TheCosmicStarFormationHistory

andthe

DiffuseSupernovaNeutrinoBackground
AndrewHopkins
TheUniversityofSydney

WithspecialthankstoJohnBeacomforsignificant contributions,help,suggestionsandadvice.

CosmicBackgroundRadiation
WMAP1yrdata(plus supernovameasurements andotherCMBdata) constrainprimary cosmologicalparameters

WMAP3yrdata,alongwith plannedfutureCMB polarisationmeasurements furtherrefinedetailsof cosmology.

Cosmological parameters are now knowntohighaccuracy. Physical measurements of galaxy properties can be made with much greaterreliabilitythaneverbefore. Galaxy evolution is now truly a quantitativesubject.Understanding theunderlyingphysicalprocessesis nowwithinourreach.

Inthenearbyuniverse,galaxieslooklikethis:

http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~frei/Gcat_htm/poster.jpg

Butatveryhighredshift,galaxieslooklikethis:

andthis: Why? Onereasonis thattherateat whichgalaxies formtheirstars evolves.

Starformationingalaxiescanbemeasuredusing manytracers:
Ultraviolet(UV)radiation,photonsemitteddirectlyby massive,young,shortlivedstars Balmerrecombinationlineemission(Hinparticular) Dustemission(observedatfarinfrared,FIR,wavelengths) thisisemissionproducedbydustgrainswhichabsorbUVand reemitintheFIR. Synchrotronemission(observedatradiowavelengths) thoughttobeconnectedtostarformationprocessesthrough supernovaejectashockacceleratingcosmicrayelectron populationstorelativisticspeedsintheambientgalactic magneticfield. Others:Lyman,PaschenseriesinH,forbidden[OII] transition,Xrays,submmdustemission,andmore.

M51WhirlpoolGalaxy
UV Visible NIR

Radio

FIR

StarFormationRateDensity
Perform an observational survey, at a starformation sensitivewavelength. Calculate the Luminosity Function (the number of galaxiesasafunctionofluminosity,perunitvolume). Scale luminosity to SFR using appropriate calibration, correcting as necessary for obscuration effects, incompleteness,instrumentalorothersystematics,etc. (A lot of recent work in particular has emphasised reliable dust corrections, but the correction factors for othereffectscanbeofsimilarorder.) Integrate over the Luminosity (SFR) Function to determinetotalspacedensityofSFR. Repeatforasmanyredshiftslicesaspossible.

ComovingspacedensityofSFR

SFRdensity

Redshift

PredictionsfromtheSFH
Buildupofstellarmass Evolutionofheavyelements

Corecollapse(SNtypeII) Evolutionofsupernovarate SNtypeIa

BriefsummaryoftheDSNB
Mid1980s: Several researchers qualitatively explore neutrino emission from supernovae and the DSNB (e.g., Krauss, Glashow & Schramm, Nature1984,310,191) 1995: Totani & Sato (Astropart. Phys. 3, 376) calculate the neutrino spectrumforasupernova,andestimatethefluxofelectronantineutrinos fromallsupernovae,therelicsupernovaneutrinoflux. 19972003: Various estimates for the level of the DSNB (e.g., Malaney 1997,Kaplinghatetal2000,Andoetal2003,Fukugita&Kawasaki2003) 2003:Maleketal(Phys.Rev.Lett.90,061101)measureanupperlimit _ ontheDSNBefluxwithSK,of1.2cm2s1. 2004: Beacom & Vagins (Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 171101) suggest loading SK withGdCl3toimproveDSNBdetection(andcointhenewterm). 20032006: Many and various combinations of cosmic SFH and DSNB _ limittoinferaverageetemperatureandotherparameters. 2005:Lunardini(astroph/0509233)usesSN1987AtoestimateDSNB. 2006:Hopkins&Beacom(astroph/0601463;ApJinpress)useSKDSNB limittoconstrainthenormalisationofthecosmicstarformationhistory.

Withdistanceswellknown,wecanstart thinkingaboutcomparingapparentand absoluteneutrinoluminosities:

Object Sun SN1987A DSNB Apparent Measured Absolute Known(stellar theory) Measured Known(SN theory) Upperlimit Known(SNtheory plusSN1987A) Number 1 1 Many (measured)

_ AssumptionsabouteemissionfromSNe
Allcorecollapsesupernovae(typesII,Ib,Ic) havesimilarpropertiesregardingneutrino production NeutrinosemittedwithFermiDiracenergy spectrum Totalenergyof31053erg=31046J Totalenergymostlysharedamongneutrino flavours(aftermixingintheSN)

Totani&Sato1995
Neutrinospectrumpersupernova

EmittedNeutrinoNumber

NeutrinoEnergy(MeV)

Totani&Sato1995
PredictedDSNBenergyspectrum
Numberflux(cm2s1MeV1)

NeutrinoEnergy(MeV)

ComovingspacedensityofSFR

SFRdensity

Redshift

TheInitialMassFunction

BGIMF

SalBIMF

Baldry&Glazebrook2003ApJ593,258

_ Characteristicetemperature: T=4MeVor6MeV T=8MeV

NormalisationoftheSFH

SalAIMF

BGIMF

_ PredictedespectrumgiventheSFH

E>19.3MeV

ConstraintsontheSFH:Summary
TheSKneutrinolimitsplaceanupperlimitonthe (z<1)SFHnormalisation. ThespacedensityofSNIIrateevolutionprovidesa lowerlimitforthenormalisation. Thecombinationoftheselimitswiththenewest andmostpreciseSFHmeasurementsallowsthe SFHnormalisationtoberobustlyand quantitativelyconstrainedforthefirsttime. TheresultingallowedcosmicSFHnormalisations inturnputconstraintsonboththestellarIMFand theneutrinotemperature.

Commentsforfurtherthought
TheSKmeasurementsarelimitedtoenergiesaboveabout19 MeV, corresponding to the SFH up to redshifts of z~1. Novel methods for sampling the DSNB spectrum down to ~5 MeV couldconstraintheSNrateatredshiftsz>1(Malaney1997). The slope of the DSNB spectrum is sensitive to the neutrino temperature.Detectingandresolvingthespectrumprovidesa direct probe of the characteristic SN neutrino temperature (Totani&Sato1995). LoadingSKwithGdCl3canimproveitssensitivitytotheDSNB significantly(Beacom&Vagins2004). Combining the background analysis from SK with the sensitivitytoe ofSNOcanimprovethemeasurementlimitto 6cm2s1over22.5<E<32.5MeV(Beacom&Strigari2005).

Morecommentsforfurtherthought
Detecting and resolving the DSNB spectrum also allows exploration of other neutrino properties, in particular the possibilityofaninvertedmasshierarchy,andtheideaofnon radiativeneutrinodecay(Ando&Sato2004). Constraining cosmological parameters and Dark Energy independently using the DSNB combined with future SN surveys, as a consistency check on existing measurements (Halletal2006,hepph/0607109). Probing late neutrino mass properties. Depending on the DSNB spectrum, neutrinos could be distinguished between Majorana or Dirac particles, the type of mass hierarchy determined,andpossiblyeventhemassesdetermined(Baker etal2006,hepph/0607281). Understanding neutrino emission from SN may also help to probenewphysics,likeemissionofsterileneutrinosorother newparticles.