Probing the Central Engine of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae with Gravitational Waves

Yudai Suwa
The University of Tokyo
Collaboration with K. Murase (Kyoto U.) arXiv:0906.3833

Contents

Introduction Collapsar model Gravitational wave from collapsar

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Gamma-ray bursts
Meszaros 2002

!The most luminous explosions in the Universe !Small amount of matter accelerated to ultrarelativistic speeds and collimated in a jet !In many of longer lasting events the total energy in ! rays 1051 ergs. !The required energy for a jet: E~1052 ergs

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GRBs and SNe

GRB SN association GRB 980425 / SN 1998bw: (z=0.0085) GRB 030329 / SN 2003dh: (z=0.1687) GRB 031203 / SN 2003lw: (z=0.1055) XRF 060218 / SN 2006aj: (z=0.0335) GRB 081007 / SN 2008hw: (z=0.53)

Observations of GRB suggest that some GRBs are connected with some kind of SNe. SNe which associate with GRB are Hypernovae (HNe) with explosion energy, Eexp~1052 ergs. The central engine of GRBs is required to supply such an enormous explosion energy of GRBs/HNe.

Nomoto et al. (2006)

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Collapsar model
The most promising model of long GRBs
Woosley 93, Paczynski 98, MacFadyen+ 99

relativistic outflow

He C,O Si Fe BH/NS accretion disk

Iron core of Massive star BH/NS + disk system Relativistic jet formation by some kind of mechanism GRB Candidates of mechanism: magnetic force and neutrino annihilation
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Magneto-driven jet
Blandford-Znajek process
McKinney & Gammie 04 Proga+ 03

MHD process

Blandford & Znajek 77

rotation energy of a BH

binding energy of an accretion disk

Poynting flux jet production

Lee+ 00

Poynting flux jet production

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Neutrino-driven jet
McFadyen & Woosley 99

Neutrino pairs are generated in the hot disk Impact each other Energy deposition at rotational axis jet production
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Neutrino Dominated Accretion Flow

NDAF
Model for hyper accretion disk The neutrino emission is the dominant source of cooling.

accretion disk

1e54

Kawanaka+ 07

(These neutrinos are suggested for the source of a jet)

Depending on the accretion rate, the neutrino luminosity, L, becomes as large as 1053 erg/sec!
1e48 0.01 10

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NDAF
Popham+ 99

The required energy for producing GRB jet is ~ 1051 erg/sec. In order to achieve this, the total neutrino luminosity must be as large as ~ 1053 erg/sec! (The efficiency of energy conversion is quite low.)

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Summary of energy budget

Energy of GRB jet

Energy available by models of central engine

BZ process

MHD process

process

Can we constrain this component using GW??

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GW from anisotropic neutrino radiation

Epstein 78, Turner 78, Mueller & Janka 97

GW amplitude

neutrino luminosity per unit solid angle

oordinate frame (x , y , z ) and observer coordinate frame (x, y, z). The observer resides at a distant point he viewing angle is denoted by , which is the angle between z and z axis. The z -axis coincides with the the source.

Axisymmetric case

ravitational constant, c is the speed of light, D is the distance between the observer and the source, presents the direction-dependent neutrino luminosity per unit of solid angle in the direction of . ounter part of the amplitude, hTT , is obtained by replacing cos(2) by sin(2) in Eq. (2), which L /d is axially symmetric. equation, and are required to be expressed in terms of the angles and with respect to the e variables, and the viewing angle, . Using Eq. (1), one can obtain the amplitude as following, h+ (t, ) = 2G c4 D
tD/c

dt
4

d ( , , )

dL ( , t ) , d

(3)

) denotes the angle dependent factor, (sin cos cos cos sin )2 sin2 sin2 . (sin cos cos cos sin )2 + sin2 sin2 (4)

, ) = (1 + cos cos + sin cos sin )

lization of the Eqs. (26) and (27) of Mller & Janka [35], who derived the formula for the cases u espectively. By integration with respect to the azimuthal angle ( ) assuming that dL ( , t )/d is e obtain HEAP2009 2009/11/11
tD/c

@ KEK

GW from thin disk

Neutrino emission GW amplitude (=/2)

h(t) h0

Final converged value

R: distance E: total energy emitted by neutrino

Etot=3x1053 ergs for ordinary SNe T t

cf.) GW from jet itself
Sago+ 04 Hiramatsu+ 05

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h(t) h0

GW spctrum
T
10
-16

t
E =10 ergs, R=10 kpc, T= 10 sec E =1054 ergs, R=10 Mpc, T= 10 sec E =1054 ergs, R=10 Mpc, T=200 sec E =10
53 54

10

-18

ergs, R=10 Mpc, T=10 sec

hc(f), hn(f)

10

-20

LISA

advanced LIGO

10-22

DECIGO / BBO

10-24 ultimate-DECIGO 10-26 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

f [Hz]
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Effect of time variability

i=1

L (t) =

E i t T N t N

i T + t t , N

where N is the number of subbursts and t is the duration of one subburst. We assume t t subburst. The total duration is T + T T , since we consider the case of T T [73]. h(t) characteristic strain as h sin(tf ) sin(T f ) h0 hc (f ) = 2 . N tf sin(T f /N )
T T
10
-17

N: number of bursts

10-18 10
-19

Etot=1054 erg, R=10Mpc, N=1, T=10 sec Etot=10

54

erg, R=10Mpc, N=200, T=0.005 sec

hc(f), hn(f)

10-20 LISA 10-21 10-22 10-23 10-24 10-25 10-26 0.01 0.1 1

advanced LIGO

DECIGO / BBO

10

100

1000

10000

f [Hz]
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Signal-to-noise ratio
N=200 T=0.005 sec

LISA

advanced-LIGO

DECIGO/BBO

SNR>10 < 1 Mpc for ad.-LIGO (2015) < 1 Mpc for LISA (2019) < 100 Mpc for DECIGO/BBO (2024) cf.) GRB rate ~10~1000 Gpc-3 yr-1 (Guetta+ 07)

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Gravitational Wave Background

10-10

10-12

DECIGO/BBO

ultimate-DECIGO

GW h0

10-14

10-16

10-18

10-20

0.001

0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

f [Hz]
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Summary
Energy of GRB jet

Evergy available by models of central engine BZ process MHD process process

GW
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