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Application Spotlight on
audio
Component Focus: pages 2-14 NXPs ARM Cortex-M0 microcontrollers offer 50MHz processing at ultra-competitive prices Design Note: page 15 Wolfson shows how to achieve high performance when interfacing to digital microphones Product Matrix: page 16 Find your supplier of choice with the audio applications product-selection guide Application Spotlight: pages 17-23 Future Electronics provides a proof-of-concept development board for digital audio-streamers Technical View: pages 25-27 How the humble CODEC provides an alternative to complex DSPs
I S S U E 1201
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News
in brief
Freescale Semiconductor has announced a new product platform that integrates ARM Cortex-M4 and Cortex-A5 cores. This innovative architecture, combining a highperformance microcontroller and an energyefficient applications processor, enables simultaneous, deterministic real-time control and graphics-rich applications processing in industrial and automotive applications.
New features in 8-bit MCU family improve tolerance for harsh environments
Fairchild Semiconductor has launched Power Supply WebDesigner (PSW) an easy-to-use online simulation tool which enables designers to Auto Design flyback circuits without reference to application notes. The tools Advance Design feature implements circuit optimisations automatically. It provides a complete flyback design, steady-state and transient waveforms, the loop-gain plot showing stability margins, and a complete bill of materials and distributor parts order.
The S08PA and S08PT families offer additional features which are not available on existing S08 devices
FREESCALE
Freescale Semiconductor has introduced the new S08P, an 8-bit microcontroller family which helps design engineers to achieve greater system durability and reliability in harsh industrial applications and user interfaces. The device is also ideal in systems which must comply with the IEC 60730 appliance safety standard.
The S08P family uses the same core, IP and tools as existing 8-bit S08 products, making it easy for designers to migrate to the new devices. But the S08P microcontrollers include a number of extra features which equip them to tolerate harsh and noisy environments. These include slew rate and drive strength control for EMI/EMC compliance, and filtering on I/O pins to help withstand noise. Internal clock generators keep clock noise inside, while an independent hardware watchdog monitors the system. This family of MCUs also includes a built-in 16-bit cyclic redundancy-check engine for data validation. The scalable S08P family provides a wide range of feature and price options for product differentiation. The parts are grouped into three classes: Full-featured PT class with a touch-sense interface Full-featured PA class with no touch-sense interface Basic PL class for the most cost-sensitive designs
The S08P family is supported by Freescales Tower System development platform, the CodeWarrior development tool suite and the Processor Expert rapid application development tool. The S08P devices are available in packages from an 8-pin DFN up to a 64-pin QFP.
Freescale Semiconductor has introduced its new Kinetis X series with the claim that they are the world's fastest microcontrollers built on an ARM Cortex-M core. The X series extends the high end of Freescale's Kinetis 32-bit MCU portfolio, providing up to 200MHz processing speed as well as more memory and integrated peripherals than other Kinetis devices.
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Small appliances Power tools Home appliances Building and lighting control Electric metering Motor control Battery charging and management Touch-sensing interface (PT class only) Up to 4kbytes of RAM and 60kbytes of Flash Up to 256bytes of EEPROM Up to three UARTs, two SPIs and one I2C interface Up to 16-channels of 12-bit ADC Analogue comparator Real-time clock FlexTimer Operating voltage: 2.7-5.5V (PT/PA class only)
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Microchip has introduced the SST39VF80XC and SST39VF160XC NOR Flash memory devices, which combine small size, low power consumption and high performance. The SST39VF80XC offers 8Mbits of memory, while the SST39VF160XC offers 16Mbits.
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Copyright 2012 Future Electronics Ltd. All trademarks contained herein are the property of their respective owners. Applications for product samples, badge boards, demonstration boards, Future-Blox Boards and other advertised materials from Future Electronics are subject to qualification.
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Starting at $0.49, the new devices deliver 50MIPS of processing throughput compared to the 1-5MIPS performance typical of 8- and 16-bit MCUs. The introduction of the new low-pin-count packages gives OEMs the option of reduced footprints and lower system costs throughout the product development cycle. SO and DIP packages make it easier to build prototypes, since they can be hand-soldered, simplifying hardware requirements for programming and debugging. TSSOP packages can eliminate the requirement for a reflow process in highvolume production. These easy-to-use and highly reliable packages are popular among 8- and 16-bit customers and help minimise the number of manufacturing processes while improving yield. Existing LPC1100 customers can easily convert their designs to the LPC111x low-pincount devices and reuse their software, because every device in the family shares an identical Cortex-M0 instruction set. In addition, these low pin-count packages enable reuse of elements of the PCB layout because they share the same pin-out for the VDD, VSS, GND and XTAL pins.
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Human interface devices Consumer electronics Alarm systems Small appliances Simple motor controllers 130A/MHz current draw SPI, UART and I C (Fast-mode Plus)
2
APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
interfaces Up to 4kbytes SRAM and 32kbytes Flash 5-channel, 10-bit ADC Two 32-bit and two 16-bit timers 12MHz IRC offering 1% accuracy
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Part Number LPC1110FD20 LPC1111FDH20 /002 LPC1112FD20 /102 LPC1112FDH20 /102 LPC1112FDH28 /102 LPC1114FDH28 /102 LPC1114FN28 /102
SRAM 1 2 4 4 4 4 4
Flash 4 8 16 16 16 32 32
Pin Count 20 20 20 20 28 28 28
I2C 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
SPI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UART 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16-bit Timer 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
32-bit Timer 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5CH-ADC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
GPIO 16 16 16 14 22 22 22
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ANALOGUE
CORNER
COMPONENT FOCUS
The performance of this latest magnetic encoder to be developed by Avago is enhanced by the adoption of a new technology, Local Field Measurement. This technology produces an IC which is both smaller and which offers better redundancy and misalignment tolerance, when compared to the previous differential field measurement technology. When measuring the absolute angle, the AEAT-6600-T16 calculates the magnets angular position to a resolution of 0.005, or 65,536 positions per revolution. This digital information is available as a serial bit stream and as a PWM signal. Unlike some Hall sensorbased devices, the AEAT6600-T16 offers simple one-step alignment with no calibration and is easily assembled. In addition, the encoder delivers accurate performance over a large axial gap and radial displacement, which means the OEMs manufacturing process benefits from wide assembly tolerances.
The encoder is available in a small 16-pin TSSOP package, and features low supply voltage, making it ideal for portable, batteryoperated applications. Configuration options enable the same IC to be used in different applications, streamlining the users inventory.
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Contactless rotary position sensing Robotics Motor control Valve control Simultaneous incremental output of up to Operating temperature range: 2-wire or 3-wire Serial Synchronous Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Power-down mode
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APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
-40C to 125C
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High-side current sensor Wheatstone bridge sensor Difference amplifier with level shifting Power-control loops Operating temperature: -40C to 125C 35nV/Hz input voltage noise density 115dB common-mode rejection ratio 112dB power supply rejection ratio
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MCP6N11 stays accurate over a long time span and wide temperature range
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emissions, and built-in synchronised slope compensation allows for more stable peak current-mode control over a wide range of input voltage and load conditions. The proprietary internal line compensation ensures a constant output power limit over the entire universal line voltage range. Requiring only a small number of external components, the FAN6756 provides a basic platform that is suited to cost-sensitive flyback converter designs that require extremely low stand-by power consumption.
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65kHz fixed PWM frequency 8ms soft-start Over-temperature protection Sense short-circuit protection Under-voltage lock-out
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mWSaver technology cuts losses and helps save board space
FEATURES
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The devices low on-resistance at 1.5V and guaranteed on-resistance limits at 1.2V simplify designs by allowing the MOSFETs to work with the low-voltage power rails common in handheld devices. In P-channel load switching the Si8805EDB eliminates an extra resistor and voltage source, and in N-channel load switching the Si8802DB provides longer battery operation between charges.
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Load switching for low-voltage gate drive Load switching for 1.2V power line 1,500V ESD protection (Si8805EDB) Typical gate-charge: 6.7nC 25ns maximum turn-on delay time 1.5A gate-source leakage current
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
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FREESCALE
The new TWR-MPC8309 module from Freescales established Tower System is a rapid prototyping platform for designers working on factory automation and entry-level industrial networking applications.
The processing engine in the module is the MPC8309 processor, a member of the PowerQUICC II Pro family which delivers up to 835DMIPS of processing power at less than 1.6W. The device also features 233MHz QUICC Engine technology for communications protocol offloading: this can support a wide range of Ethernet and Fieldbus-based industrial networking protocols, virtually eliminating the need for an expensive FPGA or ASIC in industrial networking applications. The TWR-MPC8309 processor module can be used in a variety of ways, including as a stand-alone industrial development board, as a System-on-Module (SoM) using a single right-
angle PCIe connector to interface to the main board, or as part of a Tower System development platform. Two peripheral modules have been developed specifically for use with the TWR-MPC8309 processor module: the MPC830x-TLCD module directly attaches to the TWR-MPC8309 module to add a 3.2 QVGA colour LCD touch screen and 12-key capacitive touch pad, providing a fully contained development platform and eliminating the need for a host PC. The TWR-INDCTRL module provides a superset of TWR-SER features, including a third 10/100baseT Ethernet port, four CAN, two SPI, one I2C and four motorcontrol ports. The TWR-INDCTRL module is compatible with the LEGO MINDSTORMS motor and sensors for rapid development of robotics demonstrations. Freescales Tower System is a modular, reusable platform consisting of packaged boards, tools and runtime software.
WORKING PARTNER
ON Semis interface IC: Page 9
Programmable logic controllers Process automation controllers Gateways, bridges and hubs Operator interface terminals Test and measurement instrumentation Robotics 128MB DDR2 256MB NOR Flash Accelerometer Mini-AB USB2.0 Hi-speed OTG port Full SD card expansion port Mini-PCI expansion port Audio CODEC Stereo audio out and microphone audio jacks IEEE1588 with VCXO fine clock tuning
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1% charge voltage accuracy across 5% charge current regulation accuracy External inductor size just 1H Low reverse leakage
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FAN54013 generates less waste heat than conventional linear chargers
FEATURES
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High efficiency Excellent ruggedness Lower output capacitance for improved Low memory effects deliver excellent Internally matched for ease of use
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pre-distortability
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Battery charging Battery disconnect switch Load switching Integrated ESD diode 1.7W power rating at 25C 16.1nC gate charge at 4.5V, 1A 10A gate-source leakage at 8V 10m maximum on-resistance at 1.5V
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
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MOSFET, to enhance efficiency and reduce the bill of materials cost. Fairchild Semiconductor recently expanded the PowerTrench family of 100V and 150V devices to include industrial-type packages: the TO-220, D2PAK, TO247, I2PAK, TO220 Full Pack and D2PAK-7L. The first parts available in the industrial-type packages are the FDP083N15A_F102, FDB082N15A and FDP036N10A.
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Synchronous rectification circuits Solar micro-inverters AC motor drives Offline uninterruptible power supplies Telecom power distribution systems Battery chargers 6.7m on-resistance (FDB082N15A) Fast switching speed Low gate-charge 54ns maximum turn-on delay time
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Fairchild PowerTrench MOSFETs enable fast switching in synchronous rectifier circuits
APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
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Load switches Gate drivers in DC-DC converters Low-voltage DC motor control Bi-directional level shifters Lithium-ion battery protection Buck conversion for high-end graphics
cards
APPLICATIONS
Voltage range: 12V to 300V Low threshold voltages down to <0.7V Tolerance for high peak currents and Fast switching
voltages
FEATURES
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COMPONENT FOCUS
ON SEMICONDUCTOR
The new NCN8025 is a compact and highly integrated smart card interface IC which provides a low-noise power supply and a large number of circuitprotection functions.
The power supply for a smart card reader or writer is provided by a This smart card interface IC built-in low-noise LDO is available in two package regulator, with outputs at variants: the compact 1.8V, 3V or 5V. NCN8025 is in a QFN-16 The device is fully package, ideal for cost- and compatible with the ISO space-constrained CAM 7816-3, EMV 4.2 and and SIM applications. The UICC standards, and also NCN8025A is available in a with standards for set-top QFN-24 package which boxes (STBs) such as The NCN8025 offers many circuit protection features provides all of the features NDS, Nagravision and usually required in an STB Irdeto. The NCN8025 can smart card interface. be used in Conditional Design engineers can find detailed Access Modules (CAM) and Conditional information about device implementation in Access Systems (CAS), and in smart cards application note AND8003/D, available on which provide conditional access to STBs. request from info@my-ftm.com. In order to protect both the interface and the external smart card, the NCN8025 provides
protection features to prevent failures or damage. These features include: detection of card extraction over- and under-voltage detection on the cards power supply protection against short circuits or overloads on the cards power supply under-voltage detection on the interfaces power supply protection against overheating current limitation on card pins
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STBs with conditional access and Conditional access modules and systems SIM card interfaces Point-of-sale and transaction terminals Electronic payment and identification
equipment pay-per-view
APPLICATIONS
Handles smart cards in Classes A, B and C 5% regulated card power supply at 1.8V, 3V or 5V Short-circuit protection on all card pins ESD protection up to +8kV (Human Body Model)
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The parts are certified as compliant with the MIL-PRF-19500 specification, a standard which establishes the performance, quality, and reliability requirements for discrete components used in systems built for military and critical avionic applications. The 2N6660JANTXV and 2N6661JANTXV parts are subject to a 100% internal visual (pre-cap) inspection in accordance with MIL-PRF-19500.
MILITARY
AEROSPACE
TTL/CMOS direct logic-level interfaces Drivers for relays, solenoids, lamps, Solid-state relays Military and aerospace equipment 1.3 on-resistance at 10V, 1A (2N6660) 1.6V gate-source threshold voltage Turn-on delay:
8ns (2N6660) 6ns (2N6661) Low input and output leakage 35pF input capacitance
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AC fan controllers Highly inductive, resistive and safety loads White goods Loads such as contactors, circuit
breakers, valves, dispensers and door locks Pump motor circuits Reversing-induction motor control
APPLICATIONS
Safe clamping capability for low-energy Sensitive gate for easy logic-level Triggering in three quadrants only Very high immunity to false turn-on by
dV/dt
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NXPs triac power switches interface directly to drivers and MCUs
FEATURES
over-voltage transients
triggering
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Because of the IRG7PHxx devices low losses and high switching frequency, designers can specify smaller heat sinks and use fewer magnetic components than with comparable IGBTs. This can help OEMs to achieve a lower overall system cost. The family supports a broad current range from 20A to 50A as packaged devices, and up to 150A in bare-die format. All parts offer a wide square reverse bias safe operating area, positive VCE(on) temperature coefficient, and low VCE(on), resulting in low power dissipation and high power density. In addition, parts are available with or without an internal ultra-fast soft recovery diode. Bare-die products are also available with solderable front metal for improved thermal performance, reliability and efficiency. These devices are suitable for applications which do not require short-circuit protection.
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asymmetric nature of the PowerPAIR devices allows the 3mm x 3mm SiZ300DT to achieve on-resistance as low as 11m, at 10V, on the low side. In more traditional power architectures, designers would need to use two discrete devices to achieve such a low on-resistance, increasing cost and component count. In addition, co-packaging the two MOSFETs reduces parasitic inductance from the PCB traces, which improves efficiency. Vishay has also introduced three new 6mm x 3.7mm PowerPAIR MOSFETs, extending the voltage range for this footprint from 20V to 30V. Of particular note is the SiZ790DT, the first device in this form factor with an on-board Schottky diode. In the PowerPAIR family, the smallest 3mm x 3mm device, the SiZ300DT, is ideal for currents of 10A or smaller. The largest, 6mm x 5mm, part, the SiZ910DT, is suited to currents of 15A to 25A. Four 6mm x 3.7mm devices, with voltage ratings from 20V to 30V, are intended for applications in the 10A to 20A range.
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SiZ300DT
SiZ710DT
SiZ728DT
System power POL regulators Low-voltage DC/DC converters Synchronous buck converters
APPLICATIONS
SiZ730DT
SiZ910DT
SiZ790DT
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Telephone equipment Backlights for display screens and keyboards Pulse oximeters Defibrillators Glucometers Decorative lighting Full-colour surface-mount RGB LED Operating temperature: -40C to 85C Maximum steady current:
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
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COMPONENT FOCUS
Digital power factor realisation of >0.9 and low total harmonic distortion, together with 90% electrical efficiency, result in low energy consumption at the end product. The FL7701 thus helps system designs to conform to the most stringent worldwide regulations, such as the US governments Energy Star programme. As well as providing efficiency benefits, the FL7701 helps system designers meet customers high expectations for the lifetime of LED luminaires. A highly integrated device, the FL7701 can support luminaire lifespans of more than five years, compared to the three years achievable by current transformer-based solutions. It is particularly helpful that the FL7701 requires no electrolytic capacitors notorious for being weak links in electronic circuits on the input, output or VDD supply. Produced in a 5mm x 4mm SOP-8 package, the FL7701 uses up to 60% less board space than traditional dimming LED driver designs.
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Ornamental lights LED light bulbs and downlights LED lamps for low-power luminaires Self-biasing high-voltage supply circuit Precise 3% internal reference voltage Programmable oscillation frequency 0.85mA operating current Over-temperature protection
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No transformer is needed in MR-type LED lamps which use the FL7701 driver IC
NXP SEMICONDUCTORS
The new PESD1LVDS from NXP Semiconductors is designed to protect in-vehicle ultra high-speed interfaces against ESD.
The PESD1LVDS is an integrated solution, able to protect as many as four high-speed data lines at up to 3.2Gbits/line. It is suitable for applications in vehicles which use Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort interfaces. The maximum ESD rating is 8kV in accordance with IEC 61000-4-2. It also provides 8kV ESD protection according to Class 3B, human body model, of the MIL-STD-883 standard.
The device is housed in a miniature SOT1165 (XSON10) surface-mounted plastic package of just 2.5mm x 1mm and a height of 0.5mm. The device supports pass-through routing to provide high signal integrity and the most efficient possible use of PCB space.
High-speed receiver and transmitter port Automotive audio-visual monitors and Automotive cameras Line capacitance of only 0.6pF with 0.05pF matching capacitance between signal pairs 5.5V reverse stand-off voltage AEC-Q101 qualified
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protection
displays
FEATURES
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The output voltage is adjustable down to 0.8V with a guaranteed accuracy of 1%. The MIC26603/903/1203 family operates over an input supply range of 4.5V to 28V. An internal linear regulator provides a regulated 5V supply to power the internal control circuitry. Devices in this product family are available in a 28-pin 5mm x 6mm MLF package.
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Diodes MOSFET: Page 7
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Distributed power systems Telecom/networking infrastructure Printers and scanners Graphics and video cards Up to 95% efficiency Under-voltage lockout Thermal shutdown Internal soft-start Short-circuit protection Power Good output 100s Power Good delay time
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
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This potentiometer is supplied by Vishay in six different bushing options. Three different body sizes of 12.6mm, 14mm and 16mm are available, supporting shaft diameters of 3mm, 4mm and 6mm. Multiple shaft lengths can be specified.
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Military equipment Cameras Night vision devices Portable industrial equipment Power rating to 1.5W @ 70C 150ppm/C temperature co-efficient Standard resistance values: Operating temperature range:
-55C to 125C 1k, 5k, 10k, and 50k
APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
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P.I.E.
SECTION
COMPONENT FOCUS
APPLICATIONS
High-speed communications interfaces Portable devices
Gold-plated contact mating area Operating temperature: -55C to 85C 0.3A maximum current rating
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New DIN rail adaptor for industrial connectors with pivot action for rapid testing
TE CONNECTIVITY
TE Connectivity has released the new HTS DIN rail adaptor, which can be snapped on to the EN60715 (IEC 715) rails typically used in switch cabinets.
By mounting directly on to a DIN rail, which is sometimes referred to as a mounting rail or TS 35 rail, using industrial connectors instead of modular terminal blocks, system designers can simplify the connection of one switch cabinet to another within a distributed automation system. The adaptor can also be used in DIN rail-mounted wiring in buildings. The HTS adaptor comes in two sizes which support four types of insert from TE Connectivitys range of rectangular industrial connectors. The adaptors design includes a fulcrum which enables the fully terminated, mounted connector to be pivoted through 100 degrees. By doing this, the cabinet builder gains access to the front and rear side of the connector. Using a small probe, each position can be easily tested for continuity. Once the test sequence is completed, the connector is swivelled back in place and is ready for service. This makes it quicker and easier to perform installation tests. After the industrial connector housing has been engaged with the mounted plug, a locking lever holds the two connector halves together. The adaptors cam-profile locking mechanism applies a spring load to the lever which prevents it from being accidentally operated. This added safety feature makes handling within densely packed cabinets easier. Space inside a cabinet is often at a premium, and so TE Connectivity has made the adaptors design symmetrical: it can thus be mounted horizontally or vertically to make the best use of the available space. The cable can enter from any direction, which is helpful if the adaptor has to be mounted at the bottom or top of a cabinet. The adaptor can also be panel-mounted. The HTS adaptors frame is made from glass fibre-reinforced plastic.
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Distributed industrial automation systems Building automation systems Tactile feedback in locking mechanism Accommodates cable gauges up to Dimensions comply with EN 60715
(IEC 715) 16mm2
APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
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HTS DIN rail adaptor: swivel-action connector makes for quicker and easier installation testing
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DESIGN NOTE
Traditional analogue microphones require the designer to take great care to preserve the integrity of the signal on its path to the ADC or CODEC, because the microphones small analogue output voltages are highly sensitive to interference.
In addition, each analogue microphone requires its own dedicated input pin on the ADC or CODEC. Many audio systems will benefit from the use of multiple microphones, for instance to support stereo recording, ambient noise cancellation, or microphone-array or beam-forming features. But the designer pays a high price to implement such features with multiple analogue microphones, in board space, component count and bill-of-materials cost. Designers developing systems with multiple microphones can overcome these drawbacks of analogue microphones by using the WM7210 and WM7220 digital microphones (DMICs) from Wolfson Microelectronics. The digital interface on these devices provides a direct connection to the digital domain of Wolfson CODECs, which means that a DMIC implementation requires fewer external components and a smaller PCB area, as well as offering greater immunity to interference, than the equivalent analogue design. There are, however, important considerations to be borne in mind when designing the interface of the DMIC to a CODEC if the system is to achieve the best possible microphone performance. Clearly, high audio performance depends in part on the quality of the components used: Wolfsons WM7210 and WM7220 DMICs offer bestin-class low-noise performance, with a specification for signal-to-noise ratio of 58dB. They deliver a Pulse Density Modulation (PDM) output. Wolfson also provides a wide range of audio CODECs with single or multiple DMIC input interfaces. They connect to DMICs via a simple twowire CLK and DATA interface. Each DMIC interface supports one or two microphones. PDM signal The DMIC incorporates a sigma-delta architecture and hence produces a 1-bit PDM signal to represent the acoustic signal, as shown in Figure 1. A high density of 1s represents the positive cycle, and the negative cycle shows a high density of 0s. In other words, the amplitude of the analogue signal is encoded by the density of bits. The CODECs DMIC interface supports single or dual WM72xx DMICs by multiplexing separate PDM streams together on different clock edges.
The DMIC interface with PDM output is robust and insensitive to noise on the PCB as the critical analogue domain is shielded inside the DMIC. The analogue signal from the MEMS transducer in the DMIC is sampled at high speed into a 1-bit ADC, and the PDM signal output is generated at the applied DMIC CLK rate.
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A P P L I C AT I O N S P O T L I G H T A U D I O T E C H N O L O G Y
Wolfson Microelectronics
Fairchild Semiconductor
Cypress Semiconductor
Rohm Semiconductor
International Rectifier
NXP Semiconductors
austriamicrosystems
Diodes Incorporated
STMicroelectronics
ON Semiconductor
Future Electronics
TE Connectivity
Microchip
Freescale
Littelfuse
Nichicon
Enpirion
Realtek
Vishay
Product Type
ADC DAC CODEC Audio Transistors Class AB Amplifiers Class D Class G & W High Power Op-Amps Audio Passives Audio Routing Audio Decompression MCU/DSP Signal Processing Surround Sound Software Volume Control Noise Cancellation Audio Streaming AVB Radio Docking Stations MP3 Circuit Protection Companders Comparators Connectors Filters Ethernet Interfaces HDMI SPDIF USB Microphones Power Management Precision Clocks Capacitors Resistors Magnetic Components/Inductors Franchise Partners Phono FM/AM/DAB FLAC/MP3/ WAV
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XMOS
Myrra
A P P L I C AT I O N S P O T L I G H T A U D I O T E C H N O L O G Y
Audio Technology
The speed with which audio is becoming an embedded digital application is remarkable: this trend is having large disruptive effects at both the high and low ends of the audio product market, both in hi-fi and industrial audio end-products. In hi-fi, as well as professional audio equipment, the adoption of lossless file formats such as FLAC is enabling audiophiles to combine the convenience and portability of digitally downloaded and streamed content with better than CD-quality sound. A variety of approaches to hardware architecture can be found in digital audio streaming equipment on the market today, with some of the most innovative manufacturers choosing to base their designs on XMOS USB Audio Class 2.0 implementation. In fact, the traditionally analogue expertise of the hi-fi world is now being complemented by the techniques of digital coding, decoding and enhancement. And the best way for design engineers to experiment with the new digital processing technology is to use Future Electronics AudioStreamer Micro-Blox, a development kit which provides a ready-made proof-of-concept template for a high-end digital streaming device. The same board can also be used for rapid development of industrial audio products. It has become markedly cheaper and easier to integrate audio capability into end-products which never previously included audio. Highly compressed file formats such as Ogg Vorbis offer quite adequate sound quality for basic audio applications while occupying a small memory footprint. Devices featured in this Application Spotlight, such as Rohms BU9470x MP3 Encoder/Decoder, page 21, and IDTs ACS422x00 CODEC family, page 19, are ideal for such applications, as well as more conventional audio endproducts. Whatever kind of end-product you are developing, Future Electronics can offer excellent technical and better supplychain support than any other broadline distributor. For instance, many field applications engineers have in-depth knowledge of audio products from Wolfson Microelectronics, Freescale Semiconductor, XMOS and ON Semiconductor. In addition, Future Electronics regional distribution centre in Leipzig, Germany, holds large stocks of specialist audio components, including high-specification capacitors and resistors, which are not available as standard from other broadline distributors. Contact your nearest branch of Future Electronics to find out more about the range of services and products that we can offer to developers of audio applications.
New digital audio development board lets designers experiment with a choice of audio file formats and DACs
FUTURE ELECTRONICS
Quicker development of digital audio equipment, from hi-fi quality to low-cost, low-power embedded or industrial audio, is now possible with the introduction of the new AudioStreamer Micro-Blox development board from Future Electronics.
The new development board features an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with audio file decompression software, a choice of highend and low-cost DACs, a CODEC, and digital and analogue microphones. By using the boards free PC-based graphical user interface, which connects to the board via USB, developers can start recording and playing back audio files in minutes. The board also provides a hardware environment in which to develop code and evaluate the performance of ARM Cortex-M4 application software. At the heart of the new board is the MK60N512VMD100 microcontroller from Freescale, a member of the K60 Kinetis family of products. With the free MQX real-time operating system and a free USB stack preloaded on the microcontroller, the board provides a highly capable general platform for ARM Cortex-M4 development work. For system-level prototyping, it can be interfaced to Future Electronics LongBow Future-Blox motherboard. The boards software uses the ARM DSP CMSIS library, which has been optimised for the DSP co-processor available on the ARM Cortex-M4 core an attractive feature in applications such as motor control. But the specialist software and peripheral features on the AudioStreamer MicroBlox make it particularly suitable for the rapid development of digital audio equipment proofs-of-concept. Audio file decoding software embedded in the microcontroller can handle MP3, FLAC, WAV and Ogg Vorbis file types. FLAC, a lossless file format, is becoming popular in hi-fi equipment in which excellent sound reproduction and very low distortion are of paramount importance. Ogg Vorbis, by contrast, is an opensource, royalty-free file format that achieves tighter compression than MP3, and thus is used in embedded and industrial audio applications in which the emphasis is on reducing the requirement for memory. The powerful K60 microcontroller also has ample processing power to run other software for decoding files such as ALAC, WMA, AIFF and AAC. An Ethernet connection for file downloading is provided via the KSZ8031RNL, a small, low-power Ethernet transceiver from Micrel.
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Digital audio streaming equipment Embedded and industrial audio Hi-Fi High-end WM8741 DAC for playback of Low-cost WM8524 DAC for playback of Small, efficient on-board power supply Three 3.5mm stereo sockets WM8904 ultra low-power CODEC Two digital microphones and one
analogue microphone
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APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
FLAC files
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AudioStreamer board decodes FLAC, WAV, MP3 and Ogg Vorbis files
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Headphone driver circuits Speaker driver circuits Short-circuit protection Low-voltage shutdown Click and pop suppression 0.03% THD+N (at 1kHz, 1W output)
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FAB3102: output pins can be connected to a speaker without a filter
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New release of MQX RTOS adds support for USB Audio Class
FREESCALE
Freescale Semiconductor has announced that it has added support for USB Audio Class technology in the latest v3.8 release of its MQX embedded Real-Time Operating System (RTOS).
The MQX RTOS is available as a free software option with Freescales wide range of microcontrollers and processors, and comes with TCP/IP and USB stacks and drivers for all the peripherals on these hardware devices. Now, with demand among embedded OEMs for the provision of audio interfaces via USB growing dramatically, the USB stack in MQX has been enhanced to enable the fast and simple development of USB-based audio in a wide range of end-products. USB to Audio provides a flexible and cost effective way to add audio input or output devices into embedded applications, as USB is a commonly used interface technology. The MQX USB stack includes pre-tested features, and integrated MCU-specific Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to connect the software to Freescales MCUs and processors. It also provides a Device Layer to bridge an MCU to the various USB Class APIs, including the USB to Audio API. This means that the design engineer does not need to be concerned with hardware integration, and can focus instead on developing application-specific code. Freescales MQX download package also helps the designer by providing two, ready-to-use demonstration projects. These are: a USB Audio Speaker demonstration, showing data being transferred out over the USB audio bridge a USB Audio Generator demonstration showing how audio data may be received via the USB port.
Freescales MQX offers a straightforward API with a modular architecture, making it easy to fine-tune custom applications. It is also scalable, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Users of MQX Software Solutions and silicon portfolio are also able to benefit from a suite of tools and services provided by Freescale. The MQX RTOS supports many of Freescales embedded MCUs and processors, including 16- and 32-bit digital signal controllers and 32-bit Kinetis, PX and ColdFire microcontrollers, as well as its 32-bit Power-based QorIQ processors.
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In-car audio bridges Building controls Elevator control panels Fire and security systems Integrated drivers and stacks USB Audio Class support Development support from Freescale and
Future Electronics
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MQX operating system: available with many Freeescale MCUs and processors
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Part Number
ACS422Axx
ACS422Dxx
Stereo
ACS422MAxx
Mono
Sophisticated sound-enhancement features in ACS422x00 To enhance the sound available from the small, low-power speakers typically found in a portable device, the ACS422x00 provides numerous audio-enhancement capabilities. The ACS422x00 features dual, independent, programmable left/right 6-band equalisation, allowing the system designer to provide an advanced system equaliser to accommodate the chosen speakers and enclosure design. A compressor/limiter features programmable attack and release thresholds, enabling the designer to attenuate loud noises to avoid speaker artifacts, thus allowing the underlying content to be played at a louder volume without distortion. For compressed audio, a programmable expander is available to help restore the dynamic range of the original content. A stereo depth-enhancement algorithm allows common left/right content, such as dialogue, to be attenuated separately from other content, providing a perceived depth separation between background and foreground audio. Psycho-acoustic bass- and treble-enhancement algorithms achieve a rich, full tone even from originally compressed content, and even with speakers generally unable to play low-frequency sounds.
ACS422MDxx
Mono
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APPLICATIONS
Tablet computers Portable navigation devices Personal media players Portable projectors Speaker docks
DAC offers 102dB SNR, THD+N better ADC offers 90dB SNR, THD+N better Anti-pop circuitry Capless headphone driver delivers 40mW Typical efficiency 83% at 1W output I S data interface Microphone/line-in interface 2-wire, I C-compatible, control interface
2 2
FEATURES
than -82dB
than -80dB
into a 16 load
power
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A P P L I C AT I O N S P O T L I G H T A U D I O T E C H N O L O G Y
Efficient audio amps support start-stop operation in hybrid and electric vehicles
NXP SEMICONDUCTORS
The TDF8530 Class-D amplifier is ideal for automotive head-unit and sound-system platforms. High-end home entertainment systems such as media player docking stations can also benefit from the audiophilequality sound performance of the TDF8530. This Class-D amplifier is also designed to support new application areas such as ambient sound systems that can create engine sounds for electric vehicles, or active noisecancellation systems. The TDF8530 also offers a full range of diagnostics and protection features to ensure robust performance in the automotive environment. Controlled via an I2C bus, these features include start-up diagnostics, speaker protection, clip detection and tweeter detection. Thermal fold-back integrated in hardware protects the device from overheating. The TDF8546 Class-AB amplifier also offers high efficiency and support for smooth audio output during start-stop operation, but at lower cost than the TDF8530. The TDF8546 achieves extremely high efficiency because it implements a patented switching technology to share current across all four front and rear channels. This produces the same output power on a lower supply current than systems which share current only between the front or the rear channels. The TDF8546 also eliminates switch noise in the signal path, and offers a full range of bestin-class diagnostics and protection features suitable for the testing automotive environment.
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Four channels capable of driving 4 or 4 x 26W/72W output power Operating supply voltage: 6V to 24V Low pop noise Suitable for 2 to 4 speakers 4 x 25W output power Operating supply voltage: 6V to 18V No pop noise No switch noise Protection against short thermal overloads
and ESD 2 loads
FEATURES (TDF8530)
NXP Semiconductors has announced two new automotive audio amplifiers supporting energy-saving start-stop systems in vehicles: the TDF8530 and TDF8546. Both amplifiers enable an uninterrupted audio experience during sudden supply-voltage drops down to 6V in hybrid and other electric vehicles which operate in start-stop mode.
The TDF8530 is an ultra-efficient quad-channel Class-D audio amplifier. The TDF8546 is a quad-channel Class-AB amplifier which offers a ground-breaking best-efficiency mode. This can cut power dissipation by 17% compared to other high-efficiency devices in its class.
FEATURES (TDF8546)
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Mobile phones Portable navigation devices Media and music players Supply voltage: 2.3V to 5.5V Fully differential inputs Current and temperature supervisor
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AS3560/1s variable supply rails reduce power consumption in portable audio devices
record and listen to music while driving without requiring dedicated equipment. The BU9470xKV parts offer USB and SD memory card host functionality, an MP3/ AAC/WMA file decoder, FAT file system, and a music search function (file browser) which enables the user to select tracks during playback. The devices contain an LDO and DAC, so creating an audio playback system just requires the addition of a power-supply audio amplifier and speakers.
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Alarm clocks Relaxation products such as massage Electronic dictionaries Digital cameras iPod docking stations (BU94705KV* only) USB2.0 Full-Speed host interface 2 x input-speed MP3 encoder CD-ROM decoder Reads and writes data files
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chairs
FEATURES
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*Requires Made for iPod/iPhone/iPad licence iPod and iPhone are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. iPad is a trademark of Apple Inc.
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A P P L I C AT I O N S P O T L I G H T A U D I O T E C H N O L O G Y
and analyses voice signals allows for very flexible positioning of the microphones in the end-product. It also gives end-users complete freedom to locate the communications device anywhere they like. Designed to be compatible with a wide range of CODECs, baseband chips and microphones without the need for calibration, BelaSigna R261 is easy to integrate. The chip is provided in two compact 5.3mm2 WLCSP packages, suitable for use in space-constrained end-products.
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Mobile phones Tablet computers Webcams Any device that picks up voice Plugs directly into a digital microphone
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
interface or into a host chip's microphone inputs Configurable algorithm performance 15mA current draw in active mode at 3.3V Flexible clocking architecture
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BelaSigna helps to improve voice quality in speaker phones
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Microchips 8- and 16-bit PIC MCUs. The PIC32MX110F016B and PIC32MX220F032 MCUs are available in 28-pin, 36-pin and 44-pin packages. Microchips Peripheral Pin Select feature allows developers to remap most of the chips digital-function pins, significantly simplifying the task of modifying a board layout.
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40MHz M4K MIPS32 core Operating voltage: 2.3V to 3.6V Two I2S interfaces for audio processing USB2.0 interface Serial communications interfaces
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A P P L I C AT I O N S P O T L I G H T A U D I O T E C H N O L O G Y
improve the quality of conversations and music playback, but it is designed for use in wired headsets. The AS3400 can also be configured for feedback or feed-forward operation. The receive path in both ICs delivers up to 30dB of noise reduction. The devices also provide click- and pop-less operation at startup and during mode switching. The integrated headphone amplifiers are notable for their low contribution to total harmonic distortion: 0.1% for the AS3420 and 0.03% for the AS3400. Both driver ICs draw just 3.8mA at 1.5V and less than 1A quiescent current. The AS3400 is housed in a 4mm x 4mm QFN24 package, and the AS3420 in a 4mm x 4mm QFN20 package.
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Bluetooth mono headsets Wired mono headsets Headsets with high-impedance speakers Supply voltage: 1.0-1.8V Assisted-hearing mode Microphone gain re-trimmable up to three times
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USB audio-enabled products DJ interfaces and consoles Mixing consoles Surround-sound equipment 1,000MIPS, 16-thread XS1-L2 processor 18 channels in and out via analogue and Integrated DSP (digital mixer) Flexible audio I/O:
I2S, TDM, SPDIF, ADAT, MIDI
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digital interfaces.
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Board of the Month Communications-rich platform board brings LPCXpresso development into the real world
A new carrier card, introduced by Future Electronics, enables design engineers to create a highly realistic system development environment using NXP Semiconductors renowned LPCXpresso ARM Cortex microcontroller board. The LPCXpresso carrier card, called the Future-Blox LPCXpresso Adaptor Board, plugs into the 160-way header on Future Electronics CrossBow baseboard. The CrossBow baseboard provides a wide range of interfaces and peripherals including USB, CAN 2.0, RS-232 and RS-485 ports, sockets for optional ZigBee and Bluetooth sockets, power supplies and a 16x2 character display. The carrier card, which is supplied with drivers for the CrossBow peripherals and code examples showing their use, allows users of the LPCXpresso development board to quickly build a proof-of-concept or prototype of their end-product and to write application software targeting the ARM Cortex microcontroller on the LPCXpresso board. The LPCXpresso Adaptor Board system from Future Electronics consists of three elements: The popular CrossBow baseboard: a communications-rich host for microcontroller mezzanine cards The adaptor board: a carrier card which plugs into the CrossBow board. The adaptor board comes with drivers and example software for the interfaces and communications modules supported by the CrossBow board. An LPCXpresso development board, which plugs into the adaptor board CrossBow baseboards, LPCXpresso development boards and LPCXpresso Adaptor Boards are available free to qualifying customers of Future Electronics. Existing users of Future-Blox CrossBow baseboards may apply for LPCXpresso adaptor boards.
Power supplies I C bus expander USB port Serial EEPROM ZigBee wireless sockets Bluetooth socket Ceramic buzzer Current monitor 160-way FutureBlox interface
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Freescale
Microcontroller development for harsh and rugged environments. The S08PT60 module enables users of Freescales Tower System modular development platform to carry out rapid system prototyping targeting the S08P family of industrial microcontrollers. Board Reference: TWR-S08PT60 Response Number: 02
Future Electronics
Development of digital audio. Future Electronics AudioStreamer MicroBlox is a rapid proofof-concept development system for OEMs which are designing the latest generation of digital audio equipment. It includes the capability to decode FLAC, MP3 and WAV audio files, while capturing audio using the SPEEX encoder. It also supports USB Audio Class technology. Board Reference: AudioStreamer MicroBlox Response Number: 27 and 39
Microchip (continued)
For the development of basic user interfaces. The MPLAB Starter kit supports the new PIC32MX1xx/2xx MCUs. The USBpowered kit features a PIC32MX220F032, a 2-inch colour TFT display, capacitive touch slider and buttons, SD card storage and 24-bit audio playback. Board Reference: DM320013 Response Number: 36
ON Semiconductor
Smart card reader/writer applications. Evaluate the NCN8025/ NCN8025A, compact and cost effective single smart card interface ICs. Board Reference: NCN8025AMNGEVB Response Number: 14
PowerQUICC industrial development processor module. The TWR-MPC8309 is a MPC8309 PowerQUICC development tool utilising the Freescale Tower System, a modular, reusable platform that allows designers to get to market faster with packaged boards, tools and runtime software. Board Reference: TWR-MPC8309 Response Number: 08
Microchip
Demonstrates the performance of Microchips MCP6N11 instrumentation amplifier. The MCP6N11 Wheatstone bridge reference design helps developers design with the MCP6N11, an instrumentation amplifier which offers users a combination of high accuracy stability over time and temperature as well as low power consumption. Board Reference: ARD00354 Response Number: 05
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TECHNICAL VIEW
By Jim Porter Audio Market Development Manager, Future Electronics (EMEA) READ THIS TO FIND OUT ABOUT
The trends supporting consumers' adoption of lossless file formats How USB Audio Class technology provides superior sound output Platforms for audio-streamer development from XMOS and Future Electronics
So new audio-streamer devices will be required to: Provide an interface from the storage medium to the audio CODEC Implement FLAC decoding Perform faithful, low-noise and low-distortion conversion of the digital files to an analogue output Data transmission from HDD to AudioStreamer PCs offer a number of interfaces for transferring audio files to an AudioStreamers DAC, with USB most commonly used with portable media players. The standard USB2.0 interface implemented in todays PCs, however, suffers from excessive jitter that compromises sound quality to an unacceptable degree. In conventional USB, if the audio master clock is in the PC, then the AudioStreamers DAC must lock on to the signal coming from the computer and reconstruct a new master clock using a variable-frequency oscillator, which cannot achieve the low jitter levels of a fixed-frequency master clock. Audio-class USB supports asynchronous USB operation, which allows the AudioStreamer to become the master and the PC the slave. In this way the data can be pulled from the hard drive as required, and the audio player is not constrained by the performance of the PC clock. As well as providing asynchronous operation, the latest USB Audio Class 2.0 standard overcomes a number of earlier limitations of USB Audio Class 1.0. USB Audio Class 2.0 supports 24-bit audio, sample frequencies up to 192kHz and the ability to scale to large numbers of input/output channels. An interesting way to implement USB Audio Class 2.0 is offered by semiconductor company XMOS, which supplies a software framework design to work on its configurable XS1-L devices. The design provides certified USB2.0 Hi-Speed device and Audio Class 2.0 device-class implementations with configurable digital audio interfaces and peripherals.
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TECHNICAL VIEW
In addition, the framework is backwards-compatible with USB Audio 1.0. The USB Audio Class 2.0 interface supports the high-fidelity transfer of bit-perfect, 24-bit, 192kHz audio from a PC, which performs FLAC decoding before transmitting the audio data. The architecture is different if the intention is to support streaming FLAC playback independently of a PC. Here, the AudioStreamer downloads the FLAC file from an HDD or other networked storage device, and then decodes the file to provide a digital input to the DAC. Design teams may write their own decoding software in-house to run on the devices main processor, but an easier method is available from Freescale Semiconductor, which provides FLAC decoding software with its Kinetis K60 family of ARM Cortex-M4 microcontrollers. Above, it has been shown why a PCs standard file-transfer interface is unsuitable for hi-fi audio reproduction. A PCs built-in sound card is similarly unsuitable, principally because of the lowgrade DAC which such cards employ. This article has argued that audiophiles will want to buy a dedicated audio-streamer device; such a device can use a high-performance
DAC to convert digital files to an analogue output with very low distortion and noise. The WM8741 from Wolfson Microelectronics is specified for this type of application. As well as offering total harmonic distortion of -100dB at 48kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 123dB, non-weighted stereo at 48kHz, it provides many additional features including advanced digital filtering. A design blueprint for a hi-fi digital AudioStreamer The operation of an advanced, hi-fi digital AudioStreamer is demonstrated in a development platform from Future Electronics, the AudioStreamer Micro-Blox board (see Figure 2 and page 17 of this issue of FTM). The board features Freescales MK60N512VMD100 microcontroller which runs FLAC decoding software, and Wolfson Microelectronics flagship WM8741 DAC buffered by high-end quad audio op amps. The board also features other audio signal-chain and peripheral components suitable for designs targeting low-end embedded audio applications. The development board offers multiple inputs including USB, Ethernet and direct memory interfaces. Great care has been taken in the layout of the board and the selection of passive components and power devices, from Micrel, to produce a high-quality audio environment.
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By Matthew Hoare FAE, Future Electronics (UK) READ THIS TO FIND OUT ABOUT
The advanced audio-processing capabilities in today's CODECs The advantages of using a CODEC in place of a DSP in audio end-products CODECs available from Freescale, STMicroelectronics and Wolfson Microelectronics
that the units may be daisy-chained, keeping the audio in the digital domain and maintaining audio quality. Thus a 1 from 3n+1 multiplexer may easily be realised, where the nth DAC, I2S or SPDIF becomes the master multiplexed output. If this were all that was required, it could be achieved using only the UDA1355H without the microcontroller by simply setting the SEL_STATIC pin to HIGH (static mode) instead of MID (I2C mode). Using the CODEC in the microcontroller mode, as shown in Figure 1, provides access to features which are not available in static mode.
Fig. 1: NXP UDA1355H configured as SPDIF multiplexer with analogue stereo output.
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TECHNICAL VIEW
The microcontroller can access parameters such as master volume, bass boost, treble boost, resonant bass boost and de-emphasis for the analogue output. A different choice of audio-enhancement functions is available in a CODEC from Freescale Semiconductor, the SGTL5000. Figure 2 shows an implementation that uses the devices equalisation block, which can operate as a tone control, a seven-band parametric equaliser or a fiveband graphic equaliser.
Fig. 4: Wolfson Microelectronics WM8960 configured as a 3-channel stereo mixer. Note that the left signal path only is shown as the right signal path is identical.
Fig. 2: Freescale SGTL5000 configured as an equaliser. The left signal path only is shown as the right signal path is identical.
The parametric equaliser is implemented using seven sequential second-order IIR filters, and the parameters for each of the seven filters translate into five 20-bit hex numbers which represent the filter coefficients and which must be loaded into the correct registers. Parametric equalisation modifies gain, frequency and bandwidth (Q) for each of the bands, see Figure 3. This means it performs well in tuning applications in which, for example, resonances can be notched out and speaker responses can be flattened.
Note that inputs 1+2 or 1+3 can be used as a differential pair if required, and also that input 3 can be simultaneously routed to the input and output mixers. The Group signal represents the output of the input mixer. The yellow shaded area shows functionality which can still be provided with the ADCs and DACs powered down. All three channels implement comprehensive programmable gain levels. The operation of the device can be illustrated using Case 2 in Table 1 as shown in Figure 4, assuming all the nominal gain levels have been set up. The microphone and line-level input 2 mix level (Group signal) can be controlled both at the input (ADC) and output (DAC). The 3D enhance function can be turned on and off. Line-level input 3 is fed directly to the output power amplifier via the output mixer. The gain for channel 3 can be controlled in 3dB steps and all channels can be individually muted: channel 1 by the Mute command for the range amplifier, channel 2 by the Mute command for the input gain amplifier, and channel 3 by disconnection from the output mixer. Also, for the Group signal (microphone and input 2), volume control with soft mute and un-mute and 3D stereo enhancement can be applied. All of these parameters are accessible via the microcontroller. Conclusion
Available Input Routings Input 1 2 3 Case 1 To input mixer To input mixer To input mixer N/A Case 2 To input mixer To input mixer To output mixer N/A Case 3 To input mixer To input mixer To input mixer To output mixer Internal Group To ADC To ADC To ADC To output mixer To output mixer To output mixer Case 4 To input mixer To input mixer To input mixer N/A Case 5 To input mixer To input mixer To output mixer N/A Case 6 To input mixer To input mixer To input mixer To output mixer
It is also suitable for creating preset equaliser profiles such as Loudness or Presence and profiles suited to particular types of programme material. The graphic equaliser is implemented using five parallel second-order IIR filters, and incorporates five fixed-frequency and fixed-Q bands at 115Hz, 330Hz, 990Hz, 3kHz and 9.9kHz. This is more suited to on-thefly tone adjustment, as the gain of each band is adjusted by simply writing a 7-bit value to a register. Other functions include master volume, automatic volume control, surround sound and bass enhance. The SGTL 5000 also provides an integrated headphone amplifier. A third device, the WM8960 from Wolfson Microelectronics, is an illustration of the high level of integration available in todays CODECs. This part is shown in Figure 4 configured as a stereo mixer for a stereo microphone and two stereo line-level sources with direct (Class-D) speaker drive. It also includes an on-chip headphone driver providing 40mW into a 16 load. The WM8960 provides comprehensive internal routing options; Table 1 shows how flexibly the inputs can be routed. Case 2 describes the routings for the signal path shown in Figure 4.
By integrating signal-processing capabilities into their devices, CODEC manufacturers have provided audio system designers with a way to implement valuable audio building blocks with just a CODEC and a small microcontroller, and no DSP. The benefits, of lower bill of materials, fewer components, and simpler, smaller code, mean that this architecture is likely to find its way into more designs and to enable improved end-products at lower cost. This suggests that the designer of audio applications should be asking the question, Is there any audio processing function that I would implement that I cannot implement with a sophisticated CODEC? If the answer is no, then the flexibility of a DSP for audio processing may be an expensive luxury.
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