Tidal power

Tidal power
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. However, many recent technological developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed, and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels. Historically, tide mills have been used, both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast of North America. The earliest occurrences date from the Middle Ages, or even from Roman times.[1][2] The world's first large-scale tidal power plant (the Rance Tidal Power Station) became operational in 1966.

Generation of tidal energy

Tidal power is extracted from the Earth's oceanic tides; tidal forces are periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create corresponding motions or currents in the world's oceans. The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's rotation, and local geography of the sea floor and coastlines. Tidal power is the only technology that draws on energy inherent in the orbital characteristics of the EarthMoon system, and to a lesser extent in the EarthSun system. Other natural energies exploited by human technology originate directly or indirectly with the Sun, including fossil fuel, conventional hydroelectric, wind, biofuel, wave and solar energy. Nuclear energy makes use of Earth's mineral deposits of fissionable elements, while geothermal power taps the Earth's internal heat, which comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion (about 20%) and heat produced through radioactive decay (80%).[3]
Variation of tides over a day

A tidal generator converts the energy of tidal flows into electricity. Greater tidal variation and higher tidal current velocities can dramatically increase the potential of a site for tidal electricity generation. Because the Earth's tides are ultimately due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun and the Earth's rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy resource. Movement of tides causes a loss of mechanical energy in the EarthMoon system: this is a result of pumping of water through natural restrictions around coastlines and consequent viscous dissipation at the seabed and in turbulence. This loss of energy

Tidal power has caused the rotation of the Earth to slow in the 4.5billion years since its formation. During the last 620million years the period of rotation of the earth (length of a day) has increased from 21.9hours to 24hours;[4] in this period the Earth has lost 17% of its rotational energy. While tidal power may take additional energy from the system, the effect is negligible and would only be noticed over millions of years.

Generating methods
Tidal power can be classified into three generating methods:

Tidal stream generator

Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines.

Tidal barrage
Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary.
The world's first commercial-scale and grid-connected tidal stream generator SeaGen [5] in Strangford Lough. The strong wake shows the power in the tidal current.

Dynamic tidal power

Dynamic tidal power (or DTP) is a theoretical generation technology that would exploit an interaction between potential and kinetic energies in tidal flows. It proposes that very long dams (for example: 3050km length) be built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean, without enclosing an area. Tidal phase differences are introduced across the dam, leading to a significant water-level differential in shallow coastal seas featuring strong coast-parallel oscillating tidal currents such as found in the UK, China and Korea.

US and Canadian studies in the twentieth century

Top-down view of a DTP dam. Blue and dark red colors indicate low and high tides, respectively.

The first study of large scale tidal power plants was by the US Federal Power Commission in 1924 which would have been located if built in the northern border area of the US state of Maine and the south eastern border area of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, with various dams, powerhouses and ship locks enclosing the Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy Bay (note: see map in reference). Nothing came of the study and it is unknown whether Canada had been approached about the study by the US Federal Power Commission.[6] There was also a report on the international commission in April 1961 entitled " Investigation of the International Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project" produced by both the US and Canadian Federal Governments. According to benefit to costs ratios, the project was beneficial to the US but not to Canada. A highway system along the top of the dams was envisioned as well. A study was commissioned by the Canadian, Nova Scotian and New Brunswick Governments (Reassessment of Fundy Tidal Power) to determine the potential for tidal barrages at Chignecto Bay and Minas Basin at the end of the Fundy Bay estuary. There were three sites determined to be financially feasible: Shepody Bay (1550 MW), Cumberline Basin (1085 MW) and Cobequid Bay (3800 MW). These were never built despite their apparent

Tidal power feasibility in 1977.[7]

Current and future tidal power schemes

The first tidal power station was the Rance tidal power plant built over a period of 6years from 1960 to 1966 at La Rance, France.[8] It has 240MW installed capacity. 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.[9][10] The first tidal power site in North America is the Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, which opened in 1984 on an inlet of the Bay of Fundy.[11] It has 20MW installed capacity. The Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, south of Hangzhou in China has been operational since 1985, with current installed capacity of 3.2 MW. More tidal power is planned near the mouth of the Yalu River.[12] The first in-stream tidal current generator in North America (Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project) was installed at Race Rocks on southern Vancouver Island in September 2006.[13][14] The next phase in the development of this tidal current generator will be in Nova Scotia.[15] A small project was built by the Soviet Union at Kislaya Guba on the Barents Sea. It has 0.4MW installed capacity. In 2006 it was upgraded with a 1.2MW experimental advanced orthogonal turbine. Jindo Uldolmok Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is a tidal stream generation scheme planned to be expanded progressively to 90 MW of capacity by 2013. The first 1 MW was installed in May 2009.[16] A 1.2 MW SeaGen system became operational in late 2008 on Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.[17] The contract for an 812 MW tidal barrage near Ganghwa Island north-west of Incheon has been signed by Daewoo. Completion is planned for 2015.[9] A 1,320 MW barrage built around islands west of Incheon is proposed by the Korean government, with projected construction start in 2017.[18] Other South Korean projects include barrages planned for Garorim Bay, Ansanman, and Swaseongho, and tidal generation associated with the Saemangeum reclamation project. The barrages are all in the multiple-hundred megawatts range.[19] The Scottish Government has approved plans for a 10MW array of tidal stream generators near Islay, Scotland, costing 40 million pounds, and consisting of 10 turbines enough to power over 5,000 homes. The first turbine is expected to be in operation by 2013.[20] The Indian state of Gujarat is planning to host South Asia's first commercial-scale tidal power station. The company Atlantis Resources is to install a 50MW tidal farm in the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast, with construction starting early in 2012.[21]

Notes
Baker, A. C. 1991, Tidal power, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London. Baker, G. C., Wilson E. M., Miller, H., Gibson, R. A. & Ball, M., 1980. "The Annapolis tidal power pilot project", in Waterpower '79 Proceedings, ed. Anon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, pp 550559. Hammons, T. J. 1993, "Tidal power", Proceedings of the IEEE, [Online], v81, n3, pp 419433. Available from: IEEE/IEEE Xplore. [July 26, 2004]. Lecomber, R. 1979, "The evaluation of tidal power projects", in Tidal Power and Estuary Management, eds. Severn, R. T., Dineley, D. L. & Hawker, L. E., Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, pp 3139.

Tidal power

References
[1] "Microsoft Word - RS01j.doc" (http:/ / www. kentarchaeology. ac/ authors/ 005. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [2] Minchinton, W. E. (October 1979). "Early Tide Mills: Some Problems". Technology and Culture (Society for the History of Technology) 20 (4): 777786. doi:10.2307/3103639. JSTOR3103639. [3] Turcotte, D. L.; Schubert, G. (2002). "4". Geodynamics (2 ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.136137. ISBN978-0-521-66624-4. [4] George E. Williams (2000). "Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit". Reviews of Geophysics 38 (1): 3760. Bibcode2000RvGeo..38...37W. doi:10.1029/1999RG900016. [5] Douglas, C. A.; Harrison, G. P.; Chick, J. P. (2008). "Life cycle assessment of the Seagen marine current turbine". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 222 (1): 112. doi:10.1243/14750902JEME94. [6] "Niagra's Power From The Tides" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zigDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA29& dq=Popular+ Science+ 1933+ plane+ "Popular+ Science"& hl=en& ei=MIb5TZaFEajx0gGxtaHPAw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CDUQ6AEwAzhQ#v=onepage& q& f=true) May 1924 Popular Science Monthly [7] Chang, Jen (2008), Hydrodynamic Modeling and Feasibility Study of Harnessing Tidal Power at the Bay of Fundy (http:/ / digitallibrary. usc. edu/ assetserver/ controller/ item/ etd-Chang-20080312. pdf) (PhD thesis), Los Angeles: University of Southern California, , retrieved 2011-09-27 [8] L'Usine marmotrice de la Rance (http:/ / membres. lycos. fr/ chezalex/ projets/ rance/ sommaire_rance. htm) [9] "Hunt for African Projects" (http:/ / www. newsworld. co. kr/ cont/ article2009/ 0909-52. htm). Newsworld.co.kr. . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [10] Tidal power plant nears completion (http:/ / engsales. yonhapnews. co. kr/ YNA/ ContentsSales/ EngSales/ YISW_PopupPhotoPreview. aspx?CID=PYH20110411088100341) [11] "Nova Scotia Power - Environment - Green Power- Tidal" (http:/ / www. nspower. ca/ en/ home/ environment/ renewableenergy/ tidal/ annapolis. aspx). Nspower.ca. . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [12] "China Endorses 300 MW Ocean Energy Project" (http:/ / www. renewableenergyworld. com/ rea/ news/ article/ 2004/ 11/ china-endorses-300-mw-ocean-energy-project-17685). Renewableenergyworld.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [13] "Race Rocks Demonstration Project" (http:/ / www. cleancurrent. com/ technology/ rrproject. htm). Cleancurrent.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [14] "Tidal Energy, Ocean Energy" (http:/ / www. racerocks. com/ racerock/ energy/ tidalenergy/ tidalenergy2. htm). Racerocks.com. . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [15] "Information for media inquiries" (http:/ / www. cleancurrent. com/ media/ index. htm). Cleancurrent.com. 2009-11-13. . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [16] Korea's first tidal power plant built in Uldolmok, Jindo (http:/ / www. korea. net/ news/ News/ newsView. asp?serial_no=20090518009& part=101& SearchDay=2009. 05. 18& page=1) [17] "Tidal energy system on full power" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ northern_ireland/ 7790494. stm). BBC News. December 18, 2008. . Retrieved March 26, 2010. [18] $ 3-B tidal power plant proposed near Korean islands (http:/ / ecoseed. org/ en/ general-green-news/ green-politics/ green-policies/ asia-pacific/ 3457) [19] "Microsoft PowerPoint - presentation_t4_1_kim" (http:/ / pemsea. org/ eascongress/ international-conference/ presentation_t4-1_kim. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2011-04-05. [20] "Islay to get major tidal power scheme" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12767211). BBC. March 17, 2011. . Retrieved 2011-03-19. [21] "India plans Asian tidal power first" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ science-environment-12215065). BBC News. January 18, 2011. .

External links
Enhanced tidal lagoon with pumped storage and constant output (http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/ sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf) as proposed by David J.C. MacKay, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK. Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydrokinetic/ default.aspx) The U.S. Department of Energy's Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database provides up-to-date information on marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy, both in the U.S. and around the world. Severn Estuary Partnership: Tidal Power Resource Page (http://www.severnestuary.net/sep/resource.html) Location of Potential Tidal Stream Power sites in the UK (http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&q=& ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=107402675945400268346.0000011377c9bc61b8af9&ll=54.977614,-5.800781& spn=11.389793,29.179688&z=5&om=1)

Tidal power University of Strathclyde ESRU (http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/05-06/marine_renewables/ home/1st_page.htm)-- Detailed analysis of marine energy resource, current energy capture technology appraisal and environmental impact outline Coastal Research - Foreland Point Tidal Turbine and warnings on proposed Severn Barrage (http://www. coastalresearch.co.uk/index.html) Sustainable Development Commission (http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications.php?id=607) - Report looking at 'Tidal Power in the UK', including proposals for a Severn barrage World Energy Council (http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/survey_of_energy_resources_2007/ tidal_energy/754.asp) - Report on Tidal Energy European Marine Energy Centre (http://www.emec.org.uk/tidal_developers.asp) - Listing of Tidal Energy Developers -retrieved 1 July 2011 Resources on Tidal Energy (http://www.environmentportal.in/category/thesaurus/tidal-energy)

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