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Endocrine System
Endo- = within -crine = secretion

Primary Glands

Functions of Endocrine System

Produce and secrete hormones. Chemical messengers with specific functions. Greek excite or urge on.

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Endocrinologist en-doh-krih-NOL-oh-jist
Endo- = within crin/o = to secrete -logist = specialist

Specialist in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of glands of internal secretion.

Endocrinopathy En-doh-krih-NOP-ah-thee
Disease due to disorder of endocrine system. Hypersecretion: condition caused by excessive secretion of a gland Hyposecretion: deficient secretion of any gland

Combining Forms

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Adrenal glands ah-DRE-nal-glanz Ad- = near Renal = kidney

Glands that are located above (near) each kidney.

Adren/o, adrenal/o = adrenal glands

Produce the hormones adrenaline & cortisone.

Adrenopathy ah-dre-NOP-ah-the
Adren/o = adrenal glands -pathy = disease condition

Disease of adrenal glands.

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Adrenalectomy ah-dre-nal-EK-to-me
-ectomy = removal, excision Removal of adrenal glands.

Pituitary Gland
pih-TU-ih-tare-e Master Gland of Body Located at base of brain. Controls activity of other organs & endocrine glands.

Hypophys/o, Pituitar/o = pituitary gland

Acts in response to stimulus from hypothalmus Consists of an anterior & posterior lobe

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Hypophyseal
hi-po-FIZ-e-al Hypophys/o = pituitary gland -eal = pertaining to

Pertaining to pituitary gland.

Hypopituitarism hi-po-pi-TU-ih-tah-rizm
Hypo- = deficient, less than normal Pituitar/o = pituitary gland -ism = condition, process Decrease of hormonal secretion by pituitary gland.

Pancreat/o = Pancreas PAN-kre-us

Feather-shaped organ behind stomach Produces digestive enzymes & secretes hormones that control glucose levels & metabolism throughout body.

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Pancreatic Hormones
Insulin: IN-suh-lin
Secreted in response to blood glucose blood glucose (sugar)

Allows glucose to enter cells Stimulates liver to convert glucose to glycogen

Glucagon: GLOO-kah-gon
blood glucose by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

Pancreatectomy pan-kre-ah-TEK-to-me
-ectomy = removal, excision Excision (removal) of the pancreas.

Thym/o = Thymus Gland

THI-mus

Located in middle of chest (mediastinum).

Produces thymosin that aids in immune system by promoting maturation of T-lymphocytes.

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Thymoma
thi-MO-mah
-oma = tumor, mass

Tumor of thymus.

Thyroaden/o, Thyroid/o = Thyroid Gland THI-royd

Lies in neck on either side of trachea. Regulates metabolism: (rate at which body uses energy & speed at which body functions work)

Thyroid Hormones
Triiodothyronine = T3 Tetraiodothyronine = T4 or thyroxine Secretion controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by pituitary gland.

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Thyroadenitis
thi-ro-ah-deh-NI-tis
Aden/o = gland -itis = inflammation

Inflammation of thyroid gland.

Thyroidectomy
thi-roy-DEK-to-me
-ectomy = removal

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid/o = Parathyroid Gland

Para- = beside 4 glands behind/beside thyroid gland

Regulate calcium levels in blood and bones

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Parathyroid Hormone
par-ah-THIGH-roid

PTH
Regulates calcium levels in blood calcium levels stimulates secretion of PTH

Hyperparathyroidism
high-per-par-ah-THIGH-roid-izm Hyper- = excessive Parathyroid/o -ism = condition, process

Excessive secretion of PTH.

Hypoparathyroidism
Hypo- = deficient Parathyroid/o = parathyroid gland -ism = condition, process
Less than normal secretion of PTH.

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Oophor/o, Ovari/o = Ovary

OH-vah-re Produce eggs to be fertilized by sperm. Produces female hormones estrogen & progesterone.

Hormones Secreted by Ovaries

Estrogen ES-tro-jen Promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone Pro-JES-the-rone Prepares and maintains uterine lining during pregnancy.

Oophoritis oh-ahf-oh-RYE-tis Inflammation of the ovaries.

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Ovarian Cyst o-VAR-e-an sist

Sac containing fluid or semi-solid material.

Orchi/o, Orchid/o = Testes

TES-tez
Testicle (TES-tih-kl) One of 2 paired organs in scrotal sac Produce sperm cells & male hormone testosterone.

Testosterone tes-TOS-the-rohn
Hormone that produces male secondary characteristics.

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Orchitis or-KI-tis Inflammation of testes.

Orchiopexy or-ke-o-PEK-se
-pexy = fixation, surgical Corrects cryptorchism (undescended testicle) Surgical fixation into its proper location within the scrotum

Surgical fixation of a testicle.

Pathology

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Acromegaly

Enlargement of extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) from pituitary gland before puberty.

Cushing Syndrome
Group of symptoms produced by excessive secretion of cortisone from adrenal cortex. Obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, moon-like fullness of face.

Diabetes mellitus di-ah-BE-tez MEL-li-tus

Dia- = through -betes = to go
Disorder of pancreas that causes defect in insulin secretion or action resulting in: Hyperglycemia Polyuria Polydipsia

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Type 1 Diabtes
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Type 1 Diabetes Complete lack of insulin Require insulin injections Onset usually in childhood 10% of diabetics are Type 1

Type 2 Diabetes
Noninsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) Type 2 Diabetes Some insulin deficiency
Insulin is not adequate resistance of tissues to action of insulin

Onset usually in adulthood Treated with diet, exercise, oral medication

Goiter
Thyromegaly
Abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland.

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Hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of thyroid gland. Graves disease or exophthalmic (eye bulge outward) goiter Increased metabolic rate, sweating, weight loss

Exophthalmos eck-sof-THAL-mos

Hypothyroidism
Deficient Fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold Decreased MR

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Lab Tests & Diagnostic Procedures

Computed tomography (CT scan)

Cross-sectional x-rays

Fasting Blood Sugar FBS

Measures blood glucose levels after an 8 hour fast. Reference range: 70-110 mg/dL Preferred screening test for Diabetes mellitus.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Radioactive Iodine Uptake

Measures ability of thyroid gland to trap and concentrate radioactive iodine. Localization of iodine is necessary for making thyroid hormones.

Serum and Urine Tests

Measurement in blood and urine of:
Hormones Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) Sugar (glucose)

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Thyroid Function Tests

Measures blood levels of: T3 (triiodothyronine) T4 (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Thyroid Scan
Radioactive compound, injected intravenously. Localizes in thyroid & images are produced Used to detect tumors

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