Heat Transfer: Introduction

Chapter One Week 1

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy

What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature difference.

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation, vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature of matter.

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature and Heat Transfer
Quantity Thermal Energy+ Meaning Energy associated with microscopic behavior of matter Symbol Units

U or u

J or J/kg

Temperature

A means of indirectly assessing the amount of thermal energy stored in matter

K or C

Heat Transfer

Thermal energy transport due to temperature gradients Amount of thermal energy transferred over a time interval t>0 Thermal energy transfer per unit time

Heat

J
W
W/m 2

Heat Rate

q
q

Heat Flux

Thermal energy transfer per unit time and surface area

+ U Thermal energy of system u Thermal energy per unit mass of system

Modes of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction:

Convection:

Radiation:

Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as electromagnetic waves (or photons).

Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material medium. Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.

Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Heat Transfer Rates

Conduction: General (vector) form of Fouriers Law:

q = k T
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient

W/m

W/m K

C/m or K/m

Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

Heat rate (W):

Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Heat Transfer Rates

Convection Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newtons law of cooling:

q = h (Ts T )
h : Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2 K)

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Heat Transfer Rates

Radiation Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface involves radiation emission from the surface and may also involve the absorption of radiation incident from the surroundings (irradiation, G), as well as convection ( if Ts T ) .

Energy outflow due to emission: E = Eb = Ts4

Energy absorption due to irradiation: Gabs = G

Heat Transfer Rates Radiation (Cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large surroundings of uniform temperature, Tsur
4 G = Gsur = Tsur

If = , the net radiation heat flux from the surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
4 qrad = Eb (Ts ) G = (Ts4 Tsur )

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (Cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Alternatively,

qrad = h r (Ts Tsur ) h r : Radiation heat transfer coefficient ( W/m 2 K )

2 h r = (Ts + Tsur ) (Ts2 + Tsur )

(1.8)

(1.9)

For combined convection and radiation,

(1.10)

q = qconv + qrad = h (Ts T ) + hr (Ts Tsur )

Problem: Electronic Cooling

Problem 1.31: Power dissipation from chips operating at a surface temperature of 85C and in an enclosure whose walls and air are at 25C for (a) free convection and (b) forced convection.
Schematic:

Assumptions: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Radiation exchange between a small surface and a large enclosure, (3) Negligible heat transfer from sides of chip or from back of chip by conduction through the substrate. Analysis:
4 Pelec = q co nv + q rad = hA (Ts T ) + A (Ts4 Tsur )

A = L2 = ( 0.015m ) =2.2510-4 m 2
(a) If heat transfer is by natural convection, 5/4 qconv = CA (Ts T ) =4.2W/m 2 K 5/4 2.2510-4 m 2

qrad = 0.60 ( 2.2510-4 m 2 ) 5.6710-8 W/m 2 K 4 Pelec = 0.158W+0.065W=0.223W

(b) If heat transfer is by forced convection,

) ( 60K ) (358 -298 ) K

4 4

5/4

=0.158W =0.065W

qconv = hA (Ts T ) =250W/m 2 K 4 ( 2.2510-4 m 2 ) ( 60K ) =3.375W Pelec = 3.375W+0.065W=3.44W