DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA EEEN 810: FINAL ASSIGNMENT DATE DUE: ON THE DAY

OF FINAL EXAMINATION 1. For the sample power system shown in Fig.Q1 with its network parameters given in Table Q1: a) Draw its directed graph and impedance diagrams. b) Define and construct the referenced element -node incidence matrix, L for the network, choosing the ground as the reference. c) Using the direct method, build the Bus Admittance Matrix for the network. d) Repeat c) using Singular Transformation Technique if there is mutual coupling of j0.01 between elements 3 and 4.

FIG.Q1: Sample Power System TableQ1: Network Data for the Sample Power System
Element no. 1 2 3 4 Bus 1 1 3 2 to Bus 2 3 4 4 R 0.02 0.0 0.05 0.04 X 0.05 0.08 0.2 0.15 Total BT 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3

2.

For a 4 -bus sample power system, its below:

upper triangle admittance bus matrix is given

YBUS

2 4 2 - 10 - 7.5 2.5 3.0 = j - 10.5 4 - 9.0

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a) Draw the network for the 4 -bus system and construct its network parameter Table. b) Apply step-by-step approach to construct its ZBUS, choosing bus1 as the reference. 3. For the system network shown in Fig. Q3: a) Develop its relevant power flow equations in polar form. b) Construct the matrices (B & B) required by the fast-decoupled power flow. c) Using fast-decoupled power flow technique, obtain its power flow so lution at the end of the second iteration. Assume initial flat start.

FIG.Q3: 3-Bus System LINE DATA Y12 = -j5.0pu Y13 = -j7.5pu Y23 = -j5.0pu Ys3 = -j0.1pu 4. BUS DATA V1 = 1.050opu; V2 = 1.04pu PG2 PD3 QD3 = 2.5pu = 4.5pu = 0.5pu

The network parameters for a four-bus network are shown in the Table below: Bus to Bus 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 4 X p.u. 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.1

a) Formulate the DC power flow for the network, assuming bus 4 as the slack bus. b) Given that load demands at buses 1 and 3 are 2.5pu and 3.0pu respectively whist the generation at bus 2 is 3.5pu, determine the DC power flow solution using triangular factorization technique.
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c) If line 3-4 is on outage, det ermine the line outage distribut ion factors for lines 1 -2,

5.

1-3 and 2-4. The DC power flow equations for some real power measurements in a sample power system are given as follows:

P1 1 1 v1 P = 1 - 1 d 1 + v 2 d 2 P3 4 1 2 v3
Where P 1, P 2 and P 3 are the measurements; d1 and d2 are the bus angles estimated; v1, v2 and v3 are the measurement errors. Given the measurement vector, P and covariance matrix, R as follows: to be

0 4.0 0.001 0 2.5 & R = 0 P= 0.01 0 3.5 0 0.0 0.01

a) b) 6. a) Using the weighted least squares (WLS) technique, obtain the best estimates of the bus angles. Compute the measurement errors. For the 2 -bus sam ple power system shown in Fig.Q6 , develop the relevant equations for the unconstrained optimal power flow (OPF). Define very clearly all the state variables and control variables used. C1 = 1 +0.2 PG1 + 0.4PG12 C2 = 1 + .75PG2 + 0.75PG22

PG1 = ? V1 = 1.0 pu y = 1 j7.5

=?

V2 = 1.0 pu

PD1=2.0 pu

PD2=3.0 pu Fig.Q6: 2-Bus Sample Power System

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b) Compute the initial OPF solution starting from PG1 = 2.5pu and 2 =0. 7. Consider two interconnected areas 1 & 2, each having the following parameters on its own base capacity; R1 = 0.050pu Hz /pu MW; D1 = 3.5 pu MW/pu Hz on base capacity of 1000 MW R2 = 0.025pu Hz /pu MW; D2 = 2.5 pu MW/pu Hz on base capacity of 1500 MW Assume that the system is initiall y operating at 50 Hz when a decrease of 25 0 MW occurs in area 2. Determine: i) The steady state frequency of the interconnected areas ; ii) The change in steady state tie-line flow in MW and iii) Specify the Area Control Error (ACE) for each area. 8. For the sample 3 -bus system shown in Fig.Q8, the neutral of each generator is solidly grounded. Assume all the generators are running at no -load at rated voltage and in phase and that all the network data given on a 100 MVA base. a) Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence diagrams for the sample network and construct their respective ZBUS matrices. b) Determine the fault current s for 3 - and1- through fault impedance of 4% at bus 3.

G1

G2

T1 1
L1-3 L1-2

T2 2
L2-3

Item G1 G2 T1 T2 L1-2 L1-3 L2-3

V Raing 16 kV 16 kV 16/132 kV 16/132 kV 132 kV 132 kV 132 kV

X1(%) 15 15 10 10 12.5 15 25

X2(%) 15 15 10 10 12.5 15 25

X0(%) 15 15 10 10 30 35 71.25

9. For a single machine feeding an infinite bus system, the P - curves that describe pre fault, fault and post-fault conditions are as follows: P = 3.5sin: Pre-fault P- curve;

P = 2.5sin: Post-fault curve. P = 0.0: Fault P- curve; The machine was initially delivering power of 1.2 pu to the infinite bus when a bolted 3 - fault was applied for duration of 5 cycles. Assume that H= 2.5 seconds and f = 50Hz. For a step size, T = 0.01 sec, apply step -by-step approach to determine the rotor angle after 0.1 sec using Euler method. (Hint: Use the Table given below) Swing Curve Computation k=(180f/H)(T)2 Pacc kPacc sin (p.u.) (elect. deg)

t (secs)

Pmax (p.u.)

Pmaxsin

(elect. deg.)

10. a) With the aid of an appropriate diagram, expla in very briefly the over-current protection of a radial distribution feeder based on time grading scheme. b) Derive the torque equation for an electromagnetic induction type relay. c) An induction disc type relay is designed to perform as an over -current relay. Assume the spring torque is 0.0015Nm, the rela y pickup current is 10 Amperes and the moment of inertia of the disc is 1.2x10-4 Kg-m2. (i) Determine the relay parameter, k (i.e. its constant of proportionality). o If the Time multiplier setting of the relay is 1.0, corresponding to 90 angle of rotation between the back stopper and the relay fixed contacts, determine the operating times of the relay for currents of 2.5, 5.5 and 15 times its pickup current. Hence sketch the time versus current characteristics of the relay. (ii) Starting from the generalized relay equation, derive the equation for a mho relay in the R-X plane. Define very clearly all the parameters used.