y 3x 24 4 6

85. 4x

3y

10

0 d

86. 4x

3y

10

0 d

42

33 10 42 32

7 5

87. x

0 d

2 12

5 2

5 2 2

88. x

0 d

16

0 2 12 02

89. A point on the line x d 10 11 12 12

y 5

1 is 0, 1 . The distance from the point 0, 1 to x 1 5 2 4 2 2 2.

0 is

90. A point on the line 3x d 3 1 32 0, then By y1 C B C C 4

4y 1 4
2

1 is 10

1, 3

1 . The distance from the point 4 5 10 9 . 5

1,

1 to 3x

4y

10

0 is

91. If A d If B d

0 is the horizontal line y By1 B C Ax1 By1 A2 B2

C B. The distance to x1, y1 is C .

0, then Ax x1 C A

0 is the vertical line x Ax1 A C Ax1 By1 A2

C A. The distance to x1, y1 is C B2 .

(Note that A and B cannot both be zero.) CONTINUED

20

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus

91. CONTINUED The slope of the line Ax to Ax By C 0 is: y Ay Bx1 Ax Bx y1 Ay1 Ay1 By Ay B x A Bx Bx x1 Bx1 Ay Ay1 (1) ABy1 B2x1 A2 BC ABx1 BC BC A2 y1 ABx1 A2 (2) ABy1 (By adding equations (1) and (2).) By C 0 is A B. The equation of the line through x1, y1 perpendicular

The point of intersection of these two lines is: C Bx1 A2x B

2x

ABy ABy B2 x x

AC B2x
1

A2

AC AC

B2x1 ABy1 B2 (3) (4) A2y1 (By adding equations (3) and (4).)

Ax Bx

By Ay

C Bx1

Ay1

ABx ABx A2

B2y A
2y

B2 y y

ABx1 A2y1 B2

AC

A2

B2x1 ABy1 , B2

BC

A2

ABx1 A2y1 is the point of intersection. B2 By C 0.

The distance between x1, y1 and this point gives us the distance between x1, y1 and the line Ax d AC AC AC A2 A2 Ax1 B2x1 ABy1 A2 B2 A2 ABy1 A2x1 B2 By1 Ax1 B2 Ax1 B2 2
2

x1

BC BC BC A2

ABx1 A2y1 A2 B2
2

y1

A2
2

ABx1 B2y1 B2 Ax1 By1 B2

2

B2 C A2

By1

By1 C A2 B2 1y m3 m2 3m m2 3 1 1. In this case, the line y x 4 contains the point 3, 1 . 4 0 1 1 1

2
8

92. y d

mx Ax1

4 mx By1 C A2 B2

4
9

(1, 0)
4

The distance is 0 when m

Section 1.2 93. For simplicity, let the vertices of the rhombus be 0, 0 , a, 0 , b, c , and a b, c , as shown in the figure. The slopes of the diagonals are then m1 c a b and m 2 c b a .
y

Linear Models and Rates of Change

21

(b, c)

(a + b , c )

Since the sides of the rhombus are equal, a 2 and we have m 1m 2 c a b b c a b

2

b2 c2 c2

c 2,

(0, 0)

(a, 0)

c2 a
2

1.

Therefore, the diagonals are perpendicular. 94. For simplicity, let the vertices of the quadrilateral be 0, 0 , a, 0 , b, c , and d, e , as shown in the figure. The midpoints of the sides are a a b c b d c e d e ,0 , , , , , and , . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 The slope of the opposite sides are equal: c 2 a 2 0 a 2 e 2 d 2 b 0 a 2 c 2 a 2 b c 2 b 2 c 2 b 2 e e d a d d e e 2 d 2 c b
e (d , 2 ) 2

(d, e)

(b + d , 2

c+e 2

(b, c)
c (a + b , 2 ) 2

(0, 0)

( a , 0) 2

(a, 0)

Therefore, the figure is a paralleogram. 95. Consider the figure below in which the four points are collinear. Since the triangles are similar, the result immediately follows. y2 x2
y

y1 x1

y2 x2

y1 x1

1 m2, then m1m2 1. Let L3 be a line with 96. If m1 1. slope m3 that is perpendicular to L1. Then m1m3 Hence, m2 m3 L2 and L3 are parallel. Therefore, L2 and L1 are also perpendicular.

(x 2 , y2 ) (x1, y1 ) (x *, y* ) 1 1

* * (x 2 , y2 )

97. True. ax bx m2 by ay 1 m1 c1 y c2 y a x b b x a c2 a c1 m1 b m2 b a a b

98. False; if m1 is positive, then m2

1 m1 is negative.

Therefore, the lines are perpendicular.

22

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus

Section 1.3
1. (a) Domain of f : Range of f : Domain of g: Range of g: (b) f g3 (c) f x (d) f x (e) g x 3. (a) f 0 (b) f (c) f b (d) f x 5. (a) g 0 (b) g (c) g (d) g t 3 2 1 3 2 4 1

Functions and Their Graphs

4 x 4 3 y 5 3 x 3 4 y 4 2. (a) Domain of f : Range of f : Domain of g: Range of g: (b) f g3 1 1 1, 1 and 2 3 3 3 2x 02 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 t
2

5 x 5 4 y 4 4 x 5 4 y 2

2 2

g x for x 2 for x 0 for x 20 2 2b 1 3

(c) f x (d) f x (e) g x 4. (a) f 9 (b) f 6 (c) f 3 2x 5 (d) f x 6. (a) g 4 3 3 3 4 t2 0 1 2t 2 (b) g

3 2

g x for x 2 for x 0 for x 2 6 5 x 42 4

3 2 3 2 2

2 and x 4, 4 1

3 3

2 3 5 x 4 4 4 t t 4

3 9 3 x 0
9 4

1 3

2, undefined 3

5 2

45 8

(c) g c (d) g t

c2 c 4

c3
2

4c 2 4 t3 4 8t 2 16t

4 2t 0 5 4 2 3

7. (a) f 0 (b) f (c) f 4 3

cos 2 0 cos 2 cos 2

cos 0 4 cos

1 cos 2 3 2 1 2 0

8. (a) f (b) f (c) f 5 4 2 3 x3

sin sin sin

2 2 3 2

9.

f x

x x f 1 1

f x

x3 x 3 1 1

x3

x3

3x 2 x

3x x

3x 2

3x x

x 2, x

10.

f x x

3x

1 x

3x x

1 1

3, x

11.

f x x

f 2 2

1 1 x

x x x 2 x x 1

1 2 1 x 0

1 1 1 x x 1 x 1 1 1 1 2 x 2 x x 11 1 x 1 x 11 x 1

1 xx

,x

12.

f x x

f 1 1

x3

xx

1 ,x

Section 1.3

Functions and Their Graphs t 4 1 2 t 4k 2, k an 1,

23

13. h x Domain: x Range:

3 3 0 ,0 3,

14. g x

x2

5 , 5,

15. f t t 4

sec 2k

Domain: Range:

Domain: all t 4k integer Range: 1 x ,0 ,0 0, 0, 2 x 1 ,1 ,0 2 cos x 0 1 , 1

16. h t

cot t k , k an integer ,

17. f x

18. g x

Domain: all t Range:

Domain: Range:

Domain: Range:

1, 0,

19. f x x 0 x 0

x and and 1

x x 0 x 1

20. f x x2 x

x2 3x 2 x

3x 2 0 1 0 or

21. g x 1 x 1

1 cos x cos x

Domain: 0 x 1

Domain: x 2 Domain: ,1 1 x 3 3 0 0 3

Domain: all x

2n , n an integer

2, 1 x2 x2 x 3 2 x 4 4 2 0 0
2

22. h x

1 sin x 1 2 1 0 sin x 2 1 sin x 2 6 2n ,

23. f x x x

24. g x

Domain: all x

Domain: all x

Domain: all x 5 6

2n , n integer

25. f x (a) f (b) f 0 (c) f 2 (d) f t 2

2x 2x 1

1, x < 0 2, x 0 2 20 22 1 2 2 2 t2 1 2 6 1 2 2t 2 4 1

26. f x (a) f (b) f 0 (c) f 1 (d) f s 2

x2 2x 2 2 0 1 2
2

2, x 1 2, x > 1 2
2

2 2 3 2
2

2 2 2 s2

2s 4

8s 2

10

(Note: t 2 Domain: Range:

1 0 for all t.) , ,1 2,

(Note: s 2 Domain: Range: 2,

2 > 1 for all s.) ,

24

Chapter 1 x x 3 1 3 1 , ,0

Preparation for Calculus 1, x < 1 1, x 1 3 1 1 b2 1 0 2 1 1 b2 4 x x 3 0 5 10 4, 4, x 5 5 2, x > 5 3 4 4 5

2

27. f x (a) f (b) f 1 (c) f 3 (d) f b 2 Domain: Range:

28. f x (a) f (b) f 0 (c) f 5 (d) f 10 Domain:

4 2 3 25

1, 1 0 1 2 1.

Range: 0,

29. The line segment joining Its equation is y 0 1x

2, 0 and 2 or y 1, 1 and 3, 1 x 2 1 or y

1, 1 has slope x 2,

1.

2 x

The line segment joining Its equation is y x f x 1 2, 1 1 x , 2 2

1 1 1 has slope 3 1 1 x 2 1 , 2

1 . 2

1 x 3. Hence, the function is:

2 x 1 < x 3

30. The line segment joining 0, 1 and 5, 1 has equation y The line segment joining 5, 1 and 15, 3 has slope Its equation is y 1 1 x 5 5 or y 3 15

1, 0 x 5. 1 5 1 . 5

1 x, 5 x 15. 5 3 15 0 20 3 . 5

The line segment joining 15, 3 and 20, 0 has slope Its equation is y 1, f x 1 x, 5 3 x 5 31. f x 4 x , ,
y 8 6

3 x 5

20 or y

3 x 5

12, 15 x 20. Hence, the function is:

0 x 5 5 < x 15 12, 15 < x 20 4 x Domain: Range:

y
6 4 2

32. g x

33. h x ,0 ,0 0, 0,

Domain: Range:

Domain: 1, Range: 0,
y

4
2 4 6

2 x 2 4 x 1 2 3

Section 1.3 34. f x

1 3 2x

Functions and Their Graphs

y 5

25

2 , ,
6 4 8 6 4

35. f x Domain:

x2 3, 3
4 2 1

Domain: Range:

Range: 0, 3
x
2 4 6

4 3 2 1 2 3

x 1 2 3 4

36. f x

4 2, 2

x2

37. g t

2 sin

t ,

38. h Domain: Range:

5 cos

2 ,

Domain: Range: 2, 2 2

Domain: Range: 2, 2.83

2 1 y

2, 2

5, 5
y
5 4 3 2 1

y-intercept: 0, 2 x-intercept:
y
4 3

2, 0

t 2 1 3 2

(0, 2) 2, 0(
x
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

4 3 2

39. The student travels

2 0 1 mi min during the first 4 0 2 4 minutes. The student is stationary for the following 6 2 2 minutes. Finally, the student travels 1 mi min 10 6 during the final 4 minutes.

40.
27

18

t1

t2

t3

41. x

y2

0 y

42.

x2

0 y

x2

y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect the graph twice.

y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph at most once. 44. x 2 y2 y

43. y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph at most once.

x2

y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect the graph twice. 45. x 2 y2 4 y

x2

46. x 2

4 y

x2

y is not a function of x since there are two values of y for some x. 1 y

y is a function of x since there is one value of y for each x. x2 x2

47. y 2

x2

x2

48. x 2 y

y is not a function of x since there are two values of y for some x.

4 y is a function of x since there is one value of y for each x.

x2

4y

0 y

26

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 50. y f x 5 is a vertical shift five units downward. Matches b. 51. y f x 2 is a reflection in the y-axis, a reflection in the x-axis, and a vertical shift downward two units. Matches c. 54. y f x 1 3 is a horizontal shift to the right one unit, and a vertical shift upward three units. Matches g. (c) The graph is shifted two units upward.
y 6 4 x 2 2 4 6 4 6 8 4 2 2 x 2 4 6 2

49. y f x 5 is a horizontal shift five units to the left. Matches d.

52. y f x 4 is a horizontal shift four units to the right, followed by a reflection in the x-axis. Matches a. 55. (a) The graph is shifted three units to the left.
y 4

53. y f x 6 2 is a horizontal shift to the left six units, and a vertical shift upward two units. Matches e. (b) The graph is shifted one unit to the right.
y 4 2

2 2 4 6

x 2 4

(d) The graph is shifted four units downward.

y x 2 2 4 6 8 4 6

(e) The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 3.

y x 4 2 4 6 8 10 6

(f ) The graph is stretched 1 vertically by a factor of 4.

y 4 2 4 2 x 2 4 6

56. (a) g x g6 g0

f x f 2 f 4

4 1 3

(b) g x

f x

(c) g x

f x

Shift f left two units

y
4

Vertical shift upwards four units

y
6

Shift f right four units

y
4 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 7 6 5 4 3 1

3 2

(2, 5)

(0, 1)
x
1

5 4

(6, 1)
x
5 6 7

( 6, 3)

3 4

( 4, 1)
5 4 3 2 1

x
1 2 3

(0, 3)
4

CONTINUED

Section 1.3 56. CONTINUED (d) g x f x 1 (e) g x g2 g

(2, 0)
x
2 3 2 3 1 5 4 3 2 1 4 5 6 3 4 5 6

Functions and Their Graphs

27

2f x 2f 2 4 2f 4
y

(f ) g x 2 6 g2 g 4

1 2 1 2

f x f 2
1 2 1 2

Vertical shift down one unit

y
2 1 5 4 3 2 1

f
y

3 2 1

Vertical stretch by a factor of 2

(2, 2)

Vertical stretch by a factor of 2

2 1

(2, 1 ) 2
x
1 2 3

( 4, 4)

x
1 2 3

5 4 3

1 2 3 4 5 6

( 4, 3 ) 2

( 4, 6 )

57. (a) y
y

(b) y
y

(c) y
y
4 3

4 3 2 1

x
1 1 2 2 3 4

2 1

x
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6

x
1 2 3 4

Vertical shift two units upward

Reflection about the x-axis

Horizontal shift two units to the right

58. (a) h x (b) h x 59. (a) f g 1 (b) g f 1 (c) g f 0 (d) f g (e) f g x (f ) g f x 60. f x 4

sin x sin x f 0 g1 g0 f 15 f x2 g x 1

1 is a horizontal shift

2 units to the left, followed by a vertical shift one unit upwards.

1 is a horizontal shift one unit to the right followed by a reflection about the x-axis. 0 0 1 15 x2 x x sin 2 2 0 4 sin x sin x g 2 2 2 2 2 2 sin 0 2 1
2

1 1 x 1, x 0

sin x, g x f 2 f g0 4 f

(a) f g 2 (b) f g 1 2 (c) g f 0 (d) g f (e) f g x (f ) g f x

g sin x g sin x

28

Chapter 1 x 2, g x f gx

Preparation for Calculus x f x x

2

61. f x

62. f x x, x 0

x2

1, g x f gx , g x2 , g f. 1

cos x f cos x cos2 x 1

f g x

f g x Domain:

Domain: 0, g f x Domain: , g f for x 0. g f x g x2 x2 x

g f x Domain: No, f g

cos x 2

No. Their domains are different. f g 3 ,g x x f gx

1

63. f x

x2

1 f x2 1 3 x2 1

f g x

Domain: all x g f x

g f x 0

3 x

3 x

9 x2

9 x2

x2

Domain: all x No, f g g f.

64.

f g x Domain: g f x

f 2, g 1 x

1 x 2

1 x

1 x

2x 2x and x are both positive, or both negative.

You can find the domain of g f by determining the intervals where 1

+ 2 + + + 0 + 1 + + 2 1 1 2 x

Domain: 65. (a) f g 3

1 2

, 0, f 2 1 4 (d) f g 3 1 1 f f g g f 3 1 f g4 2 2 3

f g3 g1 g

(b) g f 2 (c) g f 5 66. A r t

(e) g f (f ) f g 0.36 t 2

5 , which is undefined A 0.6t 0.6t

2

4 , which is undefined

Art

A r t represents the area of the circle at time t. 67. F x Let h x 2x x 2 1, g x 2x and f x f gx 1 f 2x x. 1 2x 1 2x 2 Fx.

Then, f g h x

[Other answers possible.] 68. F x Let f x 4 sin 1 4x, g x x sin x and h x f g1 x 1 x. x 4 sin 1 x Fx.

Then, f g h x

f sin 1

[Other answers possible.]

Section 1.3 69. f x x

2

Functions and Their Graphs

3

29

x2 4

x2

f x

70. f

f x

Even 71. f x x cos x x cos x f x

Odd

Odd 72. f x sin2 x sin x sin x sin x sin x sin2 x

Even 73. (a) If f is even, then (b) If f is odd, then

3 2, 3 2,

4 is on the graph. 4 is on the graph.

74. (a) If f is even, then (b) If f is odd, then

4, 9 is on the graph. 4, 9 is on the graph.

75. f is even because the graph is symmetric about the y-axis. g is neither even nor odd. h is odd because the graph is symmetric about the origin. 76. (a) If f is even, then the graph is symmetric about the y-axis.
y 6

(b) If f is odd, then the graph is symmetric about the origin.

y 6

4 2

f
x 2 4 6

4 2

6 4 2 2 4 6

6 4 2 2 4 6

x 2 4 6

77.

Slope y 5 y f x

3 5 4 0 2x 2x 2x 0 5 5,

2
6

( 4, 3)

4 2

6 4

x 2 4 6

4 x 0
6

(0, 5)

78.

Slope y 2 y f x

5 5 3 x 4 3 x 4 3 x 4 y2 y2 y 4 4

2 1 1 5 4 5 , 4

3 4

y 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 x 1 2 3 4 5

(5, 5)

79. x

y2 y2

0
3

x x x, x 0
5 4 3 2 1

2 1 x 1 2 3

(1, 2)

y f x

1 x 5
y

80.

x2

x2
1

4 4

x2 x 2, 2 x 2
1 1 1

f x

30

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 82. Matches (i). The function is f x cx. Since 1, 1 4 satisfies the equation, c 1 4. Thus, f x 1 4 x. c 84. Matches (iii). The function is h x satisfies the equation, c 3. Thus, h x x . Since 1, 3 3 x.

cx 2. Since 1, 2 81. Matches (ii). The function is g x 2. Thus, g x 2x 2. satisfies the equation, c c x, since it must be 83. Matches (iv). The function is r x undefined at x 0. Since 1, 32 satisfies the equation, c 32. Thus, r x 32 x. 85. (a) T 4 (b) If H t (c) If H t 16 , T 15 Tt Tt 23

1 , then the program would turn on (and off) one hour later. 1, then the overall temperature would be reduced one degree. 87. (a)
500 400

86. (a) For each time t, there corresponds a depth d. (b) Domain: 0 t 5 Range: 0 d 30 (c)
30 25 d

300 200 100 t 10 20 30 40 50

20 15 10 5 t 1 2 3 4 5 6

(b) A 15

345 acres farm

Answers will vary.

88. (a)

25

0 0

100

(b) H

x 1.6

0.002

x 1.6

0.005

x 1.6

0.029 0.029

0.00078125x 2 89. f x x x 2 x x x x

0.003125x

If x < 0, then f x If 0 x < 2, then f x If x 2, then f x Thus, 21 2, 2x x, 1, x

2 x 2 2 2x

2x 2. 2

21

x.

2x

1.

f x

x < 0 0 x < 2. x 2

90. p1 x x3 x 1 has one zero. p2 x x3 x has three zeros. Every cubic polynomial has at least one zero. Given p x Ax 3 Bx 2 Cx D, we have as x and p as x if A > 0. Furthermore, p as p and p as x if A < 0. Since the graph has no breaks, the x graph must cross the x-axis at least one time.

p1
3 3

p2
2

Section 1.3 91. f x a 2n x

1x 2n 2n 1 1

Functions and Their Graphs

31

. . . . . .

a3 a3 x3

a1

a 2n f x Odd 92. f x a2n x

a1x

2n

a2n

2 2

2n

. . . a2 x2

a2 a0

a0

a2n x2n f x Even 93. Let F x F x

a2n

2n 2x

. . .

f x g x where f and g are even. Then f xg x f xgx Fx.

Thus, F x is even. Let F x F x f x g x where f and g are odd. Then f xg x f x gx f xgx Fx.

Thus, F x is even. 94. Let F x F x f x g x where f is even and g is odd. Then f xg x f x gx f xgx Fx.

Thus, F x is odd. The proof is similar if f is odd and g is even. 95. (a) V x 24 2x
2

4x 12

(c)

x 1 2 3

length and width 24 24 24 24 24 24 21 22 23 24 25 26 1 24 2 24 3 24 4 24 5 24 6 24

volume 21 22 23 24 25 26
2 2 2 2 2 2

Domain: 0 < x < 12 (b)

1100

484 800 972 1024 980 864

1 100

12

4 16 16 cm. 5 6

The dimensions for maximum volume are 4

The dimensions for maximum volume appear to be 4 16 16 cm. y 0 y 2 3 2 0 x 6 x 6 x 2x x 3 3

2

96. By equating slopes,

2 3 3 2 2x x 3 ,

97. False; let f x Then f 3

x 2. f 3 9, but 3 3.

x2

y2

x2

98. True 100. False; let f x x 2. Then f 3x 3x

2

99. True, the function is even. 9x 2 and 3f x 3x 2. Thus, 3f x f 3x .

32

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus By symmetry, you obtain the entire region R:

y 2

101. First consider the portion of R in the first quadrant: x 0, 0 y 1 and x y 1; shown below.
y

( 2, 1)
2

(2, 1)
x 1 2

(0, 1)
1

(2, 1)

( 2, 1)
2

(2, 1)

(0, 0)
1

(1, 0) 2

The area of R is 4 The area of this region is 1

1 2 3 2.

3 2

6.

[49th competition, Problem A1, 1988]

102. Let g x Then f g x Thus, f c

c be a constant polynomial. f c and g f x c. x.

c. Since this is true for all real numbers c, f is the identity function: f x

Section 1.4

Fitting Models to Data

2. Trigonometric function 3. Linear function 6. (a) 4. No relationship

1. Quadratic function 5. (a), (b)

250 200 150 100 50 y

20

0 0

20

x 3 6 9 12 15

No, the relationship does not appear to be linear. (b) Quiz scores are dependent on several variables such as study time, class attendance, etc. These variables may change from one quiz to the next.

Yes. The cancer mortality increases linearly with increased exposure to the carcinogenic substance. (c) If x 7. (a) d (b)
125

3, then y 0.066F or F

136. 15.1d 0.1 8. (a) s (b) 9.7t

45

0.4

F = 15.13 d + 0.1
0 0 10

1 5

The model fits well. (c) If F 55, then d 0.066 55 3.63 cm.

The model fits well. (c) If t 2.5, s 24.65 meters second.

Section 1.4 9. (a) Using a graphing utility, y r (b)

30

Fitting Models to Data 0.3323t 612.9333

33

0.124x

0.82.

10. (a) Linear model: H (b)

600

0.838 correlation coefficient

y = 0.124x + 0.82
0 0 1300

0 0

180

The fit is very good. (c) The data indicates that greater per capita electricity consumption tends to correspond to greater per capita gross national product. The data for Hong Kong, Venezuela and South Korea differ most from the linear model. (d) Removing the data 118, 25.59 , 113, 5.74 and 167, 17.3 , you obtain the model y 0.134x 0.28 with r 0.968. (c) When t H 500, 0.3323 500 612.9333 446.78.

11. (a) y1 y2 y3 (b)

15

0.0343t 3 0.1095t 0.0917t

y1 + y2 + y3 y1 y2

0.3451t 2 2.0667 0.7917

0.8837t

5.6061

12. (a) S (b)

25000

180.89x 2

205.79x

272

0 0

14

0 0

y3

(c) When x y3 31.06 cents mile.

2, S

583.98 pounds.

For t

12, y1

y2

13. (a) Linear: y1 Cubic: y2 (b)

90

4.83t

28.6 2.235t 2 4.86t 35.2

14. (a) t (b)

21

0.00271s2

0.0529s

2.671

0.1289t 3

y2 y1
20 100 0

0 25

13

(c) The curve levels off for s < 20. (c) The cubic model is better. (d) y
90

(d) t 26.7
21

0.002s2

0.0346s

0.183

0.084t 2

5.84t

100 0

0 25

13

(e) The model is better for low speeds. (e) For t 14: Linear model y1 51.5 million 96.2 million Cubic model y2 (f ) Answers will vary.

34

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 14.58x 2 16.4x 10 16. (a) T (b)

350

15. (a) y (b)

300

1.806x 3

2.9856

10

4 p3

0.0641 p2

5.2826p

143.1

0 0

0 150

110

(c) If x

4.5, y

214 horsepower.

(c) For T

300 F, p

68.29 pounds per square inch.

(d) The model is based on data up to 100 pounds per square inch. t 6

17. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one and only one displacement y. (b) The amplitude is approximately 2.35 1.65 2 0.35.

18. (a) H t

84.4

4.28 sin

3.86

One model is Ct (b) 2.

0 0 13 100

58

27 sin

t 6

4.1 .

The period is approximately 2 0.375 0.125 0.5.

(c) One model is y (d)

4

0.35 sin 4 t

(0.125, 2.35) (0.375, 1.65)

0 0 0.9

The model fits the data well. (c)

100

0 0

13

The model fits the data well. (d) The average in Honolulu is 84.4. The average in Chicago is 58. The average temperature corresponds to the constant term. (e) The period is 12 months (1 year). (f) Chicago has greater variability 27 > 4.28 .

19. Answers will vary.

20. Answers will vary.

Section 1.5
1. (a) f x gx f gx g f x 5x x

Inverse Functions
1 1 5 f x 5 1 1 5 x 5 5x 1 5 1 1 1 x x
3

(b)
3 2 1

f g
x 1 2 3

g 5x

Section 1.5 2. (a) f x gx f gx g f x 3 3 4 f 3 4 4x x 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 4x x x

2

Inverse Functions

35

4x x

(b)
8

f
4 2 x 2 2 4

g3

3. (a)

f x gx f gx g f x

x3
3

(b) x
3
3 2

f g
x 1 2 3

x
3

x
3 2

g x3

x3

2 3

4. (a)

f x gx f gx

1
3

x3 1
3

(b) x
f 3
2

f 1

1 1 x3

x x

1 x

g
2 1 1 2 x 2 3

g f x

g1
3

1 x

1 4 4, 4 4 4 4 x2,
2

x3

x3

x (b)

5. (a)

f x gx f gx x2

y 12

x 0

g
10 8 6

f x2 x2

x2

4 2

f
x 2 4 6 8 10 12

g f x

g x

x (b)
20 16 y

6. (a)

f x gx f gx

16 16 f 16

x 0

x x x 16 x 16 16 x2 16 x
2

16 16 x2 x

12 8

f g
x 8 12 16 20

g f x

g 16 x2

36

Chapter 1 1 x 1 x

Preparation for Calculus

7. (a)

f x gx f gx g f x

(b)
3 2 1

f=g

1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 1 x f 1 x x

x x

8. (a)

f x gx f gx

, , x

x 0 0 < x 1

(b)
3

1 1 x 1

1 1 x 1 1 1 x

1 1 x x 1 x

f
x 1 2 3

g f x

1 1

1 1

9. Matches (c) 13. f x

3 4x

10. Matches (b) 6 14. f x 5x 3

11. Matches (a) 15. f

12. Matches (d) sin

One-to-one; has an inverse

y

One-to-one; has an inverse

y

Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse

y

8 6 4 2 x

1 1

x 1 2 1

3 2

16. f x

x2 x2 4

17. h s

Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse

y

1 3 s 2 One-to-one; has an inverse

1 4 8

18. f x

1 1 x2 Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse

3

1
1 2

7
1 x 1
2 1 2

3 1

Section 1.5 1 t2

Inverse Functions

37

19. g t

20. f x

5x x

21. g x

Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse

3

One-to-one; has an inverse

25

One-to-one; has an inverse

200

10 3 1
1 6 1

2 50

22. h x

23. f x

24. f x

sin

3x 2

Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse

9

f is one-to-one; has an inverse

Not one-to-one; f does not have an inverse

25. f x

x4 2x 2 4 Not one-to-one; f does not have an inverse

3

26. f x

x3

6x2

12x

27. f x

x3

One-to-one; has an inverse

One-to-one; has an inverse

28. f x

29.

f x x y f
1

2x y 2 x 2 x 2 3 3

y
4 2

One-to-one; has an inverse

x
2 2 2 4

30.

f x x y f
1

3x y 3 x 3 x 3
y 3 2 1

31.

f x x y f
1

x5
5 5 5
y

y y x x
f

32.

f x x y

x3
3 3 3
y 5 4 3 2

1 y x x 1 1 1

x1 5

f
1

f 1
x 2 3 4 5

f f 1

5 4 3

2
x 1 2 3

4 5

38 33.

Chapter 1 f x x y f
1

Preparation for Calculus y

3
y

x y2 x2

34.

f x x

x2 y x x

y,

0 x
4 3 2 1

f
2

y f
x

x2, x 0

3
1 2 3 4

35.

f x x y f
y

4 4 4 4

x2 y2 x2 x2,

y,

0 x 2

36.

f x x y

x2 y2 x2 x2

4 4 4

y, x 2

0 x 2

f
y 5

4, x 0

3
4

3 2 1

x
1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 x

37.

f x x y f
1

x 1

y
3

38.
f 1 f
3

f x x y f
1

3 5 2x y5 x5 x5 243 486 243 486 243 486

y
4

f f 1
8

y3 x3 x3

1 1
1
2

The graphs of f and f across the line y x.

are reflections of each other x

The graphs of f and f across the line y x. 39. f x x y f

1

are reflections of each other

x2 y3 x3

3 2 2

y, x 0

40.
f 1 f

f x x y

x3 y5 x5 x5

5 3 3 3

y
3

f 1 f
3

x3 2,

x 0
1

0 0

The graphs of f and f across the line y x. x x2 7y 1 7x 1 1 x 7x x2

2

are reflections of each other

The graphs of f and f across the line y x. x x 2 y 2 x 2 x 1 1 1 2

are reflections of each other

41.

f x x y f
1

7 y2

y
3

f 1 f
3

42.

f x x y f
1

y
6

f
6

,
1

1 < x < 1 are reflections of each other

The graphs of f and f across the line y x.

The graphs of f and f across the line y x.

are reflections of each other

Section 1.5 43.

y 4

Inverse Functions
y

39

x f
1

1 x 0

2 1

3 2

4 4
3 2 1

44.
(4, 4)

x f
1

0 x 6

2 2

4
8

0
6

(0, 6)

(3, 2) (2, 1)

4 2

(2, 2) (4, 0)
2 4 6 8 x

(1, 0)
1 2 3 4

45. (a) Let x be the number of pounds of the commodity costing 1.25 per pound. Since there are 50 pounds total, the amount of the second commodity is 50 x. The total cost is y 1.25x 0.35x 1.60 50 x

(b) We find the inverse of the original function: y 0.35x x 0.35x 80

100 35

80

y 80
100 35

y 80 x
20 7

80, 0 x 50.

Inverse: y

80

(c) Domain of inverse is 62.5 x 80.

x represents cost and y represents pounds of the less expensive commodity. (d) If x y
100 35

73 in the inverse function, 100 80 73 20 pounds. 5

46. C (a)

5 9 9 5C

F F

32 , 32

459.6 (b) The inverse function gives the temperature F corresponding to the Celsius temperature C. 273.11. 2731. 9 (d) If C 22 , then F 32
9 5

32

9 5C

(c) For F 459.6, C 5 F 32 9 Therefore, domain is C 273.1 x x2 x 0 1, c 1 4 y 2y 1 0, 4y 4y 1 1 16x2 2x, 1 2y 4

22

71.6 F.

47. x 2y x2 y a x x y, b 1

f x 4y 4y

y on

2, 2

48. 2x2 x2 2

f x 3 y x

2 x2y 3

3 x2

y on 0, 10

3 2 3 2 3 x x y

16y2 y if x if x 0 0 f
1

2
1

, x < 2 The graphs of f and f 1 are reflections of each other across the line y x.
10

Domain: all x, Range:

2

2 < y < 2 The graphs of f and f 1 are reflections of each other across the line y x.
0

f
3 3

f
2

49. (a)
10

10

(b)
f
10 5

f f 1
10

10

(c) Yes, f is one-to-one and has an inverse. The inverse relation is an inverse function.

40

Chapter 1
2

Preparation for Calculus (b)

h
3 3 2

50. (a)
3

h 1

(c) h is not one-to-one and does not have an inverse. The inverse relation is not an inverse function. 51. (a)
g
4 4 6 4

(b)
g

g1
4 4

(c) g is not one-to-one and does not have an inverse. The inverse relation is not an inverse function. 52. (a)
10 10

(b)
f
10 10

10

f 1 f
10

10

10

(c) Yes, f is one-to-one and has an inverse. The inverse relation is an inverse function. 4 on 0, x2

53. f x

4 2 on 4,

54. f x

2 on

2,

55. f x

f passes the horizontal line test on ; hence, one-to-one. 4,

f passes horizontal line test on 2, ; hence, one-to-one.

f passes horizontal line test on 0, ; hence, one-to-one.

56. f x

cot x on 0,

57. f x

cos x on 0,

58. f x

sec x on 0,

f passes the horizontal line test on 0, ; hence, one-to-one.

f passes horizontal line test on 0, ; hence, one-to-one.

f passes horizontal line test on 0, 2 ; hence, one-to-one. 61. f x x x 2 x 2 ,x 2 2

59. f x

2, Domain: x 2

60. f x

f is one-to-one; has an inverse. x x 2 2 x y f

1

y y2 y2 x
2

Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse.

f is one-to-one; has an inverse. 2 2 2, x 0 2 2 f

1

x y x

y x 2 x, x 0

x2

Section 1.5 62. f x ax b 63. f x x x b a x a x a b ,a 0 b f

1

Inverse Functions

41

x 3
2

3 2 is one-to-one for x 3. y y y x x 3 3 3, x 0

f is one-to-one; has an inverse. ax b x y f

1

y y

3 x y x

64. f x

16 16 16
4 4

x4 is one-to-one for x 0. x4 y y x
1

65. f x x

x 3 x y f
1

3 is one-to-one for x y y x x 3 3 3, x 0

3.

y x4 x y
4

16 16 f

16

x, x 16 67. f x f 1 x3 2 2x 1
1

66. f x x

x 3 x y f
1

3 is one-to-one for x 3. y y x x x3 2 3 3 3, x 0 1
1

a f

x 2x 5

68. f x f 1

69. f x 2 1 f 6

sin x 1 2 a f
1

a f

1 2

70. f x f 0

cos 2x 1 a f
1

71. f x 1 0 f 2

x3 6

4 x a f
1

72. f x 6 2 f 8 2

4 a f
1

In Exercises 7376, use the following: f x f 73. 75. f f

1

1 x 8

3 and g x 8x 3 and g f f
1

x3
1

x
1

x f f

x
1

g f

1 6

g f

1 6

32 600

74. g

72

76. g

4
9

g 4

1 3

3 3

42

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus

In Exercises 7780, use the following: f x f

1

x x x

4 and g x 4 and g
1

2x x x

5 5 2 78. f
1

77. g

g g x x

1 1

f x 4 2 1

x 4 5

f f x

g x

x 5

2 5 2 3 2 4

79.

f g

f gx f 2x 2x x 2 1 1 5

1 1 1

80. g f

g f x gx 2x 2x x 2 3 4 4 3

1 1

5
1

81. (a) f is one-to-one because it passes the Horizontal Line Test. (b) The domain of f (c) f
1 1

is the range of f: 4 2.

2, 2 .

4 because f

82. (a) f is one-to-one because it passes the Horizontal Line Test. (b) The domain of f (c) f 83.
4 3 2

is the range of f: 2.

3, 3 .

2
y

1.73 because f 1.73

84.
f 1 f
x 1 2 3 4 4 3 2

f 1 f
x 1 2 3 4

4 3 2 1 2 3 4

4 3 2 2 3 4

85. y (a)

arcsin x x y 1 1.571
y

0.8 0.927

0.6 0.644 (c)

0.4 0.412

0.2 0.201
2

0 0

0.2 0.201

0.4 0.412

0.6 0.644

0.8 0.927

1 1.571

(b)
2

(d) Symmetric about origin: arcsin x arcsin x

1

1 x 1 2

Intercept: 0, 0
1 2

Section 1.5 86. y (a) arccos x x y 1 3.142 0.8 2.498 0.6 2.214 0.4 1.982 0.2 1.772 0 1.571 0.2 1.369 0.4 1.159 0.6

Inverse Functions

43

0.8 0.644

1 0

0.927

(b)

(c)

(d) Intercepts:

0,

and 1, 0

No symmetry
1 0 x 1 1

87. y

arccos x 2 3 , 2 4 3 because cos 4 1 2 3 2 2 2

88.

, ,

4 6

1,

4 3 , 3 3, 6 3

1 , because cos 2 3 3 3 , because cos 2 6 6 1 2

3,

89. arcsin

90. arcsin 0

91. arccos

1 2

3 5 6

92. arccos 0

93. arctan

3 3 3 2

6 5 6 1 1.269

94. arccot

95. arccsc

96. arccos

97. arccos

0.8

2.50

98. arcsin

0.39

0.40

99. arcsec 1.269

arccos 0.66

100. arctan

1.25

101. Let y f x be one-to-one. Solve for x as a function of y. Interchange x and y to get y f 1 x . Let the domain of f 1 be the range of f. Verify that x and f f 1x f f 1x x. Example: f x y x y f
1

102. The graphs of f and f 1 are mirror images with respect to the line y x.

103. Answers will vary. 2x3 on Example: y x4 does not have an , inverse.

x3 x3
3 3 3

y x x

44

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 105. If the domains were not restricted, then the trigonometric functions would not be one-to-one and hence would not have inverses. 107. f x gx tan x arctan x

104. The trigonometric functions are not one-to-one. Hence, their domains must be restricted to define the inverse trigonometric functions. 106. You could graph f x f x arctan 1 x 2, arctan 1 x , arccot (x) as follows. ,
< x < 0 x 0 0 < x <

g f
3

108. f x gx

sin x, arcsin x
1.57

109. cos arccos

0.1

0.1

110. arcsin sin 3

arcsin 0

g f
1.57 1.57

1.57

111. (a) sin arcsin

1 2

sin

1 2

(b) cos arcsin

1 2

cos

3 2

2 1

2 1

112. (a) tan arccos

2 2

tan

(b) cos arcsin

5 13

12 13

13 5

2 2 12

113. (a) sin arctan

3 4

3 5

(b) sec arcsin

4 5

5 3

5 3 5 4

Section 1.5 1 2 5 5

Inverse Functions

45

114. (a) tan arccot 2

(b) cos arcsec

5 1

2 5 2

115. (a) cot arcsin

3

1 2

cot

(b) csc arctan

12

5 12

13 5

2 1

5 13

116. (a) sec arctan

5

3 5

34 5

(b) tan arcsin

11

5 6

5 11 11

3 34

117. arcsin 3x 3x x 119. arcsin 2x 2x 2x 2x 3x x 1 1

1 3

1 2

118. arctan 2x
1 2 1 2

5 5 x

1 tan
1 2

sin
1 3

2x 1.207 120. arccos x x x x x2 x

1 tan 1 1.721

sin

arccos

arcsec x cos arcsec x 1 x 1

1

sin arccos 1 x

x, 0 x 1

x2 1

1x 1

46

Chapter 1 arccos x arctan x

Preparation for Calculus

121. y y

The point of intersection is given by f x arccos x x x2 1 x4 x2 x2 1 1 0 when x2

(0.7862, 0.6662)

arctan x 1 1 x2

0, cos arccos x

cos arctan x .
3 2 1 x 1 2 3

1 2 5 2

Therefore, x

0.7862.

Point of intersection: 0.7862, 0.6662 122. y y arcsin x arccos x

Since f

0.7862

0.

The point of intersection is given by f x x x2 x 1

arcsin x 1 x2 1 2

arccos x

0, sin arcsin x

sin arccos x .
3 2 1 1

(
2

2, 2 4
3

)
x

x2

2 2 2 2, 4 Since f 124. y 2 2 sin arccos x arccos x 0. 125. y cos arcsin 2x arcsin 2x 1 x2 y cos
1 1 x2 2x

Point of intersection: 123. y tan arctan x arctan x y tan x

x2 + 1 x

sin

4x 2

1 4x 2

126. sec arctan 4x arctan 4x y sec 16x2 1

127. y

sin arcsec x arcsec x, 0

128. y , 2

cos arccot x arccot x x x

x2 + 1 1
2

cos

y
16x 2 + 1 4x

sin

x2 x

The absolute value bars on x are necessary because of the restriction 0 , 2, and sin for this domain must always be nonnegative.
x

x2 1

Section 1.5 x 3

Inverse Functions x 2

47

129. y

tan arcsec x arcsec 3

130. y

sec arcsin x arcsin x 1

131. y

csc arctan arctan x 2

tan

x2 3
x

sec

1 2x x 2
1

csc

x2 x
x2 + 2

x1

x2 9

2x x 2

132. y

cos arcsin arcsin x r

x r h

133. arctan

9 x

arcsin

9 x2 81

134. arcsin

36 6
6

x2

arccos

x 6

x 2 + 81

cos

r2 r
r

36 x 2

xh

r 2 (x h ) 2

135. (a) arccsc x Let y Then for csc y Thus, y arccsc x

1 arcsin , x 1 x arccsc x.
y < 0 and 0 < y

(b) arctan x Let y 2 ,

arctan arctan x

1 x

, x > 0

arctan 1 x .

Then tan y

tan arctan x tan arctan 1 x 1 tan arctan x tan arctan 1 x x 1 x 1 x x1 x 1 x 0 (which is undefined). arctan 1 x 2.

x sin y arcsin arcsin

1 . x

1 . Therefore, x 1 . x Thus, y

2. Therefore, arctan x

136. (a) arcsin Let y Then Thus,

x arcsin x y

arcsin x, x 1 x. sin y x arcsin x. arcsin x. sin y.

137. x

f x 1 x

arcsin x sin y 1 sin y

)2, ) 2
x

sin y x arcsin x y x

Domain: 0, 2 Range: 2, 2

Therefore, arcsin (b) arccos Let y x Thus, x arccos

arccos x, x 1 x . Then cos y x cos arccos x. arccos x. y.

f x is the graph of arcsin x shifted right one unit.

)0, ) 2

cos y x y

arccos x y x

Therefore, arccos

48

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus

138. f x x

arctan x tan y

3 4

2 ,
4 2

Domain: Range: 0,

x 2 4

f x is the graph of arctan x shifted 139. f x 2x x arcsec 2x sec y 1 sec y 2 , 2, 1 2 , 1 2, 2,

4 unit upward.

( 1 , ( 2

Domain: Range: 0,

x
3
2

1
2

( 1 , 0( 2

3 2

140. f x x 4 x

arccos cos y 4 cos y

x 4

141. Let f g x f g x f gx gx
x 2 4

y then x y y f g g
1 1 1

f g

y . Also,

3 4

Domain: Range: 0,

4, 4
4 2

y f f
1

y
1

Since f and g are one-to-one functions, f g 1 g 1 f 1.

1 1

142. If f has an inverse, then f and f y; then x f Let f 1 1 x Thus, f 1 1 f.

are both one-to-one. y and f x y.

143. Suppose g x and h x are both inverses of f (x . Then the graph of f x contains the point a, b if and only if the graphs of g x and h x contain the point b, a . Since the graphs of g x and h x are the same, g x hx. Therefore, the inverse of f x is unique. 145. False Let f x x 2.

144. If f has an inverse and f x1 f x2 , then f 1 f x1 f 1 f x2 x1 x2. Therefore, f is one-to-one. If f x is one-to-one, then for every value b in the range, there corresponds exactly one value a in the domain. Define g x such that the domain of g equals the range of f and g b a. By the reflexive property of inverses, g f 1. 146. True; if f has a y-intercept.

147. False
2

arcsin 2 0

arccos2 0

148. False The range of y , . 2 2 arcsin x is

149. True

150. False Let f x x or g x 1 x.

Section 1.5 tan arctan x tan arctan y 1 tan(arctan x tan arctan y x 1 y , xy xy

Inverse Functions

49

151. tan arctan x Therefore, arctan x Let x arctan 1 2

1 2

arctan y

arctan y and y arctan

1 3.

arctan

x 1

y , xy xy

1.

1 3

arctan

1 2

1 3 1 2 1 3

arctan

5 6

5 1 6

arctan 6 5
6

arctan 1

152. arcsin sin x

x for many values of x outside arcsin 0 0

, . 2 2 2 .
2

g f
2

For example, arcsin sin 2

153. y

ax 2 ay 2

bx by c

c. Interchange x and y, and solve for y using the quadratic formula. x y 0 b b2 4a c 2a x

Since x f
1

b , use the negative sign. 2a b b2 2a x if f is one-to-one, and equals its inverse. So assume 4ac 4ax

154. f will be symmetric about the line y f x1 ax1 cx1 acx1x2 a2x1 bcx2 a2 Hence, x1 x2 if a2 f ax cx ax b ay yc ax cx
1,

f x2 ax2 cx2 acx1x2 a2 b a a2x2 bc x1 bcx1 ab

b a ab

bc x2 bc 0.

To show that f y ycx yc ay ax x f

1

solve for x as follows: b a b

ay b a b a f x x if and only if a2 bc 0.

Hence, f is symmetric about the line y

50

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus f x2 implies x1 f x1 ax1 cx1 b d bd bcx2 bc x1 bc b d b yd yd a dx a f x2 ax2 cx2 acx1x2 adx2 ad b d adx2 bcx1 bc x2.
1,

155. f is one-to-one if f x1

x2. So assume

acx1x2

adx1

bcx2 adx1 ad

bcx1

bd

Hence, x1 y ycx yc yd ax x f
1

x2 if ad ax cx ax b b yc b cx

0. To find f

solve for x as follows.

Section 1.6
1. (a) 253 (b) 811 (c) 3 (d) 27
2 2 2

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

53 9 125 2. (a) 641 (b) 5 1 9 1 271
3 4 3

4 1 54 1 625 1 2 1 64 26 52 27 32
2 3 3

1 32
1 3

(c) 1 3 (d)

1 8 1 4

1 3

3. (a) 52 53 (b) 52 5 (c) (d) 53 252 1 4

2 3

52 52 1 5 26 24

55
3

3125
1

4. (a) 22 (b) (c)

64 25 27
1 3 3

1 5

54 1 2 27
1

53 54 26

27

1 27

(d) 25 22 4

3 2

5 3 32

125 9

1125

5. (a) e2 e4 (b) e3 (c) e3 (d) e e3

5 4

e6 e12
2

6. (a) (b)

1 e e5 e2

e2
1

7. 3x 1 e3

81 x

1 e6

e3 1

(c) e0 (d) 1 e
3

e2

e3

8. 5x

125 x

3 x

9.

1 x 3

27 31

27 1

3 x

Section 1.6 10.

1 2x 5

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions x 2

3

51

625 5 5x 3
4 3

2x

54 5x 3 3

2x

4 x 5,
11 5

11. 43

4 84 2x
3

2 x 24

12. 182 14. x

18

7 x
4

13. x3 15. e

8 x e5

16
5 2

16 x x

163

2x

5 x

8 x

5,

11 1 1,000,000
1,000,000

16. ex

e0 x

17.

2.718280469 e 2.718281828 1 1,000,000

1,000,000

e > 1

18. 1

1 2

1 6

1 24

1 120

1 720

1 5040

2.71825396 2.718281828 1
1 2 1 6 1 24 1 120 1 720 1 5040

e > 1 19. y x y
1 9
y

3x 2
1 3

20. y 1 0 1 1 3 2 9 x y

3x

1
1 9

0
1 3

1 1

2 3

3 9

y 12 10 8

4 3 2

6 4 2

x
2 1 1 2
2 1 x 1 2 3 4

21. y x y

1 x 3

3 2

22. y 1 0 1 1
1 3

2 x y

x2

2
1 9

2
1 16
y

1
1 2

0 1

1
1 2

2
1 16

3 0.002

9
y

4 3

1 1

x 1 2 3

x
2 1 1 2

52

Chapter 1 3 0 1
y

Preparation for Calculus 24. f x

2

23. f x x y

x2

3x 0 1
y 4 3 2 1

1
1 3

x y

0.0123

x 1 2 1 1 2 x

25. h x x y
y

ex 0 e
2

26. g x 1 e
1

ex 2
1 e

2 1

3 e

4 e2

x y

0 1

2 e

4 e2

y x 1 2 3

2 2 1 3 4 x 1 2 3 5

27. y e x Symmetric with respect to the y-axis Horizontal asymptote y 0

y

28. y

x 4
y 12 10 8 6 4

2
8 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8

x
1 1

29. (a)

7 f

(b)
g
2

(c)
f
4

f q

5 1

h
3

4 1

Horizontal shift two units to the right

A reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shrink

Vertical shift three units upward and a reflection in the y-axis

Section 1.6 30. (a)

10

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions As x , the graph approaches 4.

53

The graph approaches 8 as x . The graph approaches 0 as x .

10

(b)

10

8 2

8 2

10

31. y

Ce ax

32. y

Ce

ax

33. y

C1

ax

Matches (c)

Reflection in the y-axis Matches (d)

Vertical shift C units Reflection in both the x- and y-axes Matches (a)

34. y

C e

ax

35. f x

ln x

36. f x

ln x

Vertical shift two units upward Matches (b) 1 38. f x ln x

Reflection in the x-axis Matches (d) 39. y Cax Ca0 2a3 a3 a C

Matches (b) 37. f x ln x

Horizontal shift one unit to the right Matches (a)

Reflection in the y-axis and the x-axis Matches (c)

0, 2 : 2 3, 54 : 54 27 3 y 2 3x

40. y

Cax Ca Ca2 2 1 4. Ca Ca2 1 a

41.

e0 ln 1

1 0

1, 2 : 2 2, 1 : 1

Dividing eliminates C: Hence, a y 4 1 2

x

1 and C 2 42
x

42.

0.1353 . . . 2

43.

ln 2 e 0.6931 . . .

0.6931 . . . 2 2 ln x

44. e

ln 0.5
0.6931 . . .

0.6931 . . .
1 2

ln 0.1353 . . . 3 ln x 45. f x Domain: x > 0

y

46. f x

47. f x

ln 2x

Domain: x > 0
y

Domain: x > 0
y

3 2 1

3 2 1

1
x 1 2 3 4 5

x
1 1 2 3 2 3 4 5

1 2 3

x
1 1 2 3

54

Chapter 1 ln x 0

Preparation for Calculus 49. f x ln x 1 50. g x 2 ln x

48. f x

Domain: x
y 3 2

Domain: x > 1
y

Domain: x > 0
y

2 1

1 3 2 1 2 3 x 1 2 3

x
3 1 2
x 1 2 3

51. f x gx
y 6 4

e 2x ln x

1 2

ln x

52. f x gx

ex 3 ln x3
6

3 ln x

53. f x gx

ex ln x
5

1 1

f f
4 8

f g
3 1 6

g
2 2 x 2 4 6

g
2

54. f x gx

ex 1

y 6

ln x

f
4 2

g
x 2 4 6

55. (a)

y ln y ln y 1 x f
1

e 4x 4x 4x
1 4 1 4

(b) 1
1.5

1.25

f f 1
1.5

ln y ln x
1

1 1
1

0.75

(c) f

f x
1

f f 3e e
x x

e 4x ln x

1 4

ln e 4x e ln x

1 1

1
1

1 4

4x x

f f 56. (a)

1 4

e ln x

y y 3 ln y 3 x f
1

(b)
f

x ln ln 3 x f
1

1 1

f 1

y 3

ln ln 3 3e 3 x
x

3 y ln x ln 3 3e
ln 3 x

x f x
1

(c) f

ln 3e

x 3

ln 3 3 x 3

ln 3 x

ln e

f f

f ln

3eln x

Section 1.6 57. (a) y y 2 ey

2

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (b)

6

55

2 ln x ln x x 1 1 f 1 1

f 1 f
3 2 9

x f (c) f
1 1

ey ex
1

2 2

x f x
1

2 ln x ex
2

1 2 ln 1

eln x ex
2

1 1

x 2 x 2

1 x

f f

f 1

58. (a) y ey

y 3
3

3 ln 2x 2x
1 y 2e 1 x 2e

ln 2x

(b)

f f 1
2 7 1

x f (c) f
1 1

3 3

x f x
1

f f

3
3

ln 2x 3

1 3 2e

ln 2x 3

1 2

2x x
1

x 3 2x x 66. (a) ln 0.25 (b) ln 24 (c) ln (d) ln

3

f f 59. ln e x 62. 1
2

1 x 2e

ln

ex

x 1 61. eln 5x
2

x2 ln e2x ln 2 ln 2 4 ln 3 3
1 2

60. ln e2x 1 ln 3 ln 3 2x 1.7917 0.4055 63. eln

x

5x
3

2 x3

64. ln 1 4 3 ln 2
1 3

e ln x 2 ln 2

65. (a) ln 6 (b) ln

2 3

ln 1 ln 3

1.3862

3.1779 0.8283 2 ln 3 4.2765

(c) ln 81 (d) ln

4.3944 0.5493

12

2 ln 2

ln 3

ln 3

1 72

ln 1

3 ln 2

67. The domain of the natural logarithmic function is 0, and the range is , . The function is continuous, increasing, and one-to-one and its graph is concave downward. In addition, if a and b are positive numbers and n is rational, then ln 1 0, ln ab ln a ln b, ln an n ln a and ln a b ln a ln b.

68. The functions f x e x and g x each other. Thus, ln ex g f x

ln x are inverses of x.

69. The domain of f x ex is , and the range is 0, . f x is continuous, increasing, one-to-one, and concave upward.

70.
3

(a) y is an exponential function of x: False

(8, 3)

(b) y is a logarithmic function of x: True, y (c) x is an exponential function of y: True, x (d) y is a linear function of x: False
x

log2 x 2y

2 1

(2, 1) (1, 0)
2 4 6 8

56

Chapter 1 2 3

Preparation for Calculus 3 ln 2 2

1

71. ln

ln 2

ln 3

72. ln

23

ln 23 2

73. ln

xy z

ln x

ln y

ln z

74. ln xyz

ln x

ln y

ln z 1 ln z 3

75. ln 5 x2

ln 1 1 x3
3

ln 5

ln 5

76. ln

ln z

13

77. ln

3 ln x2 3 ln x

1 1 ln 3

ln x3 ln x 2 1 3 ln x

78. ln z z

ln z ln z

ln z 2 ln z

79. ln 3e2

ln 3

2 ln e

1 x x 2 2

80. ln

1 e

ln 1

ln e

81. ln x

ln x

ln

82. 3 ln x

2 ln y

4 ln z

ln x3

ln y2

ln z4

ln

x 3y 2 z4 32 1
2

83.

1 2 ln x 3

ln x

ln x2

1 xx ln 2 3 x x x 1 x

32 1

ln

xx x2 x x2 1

84. 2 ln x

ln x

ln x

2 ln

1 9 x2

ln

85. 2 ln 3

1 ln x2 2

ln 9

ln x2

1 2

ln

1 x2 x2 1 1
3

86.

3 ln x2 2

ln x

ln x

3 x2 1 ln 2 x 1 x 1 88. (a) e ln 2x 2x 12 12 6
x

ln

87. (a) e ln x x (b) ln e 2x 2x x

4 4 3 3
3 2

89. (a) ln x x (b) e x x 4

2 e2 7.389

x (b) ln e

0 0 0 92. ln 1 e1 e1

ln 4

1.386

x x

90. (a) ln x2 x2 x (b) e

2x

8 e8
e4 54.598

91.

ex > 5 ln e x > ln 5 x > ln 5

x x

< 6 < ln 6

x < ln 6 x > 1 ln 6

5 ln 5
1 2

2x x

ln 5

0.805

Section 1.6 93. e 2 < ln x < 0

2

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 95.

0 3

57

94. 1 < ln x < 100 1 e1 < x < e100 e < x < e100

< x < e0

f=g
9

1 < x < 1 e2

96.

97. ln x
f=g

ln ln x y

x y y ln y ln x y ln x ln y

1 1

98. Let z

ln x y e z z y z

xy x ln xy

e z y. y ln x.

99.

45

Then ln x

3 5

The graphs intersect three times: 0.7899, 0.2429 , 1.6242, 18.3615 and 6, 46,656 . The function f x 100. 6x grows more rapidly.

10

101. f x
f g

ln x
6

x2

(a)
10,000 9

0 0

The curves intersect twice: 4.1771, 1.4296 and 5503.6647, 8.6132 . gx x1 4 grows more rapidly. Domain: (b) f x

< x <

ln ln ln ln

x x x2 x x ln x

x2 x2 x x2 x 1 x2 x2 ln x x x2 x2 e 2y e 2y 2e y 1 1
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 x2 1 f x 1 x x2 1 x2 1

(c)

y ey ey e2y 2xe y x
2

x2 2xe y x

1 1

e 2x 1 2e x

58

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus

Review Exercises for Chapter 1

1. y x y 2. y x y 2x 3 20 2x 3 0 x 1 0 1 x 3 3 0, 3 y-intercept x-intercepts 3 3 x 3 0,
3 2

0 y 0 0 x 1 x

3
3 2,

y-intercept x-intercept

0 y 0 0 x x 1 2

3 x

1, 3 1, 0 , 3, 0

3. y x y

4. xy 0 0 x x 1 2 1 2 0, 1 2 x y-intercept x-intercept

4 0 and y 0 are both impossible.

0 y 0 0

No intercepts

1 x 2

1 1, 0

5. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since x 2y x2y

1 2x 3 2
3 2 1 1 1 2 x 1 2 3

6. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since y y x 2y y Slope: 2 y-intercept: 3

4

4y 4y

0 0.
y

x 3.

x2

x2 6 2x 3

7. y

8. 4x

y
1 2 1 1 2 3

x
2 3

9.

1 3x 2 5x

5 6y

1
6 5 2 5x 6 5
3 2

10. 0.02x 2x

0.15y 15y y

0.25 25
2 15 x 5 3
4 3

y y

Slope:

2 5 6 5
3 2 1 1 1

Slope:

2 15 5 3

x
4 1 2 8 12

y-intercept:

y-intercept:

11. y

6x

x2

12. y

x6

x
10 8

10

6 4 2

10

x 5
2 2 4 8

Review Exercises for Chapter 1 13. y 5 x ,5

1 1 2 3

59

14. y
y

15. 3x 4x 7x
x

4y 4y

8 20 28

Domain:
y

5 4 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4 5

x y Point: 4, 1

4 1

4 5 6

16. x 1

y x2 0 No real solution

x 7 x
2

17.
5 4

18.
14 12 10

(7, 12)

3 2 1

( 5, 5 ) 2 (
1 3 , 2

8 6 4

No points of intersection The graphs of y x 1 and y x2 7 do not intersect.

)
x 3 4 5

2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6

(7, 1)

Slope

5 2 1 5 3 2

3 2 7 2

3 7

The line is vertical and has no slope. 3 x 2 3 x 2 0

19.

1 1 1

t 0 t t

1 1 4 3 7 3

5 2

20.

3 3 4 3

1 t t 44 53 t

3 6 3 8 3 11 9 3t 53 3 3t

21.

5 y

0 5

2y

3x
y 1

10

3 2 1 2 3 4

x 1 2 4

(0, 5)

22. y

6 y

0x

23.

0 y

2 3

x 2

24. m is undefined. Line is vertical. x 5

y 6

6, Horizontal line
y 8

2 3x

3y

2x

6
y

0
4

(2, 6)
4 2 6 4 2 x 2 4 2 4 6 3 2

(5, 4)
x 2 4 6 8

2 4 x 1 2 3 2

(3, 0)
4 3 1

2 4 6

3 4

60

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus 7 x 16 7x 7x 2 x 3 2x 0

25. (a) 16y

4 64 0

2 14 16y 78

26. (a)

y 3y 2x 3y

3 9 11

1 2

5 (b) Slope of line is . 3 y 3y 4 12 0 (c) m y 2x (d) x x 2 0 y 0 2 5 x 3 5x 5x 2 10 3y 22 2

(b) Slope of perpendicular line is 1. y 3 y 0 (c) y m 3 y 0 (d) y y 3 1x x x 4 2 1x x x 3 0 2 y 2 2 y 3 1 1 2 1 1

4 0 2 0 2x

27. The slope is V V3 850t

850. 12,500 12,500 $9950

28. (a) C

9.25t 22.75t

13.50t 36,500

36,500

850 3

(b) R (c) 30t 7.25t t

30t 22.75t 36,500 5034.48 hours to break even 0 36,500

29. x

y2 y

30. x2 x

Function of x since there is one value of y for each x.

y
6 5

Not a function of x since there are two values of y for some x.

y 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 2 1

4 3 2 1

x
1 2 3

31. y

x2

2x

32. x

y2

Function of x since there is one value of y for each x.

y 4 3

Not a function of x since there are two values of y for some x.

y
4 2 1 12 9 6 3 1 2 4

x
3 6 12

2 1 2

x 3 4

Review Exercises for Chapter 1 1 x

61

33. f x

34. (a) f (b) f 0 (c) f 1 1 1 1

4 0 1

4 2 2

2 2 1

18

(because

4 < 0)

(a) f 0 does not exist. f 1 x x f 1 1 1 1 x2 0 x x x 1 1 1 x x x

(b)

, x

1, 0

35. (a) Domain: 36 Range: 0, 6 (b) Domain: all x Range: all y

6 x 6

or

6, 6

36. f x (a) f x

x2 and g x gx 1 g1 1 x
2 2

2x x2 2x

1 2x 1 1 2x x
2 3

x2 x
2

2x 2x 2x
2

5 0

or or , , 2, 0, 2

, 5 , 5, , 0 , 0,

(b) f x g x (c) g f x

21

(c) Domain: all x or Range: all y or 37. (a) f x x3

y
3

c, c
c
0

(b) f x

x
y

c 3, c
c
0

2, 0, 2

1 3 2

c
2 3

2
x
2

x
2 2 3

(c) f x
y

c, c

2, 0, 2

(d) f x

cx3, c
y

2, 0, 2

2 1

3 2

0
x

c
2 1 2 4 3 2 1 1 2

0
3

38. f x

x3
6

3x2

(a) The graph of g is obtained from f by a vertical shift down one unit, followed by a reflection in the x-axis: gx f x x3 1 3x2 1

(0, 0)
6

(2, 4)
6

(b) The graph of g is obtained from f by a vertical shift upwards of one and a horizontal shift of two to the right. gx f x x 2 2
3

1 3x 2
2

39. (a) 3 (cubic), negative leading coefficient (c) 2 (quadratic), negative leading coefficient

(b) 4 (quartic), positive leading coefficient (d) 5, positive leading coefficient

62

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus

40. For company (a) the profit rose rapidly for the first year, and then leveled off. For the second company (b), the profit dropped, and then rose again later. 41. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one and only one displacement y. (c) One model is y 2 1 cos t 4 1.1 1 cos 5.7t 4 (d) (b) The amplitude is approximately 0.25 0.25 2 0.25.

The period is approximately 1.1.

0.5

(1.1, 0.25)
0 2.2

(0.5, 0.25)
0.5

42. (a) y (b)

70

1.204x

64.2667

43. (a)

f x y 2 y 2x 3 3
1

1 2x 1 2x

3 3

x y 2x
7

0 0

33

f (b)

(c) The data point 27, 44 is probably an error. Without this point, the new model is y 1.4344x 66.4387.

f
11

1 10

f
7

(c) f

f x
1

1 1x

3 6
1 2

2 1x 2 2x 6

3 3

6 x

f f 44. (a) f x y y 5 x 5 f
1

f 2x

5x 5x x

7 7

(b)
10

1 6

7 7 x

10

y x 5 f f
1

(c) f

f x x

f f

5x 7 5

7 5

5x x 5

7 5 7 7

x x

45. (a)

f x y y2 x2 f
1

x x x y x2

1 1

(b)

f 1 f
3 6

1 1 x

1, x 0

(c) f

f x
1

f f

x 1

1 x2

x 1

f f

x2 x2

x for x 0.

Review Exercises for Chapter 1 46. (a) f x y

3 3

63

x3 x3 x y
3

2 2

(b)
4

1 5

y x f
1

2 2 x

(c) f

f x
1

f f

1 3

x3 x

2 2

3 3

x3 x 2

2
3

2 2

x x

f f 47. (a) f x y y3 x3 f
1 3 3

x x

1 1

(b)

f 1 f

1 1 x

x y x3 1

(c) f

f x
1

f f

1 3

x 1

1
3

x 1

1 x

f f x2 x2 x y x 5 (c) f
1

x3

x3

48. (a)

f x y y x f
1

5, x 0 5

(b)
f
6 1

5 5 x

f x
1

f f

x2 x

5 5 51. Let

x2 x

5 5
2

5 5

x for x 0. x

f f 49. f x 2 arctan x
y 4

50. h x

3 arcsin 2x
y

arcsin 1. 2 sin
1 2 1 2

sin arcsin 1 2
4 2
x

sin

2 2 4

x 2

4 2 4

2 1

52. Let

arccot 2. cot 2 tan

5 1

53. f x

ln x

54. f x

ln x

Vertical shift three units upward

1 2

tan arccot 2

Vertical asymptote: x
y 5 4 3

Horizontal shift three units to the right Vertical asymptote: x

y 3 2 1

x=3

2 x 1 x 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 3 2 4 5 6

64

Chapter 1 4x2 4x2 1 x 1 ln 4 3 1 1 1

Preparation for Calculus 1 2x 1 2x ln 5 4x2 1 ln x2 1 1 1 ln 2x 5 1 33 4 x x2

55. ln

ln 2x

ln 4x2

56. ln x2

ln x

57. ln 3

x2

ln x

ln 3

ln 3 4

x2

ln x

ln

58. 3 ln x

2 ln x2

2 ln 5

3 ln x

6 ln x2

ln 52

ln x3

ln x2

ln 25

ln

x2

25x3 1

59. ln x x x

1 1 1 x

2 e2 e4 e4 1 53.598

60. ln x

ln x ln x x xx x2 3x

3 3 3 1 x x

0 0 e0 0 3 2 3 2
x x

13 13 3 2 13

only since

< 0.

61. (a)

f x y ey e2y e2x f
1

ln

62. (a)

f x y ln y x y f
1

e1 e1 1 1 1 1
4

ln x x x y e2x
2

x ln y ln x ln x

(b)
3

(b)
f 1 f
3 4

f f
1 5

(c) f

f x
1

ln

x ln

e2 ln e2x

e ln x x

(c) f

f x

f 1

e1 1

1 x x e1

ln e1

f f

f e2x

ln ex

f f 63. y e
x 2
y 6 4

f 1

ln x

ln x

eln x

64. y

4e

x2
y 5 4

1
2 x 2 2 4

5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5

x 1 2 3 4 5

Problem Solving for Chapter 1

65

Problem Solving for Chapter 1

1. (a) x2 6x 9 x Center: 3, 4 Radius: 5 (c) Slope of line from 6, 0 to 3, 4 is 3 Slope of tangent line is . Hence, 4 y 0 3 x 4 6 y 3 x 4 9 , 2 Tangent line. 4 3 0 6 4 . 3 (d) 3 x 4 3 x 2 x 3 x 4 9 2 3 3, 9 4 x2 6x y2 3
2

y2 8y y

8y 16 4
2

0 9 25 16

4 (b) Slope of line from 0, 0 to 3, 4 is . Slope of tangent 3 3 line is . Hence, 4 y 0 3 x 4 9 2 0 y 3 x, 4 Tangent line.

Intersection:

2. Let y

mx

1 be a tangent line to the circle from the point 0, 1 . Then x2 y 1 4mx 1 1

2 2

1 1 0. 4ac equal to zero, 0 12 12

x2 m2 1

mx x2

Setting the discriminant b2 16m2 4 m2 16m2 1 3 12m2 4m2 m Tangent lines: y 1, x 0 0, x < 0 3x

3. 3x
y 4 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4

1 and y

3. H x

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4

(a) H x

2
y 4 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4

(b) H x

2
y 4 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4

(c)

Hx
y 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4

4 3 2 1 1 3 4

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4

CONTINUED

66

Chapter 1

Preparation for Calculus

3. CONTINUED (d) H x
y 4 3 2 x 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4

1 (e) 2H x
y

(f )

Hx

2
y 4 3

4. (a) f x

1
y 4

(b) f x

1
y 4

(c) 2f x
y 4

1 2 4

x 1 3

4 2 4

x 4

2 2 4

x 2 4

(d) f

x
y 4 2 x 2 2 4 4

(e)

f x
y 4 2 x 2 2 4 4

(f ) f x
y 4 2 x 2 2 4 4

(g) f x
y 4 2 x 2 2 4 4

5. (a) x Ax

2y xy

100 y x 100 x 2

100 x 2 x2 2 50x

(c) A x

Domain: 0 < x < 100 (b)

1600

A 50 x

1 2 x 100x 2 1 2 x 100x 2500 1250 2 1 x 50 2 1250 2 1250 m 2 is the maximum. 25 m

50 m, y

0 0

110

Maximum of 1250 m 2 at x

50 m, y

25 m

Problem Solving for Chapter 1 300 4 3x 3x2 2 300x 3x 3 2 x 2 3 2 x 2 3 x 2

67

6. (a) 4y Ax

3x

300 y x 300

(c) A x

100x 100x 50
2

2 Domain: 0 < x < 100 (b)

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 x 25 50 75 100 y

x 2y

2500 3750

3750

3750 square feet is the maximum area, where A 50 x 50 ft and y 37.5 ft.

Maximum of 3750 ft 2 at x

50 ft, y 22
2

37.5 ft x2, and the length of the trip over land is 1 3 x 2.

7. The length of the trip in the water is Hence, the total time is T 4 2 x2 1 3 4 x

hours.

8. f x

ex
y 8 6 4 2

9. (a) Slope

9 3

4 2

Slope of tangent line is less than 5. (b) Slope

x 2 4 6 8

4 2

1 1

8 6 4 2

Slope of tangent line is greater than 3. (c) Slope 4.41 2.1 4 2 4.1

y ye x ex
2

ex e 2x 0 y y x x

e 1

Slope of tangent line is less than 4.1. (d) Slope f 2 2 2 4h (Use positive solution.) 4 h h, h 0 h h h2 h h2 f 2 2 4

ye x

1 ex ex ey

Quadratic in e x y2 2 y2 2 x2 2 x2 2 4 4 4 4

(e) Letting h get closer and closer to 0, the slope approaches 4. Hence, the slope at 2, 4 is 4. Inverse

ln

68 10.
4 3 2 1

Chapter 1
y

Preparation for Calculus

(4, 2)

x 1 1 2 3 4 5

(a) Slope

3 9

2 4

1 5

(d) Slope (e) 4 h h

f 4 4 2

h h 4 4

f 4 4 h h h 4 4 1 h h 2

h h 4 4 h h

2 2 2

Slope of tangent line is greater than 1. 5 (b) Slope 2 4 1 1 1 3

1

Slope of tangent line is less than 3. (c) Slope 2.1 4.1 2 4 10 41

10

4 2 2 ,h 0
1

Slope of tangent line is greater than 41.

As h gets closer to 0, the slope gets closer to 4. The 1 slope is 4 at the point 4, 2 .

11. (a) x2 x2 6x 6x

I x2 9 9 x

2I x 2x 2 0 6 I 36 2 x 2 x2 2x 2 0 18 18 and center kI 42 3, 0 2I 32 y2 2y 2 36 3 18 3
2
0 1

x
2 3

1.2426,

7.2426
y

(b) x x2 x2 6x y2 x

x2 3
2

y2 y2 y2 9 y2

y2

8 6

9 6x 3
2

2 8 4 2 2 6 x 2 4

Circle of radius I x2 x k If k y2 4
2

12. (a)

y2 y2

(b) If k

3, x
y 6

y2

12

y2 k x2 8x k

1 x2

1 y2

16 1.
6 4 2

4 2 x 2 2 4 4

1, then x x
2

2 is a vertical line. Assume k 8x k 16 k 4 k 1 k 1 1

2 2

16 k 16 k k 1 1 16k 1
2

1 16 k 1
2

x2

8x k 1 x

y2 y2 4

Circle 16k 1 0.

(c) As k becomes very large,

0 and

The center of the circle gets closer to 0, 0 , and its radius approaches 0.

Problem Solving for Chapter 1 13. x x 1

2

69

d1d2 1
2

1 1 1 1 1 0 2 x2 2. y2
( 2 , 0)
2 1 2 1

y2 x 1
2

1 1

2 2

y2 y4 y4 y4 2y 2 y2
2

y2 x x2 1

x y2 2x 2 2x 2 y 2 y4

( 2 , 0)
x 2

2 2y2 2x 2 x2

(0, 0)

x4

2x 2 x4

1 2x 2 y 2

Let y

0. Then x 4

2x 2 x

0 or

x2

Thus, 0, 0 , 1 1 x

2, 0 and

2, 0 are on the curve.

14. f x

(a) Domain: all x Range: all y (b) f f x f 1 0 1

1 x 0, 1 1 1 1 x 1 1

1 x x

1 1 x

x x

Domain: all x (c) f f f x f x

1 x 0, 1 1

1 x x

1 1 x

Domain: all x

(d) The graph is not a line. It has holes at 0, 0 and 1, 1 .

y 2 1 x 2 1 2