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bounds on (u
, v
/ is
the normalized pressure, the renormalized density is given by Bernoullis law:
= (q) =
_
1
1
2
q
2
_ 1
1
, (2.2)
where q is the ow speed dened by q
2
= u
2
+ v
2
. The sound speed c is dened as
c
2
= p
() = 1
1
2
q
2
. (2.3)
At the cavitation point = 0,
q = q
cav
:=
_
2
1
.
At the stagnation point q = 0, the density reaches its maximum = 1. Bernoullis law
(2.2) is valid for 0 q q
cav
. At the sonic point q = c, (2.3) implies q
2
=
2
+1
. Dene
the critical speed q
cr
as
q
cr
:=
_
2
+ 1
.
We rewrite Bernoullis law (2.2) in the form
q
2
q
2
cr
=
2
+ 1
_
q
2
c
2
_
. (2.4)
Thus the ow is subsonic when q < q
cr
, sonic when q = q
cr
, and supersonic when q > q
cr
.
For the isothermal ow ( = 1), p = c
2
where c > 0 is the constant sound speed, and
the density is given by Bernoullis law:
=
0
exp
_
u
2
+ v
2
2c
2
_
(2.5)
for some constant
0
> 0. In this case, q
cr
= c. After scaling, we can take c =
0
= 1.
3. Formulation in Polar Coordinate Phase Plane
We now use the polar coordinates in the phase plane:
u = q cos , v = q sin ,
and rewrite the viscous conservation laws (2.1) in terms of (q, ). Write the second equation
of (2.1) as
x
u + u
x
+
y
v + v
y
= R
2
or
(q)q
x
u + u
x
+
(q)q
y
v + v
y
= R
2
,
and use
q =
_
u
2
+ v
2
, q
x
=
1
q
(uu
x
+ vv
x
), q
y
=
1
q
(uu
y
+ vv
y
),
(q) =
q
c
2
to nd
(c
2
u
2
)u
x
uv(v
x
+ u
y
) + (c
2
v
2
)v
y
=
c
2
R
2
.
4 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
Then (2.1) becomes
A
_
u
v
_
x
+ B
_
u
v
_
y
=
_
R
1
c
2
R
2
_
,
where
A =
_
0 1
c
2
u
2
uv
_
, B =
_
1 0
uv c
2
v
2
_
.
Thus, in terms of (q, ), we obtain
A
1
_
q
_
x
+ B
1
_
q
_
y
=
_
R
1
1
q
R
2
_
, (3.1)
where
A
1
=
_
sin q cos
c
2
q
2
c
2
q
cos sin
_
, B
1
=
_
cos q sin
c
2
q
2
c
2
q
sin cos
_
.
In terms of (, ), using
x
=
q
q
x
=
q
c
2
q
x
,
y
=
q
c
2
q
y
,
and thus
_
q
_
x
=
_
c
2
q
x
_
,
_
q
_
y
=
_
c
2
q
y
_
,
we nd
A
2
_
_
x
+B
2
_
_
y
=
_
R
1
R
2
_
, (3.2)
where
A
2
=
_
c
2
q
sin q cos
1
q
(c
2
q
2
) cos q sin
_
, B
2
=
_
c
2
q
cos q sin
1
q
(c
2
q
2
) sin q cos
_
.
We symmetrize (3.2) to obtain
A
3
_
_
x
+ B
3
_
_
y
=
_
R
1
q
2
c
2
q
2
R
2
_
, (3.3)
where
A
3
=
_
c
2
q
sin q cos
q cos
q
3
sin
c
2
q
2
_
, B
3
=
_
c
2
q
cos q sin
q sin
q
3
cos
c
2
q
2
_
.
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 5
4. Choice of Artificial Viscosity from an Analysis of Riemann Invariants
The two matrices A
1
, B
1
in (3.1) commute, thus their transposes commute and they
have common eigenvectors. The eigenvalues of A
1
and B
1
are
= sin
_
q
2
c
2
c
cos ,
= cos
_
q
2
c
2
c
sin .
The left eigenvectors of A
1
are
(
_
q
2
c
2
qc
, 1),
and thus the Riemann invariants W
satisfy
W
= 1,
W
q
=
_
q
2
c
2
qc
for q c. (4.1)
Multiply (3.1) by (
W
q
,
W
) to obtain
x
+
y
=
W
q
R
1
+
1
q
W
R
2
. (4.2)
We now consider the viscosity terms of the form:
R
1
= (
1
(, )) , R
2
= (
2
(, )) . (4.3)
In particular, for a special choice of
1
and
2
, we have the desired relations for the
Riemann invariants.
Proposition 4.1. If
1
= 1,
2
= 1
c
2
q
2
for q > c, (4.4)
then the Riemann invariants W
x
+
y
_
W
= c
( 3)q
2
+ 4c
2
2
2
q
2
_
q
2
c
2
||
2
(4.5)
for 1.
Proof. We rst focus on the + part, since the - part can be done analogously. The
proof is divided into three steps.
Step 1: Substitute (4.1) into (4.2) to obtain
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
=
_
q
2
c
2
qc
R
1
+
1
q
R
2
. (4.6)
Multiplication of (4.6) by
qc
q
2
c
2
gives
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
=
W
+
R
1
+
c
_
q
2
c
2
R
2
.
Using
d
dq
= q/c
2
, we have
W
+
=
W
+
q
dq
d
=
c
_
q
2
c
2
q
2
,
6 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
and then
c
_
q
2
c
2
=
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
.
Therefore,
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
=
W
+
R
1
+
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
R
2
. (4.7)
For the choice of viscosity terms in (4.3), we obtain
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
=
W
+
(
1
(, )) +
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
(
2
(, ))
=
U
+
+
1
||
2
_
+
1
(, )
W
+
+
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
||
2
+
2
_
+
2
(, )
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
.
(4.8)
Step 2: From a direct calculation, we know
W
=
2
W
2
||
2
+
W
+ ,
then substitution for in (4.8) gives
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
=
W
+
+
1
||
2
_
+
1
(, )
W
+
_
W
+
2
W
+
2
||
2
W
+
_
+
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
||
2
+
2
_
+
2
(, )
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
.
To eliminate , we choose
2
() =
1
()
q
2
c
2
q
2
,
where
1
and
2
are independent of . Then we have
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
=
W
+
+
1
()
W
+
_
W
+
2
W
+
2
||
2
_
+
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
||
2
.
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 7
Finally, write = W
+
W
+
so that
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
W
+
W
+
1
W
+
W
+
=
W
+
W
+
||
2
2
W
+
2
W
+
||
2
+
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
||
2
.
(4.9)
A convenient choice of
1
and
2
is as in (4.4):
1
= 1,
2
=
q
2
c
2
q
2
.
Thus, using
W
+
= 1, we obtain
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
W
+
=
_
2
W
+
2
d
2
d
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
_
||
2
.
(4.10)
Step 3: We now compute the term
2
W
+
2
d
2
d
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
in (4.10).
First we check the simple isothermal case ( = 1) for which
= e
q
2
2
, c = 1;
d
dq
= q.
Then
W
+
q
=
_
q
2
1
q
,
W
+
=
W
+
q
dq
d
=
_
q
2
1
q
2
,
2
W
+
2
=
q
4
+ 2q
2
2
2
q
4
_
q
2
1
,
and
2
=
q
2
1
q
2
= 1
1
q
2
,
d
2
d
=
d
2
dq
dq
d
=
2
q
4
.
Thus,
2
W
+
2
d
2
d
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
=
q
2
2
2
q
2
_
q
2
1
,
and (4.10) becomes, in the case = 1, c = 1,
q
_
q
2
1
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
W
+
=
q
2
2
2
q
2
_
q
2
1
||
2
. (4.11)
We now consider the case > 1 for which
c
2
= 1
1
2
q
2
,
2
=
q
2
c
2
q
2
=
+ 1
2
1
q
2
,
8 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
W
+
q
=
_
q
2
c
2
qc
,
d
dq
=
q
c
2
.
Then
W
+
=
W
+
q
dq
d
=
_
q
2
c
2
qc
_
c
2
q
_
=
c
_
q
2
c
2
q
2
,
d
2
d
=
d
2
dq
dq
d
=
2c
2
q
4
,
2
W
+
2
=
q
_
W
+
_
dq
d
=
c
2
q
q
_
W
+
_
=
c
2
q
q
_
c
_
q
2
c
2
q
2
_
=
c
_
(3 )q
4
+ 2( 3)q
2
c
2
+ 4c
4
_
2
2
q
4
_
q
2
c
2
.
Thus,
2
W
+
2
d
2
d
q
2
q
2
c
2
W
+
=
c
2
2
q
4
_
q
2
c
2
_
(3 )q
4
+ 2( 3)q
2
c
2
+ 4c
4
_
+
2c
2
q
4
q
2
q
2
c
2
c
_
q
2
c
2
q
2
=
c
_
( 3)q
2
+ 4c
2
_
2
2
q
2
_
q
2
c
2
,
and (4.10) becomes, in the case > 1,
qc
_
q
2
c
2
_
+
W
+
x
+
+
W
+
y
_
W
+
= c
( 3)q
2
+ 4c
2
2
2
q
2
_
q
2
c
2
||
2
. (4.12)
This equality is consistent with the case = 1, and this lemma is proved for W
+
. The
computation for W
is done analogously.
5. Boundary Conditions, Invariant Regions, and L
Bounds
In this section, we consider the level sets of W
2, W
+
(x, y) := W
+
(q(x, y), (x, y)) cannot have an interior minimum
since W
+
< 0. Similarly, W
(x, y) := W
2 to q >
2 at (x
0
, y
0
) must satisfy
W
+
(x, y) W
+
(x
0
, y
0
)|
q=
2
.
Similarly, if we assume for the moment that W
2 to q >
2
at (x
0
, y
0
) must satisfy
W
(x, y) W
(x
0
, y
0
)|
q=
2
.
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 9
From the denition of W
, we have
W
q
=
_
q
2
1
q
.
Using the substitution q = sec t, we can integrate to nd
W
=
_
q
2
1 arccos(q
1
) + C
=
_
_
q
2
1 1
_
_
arccos(q
1
)
4
_
,
where the constants C
is set to be C
= (
_
q
2
1 arccos(q
1
))|
q=
2
= (1
4
).
Along the level curves W
= const., we have
d
dq
=
_
q
2
1
q
.
Thus, on the level set of W
+
,
d
dq
> 0 and is increasing when q is increasing; while, on
the level set of W
,
d
dq
< 0 and is decreasing when q is increasing.
If (x
0
, y
0
) =
0
, q(x
0
, y
0
) =
2 and we leave q =
2, we have
(x, y)
0
_
_
q
2
1 1
_
_
arccos(q
1
)
4
_
(stay below W
+
),
(x, y)
0
_
_
q
2
1 1
_
+
_
arccos(q
1
)
4
_
(stay above W
),
that is,
_
_
q
2
1 1
_
_
arccos(q
1
)
4
_
|(x, y)
0
| inside the apple shaped region.
See Figure 1 with q
cav
= when = 1.
The same situation occurs when the level set curves W
= W
(q
0
,
0
) for (x
0
, y
0
) =
0
and q(x
0
, y
0
) = q
0
>
n
> 0 at all boundary points,
where n is the unit normal into the ow region on . Recall
W
=
q
2
1
q
q.
Therefore, if we set
n = 0 on
1
,
then
sign(W
n) = sign(q n)
at those boundary points where q > 1, i.e. where the Riemann invariants are dened.
Hence, one resolution of the boundary condition issue is to set
2
n = | (u, v) n| on
1
,
10 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
0
W
+
=
0
q =
2q
cr
q = q
cr
0
W
=
0
q = q
cav
u
v
Figure 1: Invariant regions of apple shape.
and
(u, v) (u
, v
) = 0 on
2
,
with q
= |(u
, v
)| (0, q
cav
) = (0, ). Trivially, W
, v
) 0 as x
2
+ y
2
,
if 0. This is the case when any shock strength is zero at its intersection point with the
boundary as conjectured for the shock formed in the supersonic bubble near the obstacle
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 11
(see Morawetz [29]). Finally, we see that the relation between
1
and
2
is only necessary
for q
2 with
1
,
2
> 0 suces.
With this, we conclude that (q, ) stay inside the apple region for = 1. More
generally, for 1 < < 3, we have
Theorem 5.1. Consider the viscous problem
_
v
x
u
y
= (
1
()) ,
(u)
x
+ (v)
y
= (
2
()) ,
(5.1)
with
1
= 1,
2
=
q
2
c
2
q
2
for q
2q
cr
, 1 < 3,
and the boundary conditions:
_
_
n = 0 on
1
,
2
n = | (u, v) n| on
1
,
(u, v) (u
, v
) = 0 on
2
with q
< q
cav
,
(5.2)
Then all solutions to (5.1)(5.2) are bounded on the domain staying uniformly in
away from cavitation, i.e. there exists q
< q
cav
such that q
that is equivalent to
(q
2q
cr
.
We rst consider the case that the far eld speed q
2q
cr
. Then, from the denition
of the Riemann invariants (4.1), we follow Landau-Lifshitz [22], page 446, and have
W
=
_
W(q) W(
2q
cr
)
_
,
where
W(q) =
_
+ 1
1
arcsin
1
2
_
q
2
q
2
cr
1
_
arcsin
+ 1
2
_
1
q
2
cr
q
2
_
.
The two level set curves of W
2q
cr
,
0
) as in Figure 1 if
W(q
cav
) W(
2q
cr
) > ,
12 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
1.5 2 2.5 3
=
0
q = q
cav
q =
2q
cr
0
(
2q
cr
,
0
)
Figure 3: Round apple shaped region (
2q
cr
,
0
) when a() <
that is,
a() := W(q
cav
) W(
2q
cr
)
=
_
_
+ 1
1
1
_
2
_
_
+ 1
1
arcsin
_
1
2
arcsin
_
+ 1
4
_
> .
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 13
The graph of the function a() is shown in Figure 2, which shows that a() = for
some 1.224 and a() > for 1 < .
0
W+ = 0
q =
2qcr
q = qcr
0
u
v
W = 0
W+ = + 0
W = + 0
q = qcav
(
2qcr, 0) (
2qcr, + 0)
Figure 4: Invariant regions (
2q
cr
,
0
) (
2q
cr
, +
0
) when a() (
2
, )
For general [
=
0
past (
2q
cr
,
0
) end at some
points on the cavitation circle q = q
cav
and do not intersect each other. We denote
(
2q
cr
,
0
) the round apple shaped region formed by W
+
>
0
, W
<
0
, and the
cavitation circle q = q
cav
; see Figure 3.
When a() (
2
, ], we nd that, for any
0
[0, 2),
(
2q
cr
,
0
) (
2q
cr
, +
0
)
forms an invariant region for the viscous solutions; this follows from application of our
minimum and maximum principle for W
+
and W, respectively, at the crossing point on
the new level set curves. Such invariant regions stay away from the cavitation circle (see
Figure 4).
When a() (
4
,
2
], then, for any
0
[0, 2),
(
2q
cr
,
0
) (
2q
cr
,
2
+
0
) (
2q
cr
, +
0
) (
2q
cr
,
3
2
+
0
),
forms an invariant region for the viscous solutions, staying away from cavitation; see Figure
5.
In general, when a() (
2
n
,
2
n1
), n = 1, 2, . . . , for each
0
[0, 2), it requires an
intersection of at least 2n round apple shaped regions including (
2q
cr
,
0
) to form an
invariant region staying away from the cavitation circle.
14 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
0
q =
2q
cr
q = q
cr
0
u
v
q = q
cav
Figure 5: Invariant regions (
2q
cr
,
0
)(
2q
cr
,
2
+
0
)(
2q
cr
, +
0
)(
2q
cr
,
3
2
+
0
) when a() (
4
,
2
]
When the far eld speed q
2q
cr
, q
cav
), then the level set curves of W
=
W
(q
0
,
0
), for some q
0
(q
, q
cav
) and
0
= arctan
_
v
u
_
, past the point (q
0
,
0
) either
intersects each other or end at some points on the cavitation circle q = q
cav
. As before, we
denote (q
0
,
0
) the apple shaped region formed by W
+
> W
+
(q
0
,
0
), W
< W
(q
0
,
0
),
and the cavitation circle q = q
cav
similar to either Figure 1 or Figure 3. Then we can sim-
ilarly obtain the invariant regions which consist of either a single apple shaped region
or some unions of certain number round apple shaped regions including (q
0
,
0
), which
stay away from the cavitation but include the state (u
, v
(x, y) = (u
, v
(x, y) = |w
(x, y)| q
< q
cav
< ;
(A.2)
x
Q
1
(w
)+
y
Q
2
(w
), Q
2
(w
loc
().
Then, by the Div-Curl Lemma of Tartar [36] and Murat [30] and the Young measure
representation theorem for a uniformly bounded sequence of functions (cf. Tartar [36];
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 15
also Ball [1]), we have the following commutation identity:
< (w), Q
1+
(w)Q
2
(w) Q
1
(w)Q
2+
(w) >
=< (w), Q
1+
(w) >< (w), Q
2
(w) > < (w), Q
1
(w) >< (w), Q
2+
(w) >,
(6.1)
where =
x,y
(w), w = (u, v), is the associated family of Young measures (probability
measures) for the sequence w
(x, y) = (u
, v
), I(w, w
) >= 0, (6.2)
where (w) (w
) R
2
R
2
and
I(w, w
) = (Q
1+
(w)Q
1+
(w
))(Q
2
(w)Q
2
(w
))(Q
2+
(w)Q
2+
(w
))(Q
1
(w)Q
1
(w
)).
The main point for the compensated compactness framework is to prove that is
in fact a Dirac measure by using entropy pairs, which implies the compactness of the
sequence w
(x, y) = (u
, v
)(x, y) in L
1
loc
(). Some additional references on compensated
compactness method include Chen [5, 6], Dafermos [10], DiPerna [11], Evans [13], and
Serre [34]. Theorem 5.1 shows that (A.1) is satised for our viscous solution sequence
w
= (u
, v
, V
) to get
the entropy equality
Q
1x
+ Q
2y
= V
R
1
+
q
2
c
2
q
2
V
R
2
, (7.1)
where (Q
1
, Q
2
) is dened by
Q
1
=
c
2
q
sin V
q cos V
,
Q
1
= q cos V
q
3
sin
c
2
q
2
V
,
Q
2
=
c
2
q
cos V
q sin V
,
Q
2
= q sin V
+
q
3
cos
c
2
q
2
V
.
(7.2)
We note that, the appearance of the term c
2
q
2
in the denominator of (7.2) is only
a consequence of our formalism. It will cancel out as we proceed. Using
2
Q
i
=
2
Q
i
,
i = 1, 2, from (7.2), we see that V satises the Tricomi type equation of mixed type:
c
2
q
V
+qV
+
_
q
3
c
2
q
2
V
= 0. (7.3)
Thus, we have dened an entropy pair (Q
1
, Q
2
) generated by V . Alternatively, we can
dene an entropy pair (Q
1
, Q
2
) generated by H, where H and V are related by
H
= V
, H
+
1
=
q
2
c
2
q
2
V
, (7.4)
with = () dened by
() = c
2
/q
2
, and H is determined by the generalized Tricomi
equation:
H
+
1
2
(1 M
2
)H
= 0, (7.5)
and M = q/c is the Mach number.
16 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
Lemma 7.1. The entropy pairs (Q
1
, Q
2
) are given by the Loewner-Morawetz relation:
Q
1
= qH
cos qH
sin, Q
2
= qH
sin + qH
cos , (7.6)
where the generators H are all solutions of (7.5).
This can be seen by dierentiation of (7.6) with respect to (, ) and comparison with
(7.2).
A prototype of the generators H, as suggested in [32], is
H
=
2
2
+
_
_
2
(M
2
1)d
d, (7.7)
which is a trivial solution of the generalized Tricomi equation (7.5). Notice that H
is
strictly convex in (, ) in the supersonic region. We denote by (Q
1
, Q
2
) the corresponding
entropy pair generated by the convex generator H
1x
+ Q
2y
0 (7.9)
in the sense of distributions in , in addition to the corresponding boundary conditions
in the trace or asymptotic sense on .
The physical correctness of the entropy inequality (7.9) is provided by Theorem 2.1 of
Osher-Hafez-Whitlow [32].
8. H
1
Compactness of Entropy Dissipation Measures
We now limit ourselves to the case v
= (u
, v
> 0 and v
= 0
on either domain in Figure 6(a)-(b), satisfying that q
< q
cav
and
is bounded.
Then the integral
1
(
)|
|
2
+
2
(
)
c
2
(
)
(
)
2
|
|
2
_
dxdy
is bounded uniformly in all > 0.
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 17
2
2
(b)
(a)
1
Figure 6: Domains
Proof. We choose the special generator H
of the form:
V
=
2
2
+ P(), V
= P
() =
c
2
q
2
q
2
_
q
q
dq
q
, V
= . (8.1)
and (7.1) becomes
Q
1
(w
)
x
+ Q
2
(w
)
y
=
(
1
(
) +
_
q(
)
q
dq
q
(
2
(
), (8.2)
where
Q
1
(w) = qH
cos qH
sin, Q
2
(w) = qH
sin + qH
cos .
Then
Q
1
(w
)
x
+ Q
2
(w
)
y
= div
_
1
(
+
2
(
)
_
_
q
q
dq
q
_
_
+
1
(
)|
|
2
2
(
)
|
|
2
dq(
)
d
= div
_
1
(
+
2
(
_
q
q
dq
q
_
+
1
(
)|
|
2
+
2
(
)
c
2
(
)
(
)
2
|
|
2
.
(8.3)
Integrating (8.3) over and using the divergence theorem, we obtain with q = u
> 0
that
_
(Q
1
(w
), Q
2
(w
)) nds =
_
1
(
n +
2
(
)
_
_
q
u
dq
q
_
n
_
ds
+
_
1
(
)|
|
2
+
2
(
)
c
2
(
)
(
)
2
|
|
2
_
dxdy,
:=I
1
+ I
2
,
(8.4)
18 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
where Q
1
, Q
2
depend only on (
bound, the left hand side of (8.4) is uniformly bounded for all > 0. More
specically, from (7.6) and the formula of H
1
, Q
2
) n = q
= 0 and |(Q
1
, Q
2
) n| = |Q
2
| = |q
| = 0;
On the vertical parts of
2
,
= 0 and |(Q
1
, Q
2
) n| = |Q
1
| = |(u
)u
(u
)| is
uniformly bounded in > 0.
Using the boundary conditions (5.2), one has
I
1
=
_
2
_
_
q
u
dq
q
_
nds +
_
2
_
_
u
u
dq
q
_
nds
=
_
1
|
(u
, v
) n|
_
_
q
u
dq
q
_
ds,
which implies that I
1
is uniformly bounded due to the L
)
x
+ Q
2
(w
)
y
= (
1
(
)(
) + (
2
(
)
_
H
+
1
_
,
or
Q
1
(w
)
x
+ Q
2
(w
)
y
= div
_
1
(
) +
2
(
_
H
+
1
_
_
1
(
2
(
_
H
+
1
_
.
(8.5)
The entropy pair (Q
1
, Q
2
) satises (7.2) which can be written in terms of H,
Q
1
=
c
2
q
sin (H
) q cos
c
2
q
2
q
2
_
H
+
1
_
,
Q
1
= q cos (H
) q sin
_
H
+
1
_
,
Q
2
=
c
2
q
cos (H
) q sin
c
2
q
2
q
2
_
H
+
1
_
,
Q
2
= q sin (H
) + q cos
_
H
+
1
_
.
(8.6)
Proposition 8.2. Assume that q
(x, y)
U
on U for some constant
U
> 0, in
addition q
(x, y) q
< q
cav
ensured by the invariant regions. Then
x
Q
1
(w
) +
y
Q
2
(w
1
:= div
_
1
(
)(
+
2
(
)
_
H
+
1
_
_
0
in H
1
(U) as 0, and
J
2
:=
1
(
)
2
(
_
H
+
1
_
is in L
1
(U) uniformly in . On the other hand, (Q
1
(w
), Q
2
(w
1
+J
2
is bounded in W
1,
(U). Then Murats lemma [31] implies that
J
1
+ J
2
are conned in a compact subset of H
1
(U).
As a corollary of Proposition 8.2, we conclude
Proposition 8.3. Let the viscous viscosity elds w
= (u
, v
(x, y)
uniformly bounded in > 0 away from zero when (x, y) is away from the obstacle boundary
1
, i.e. there exists a positive -independent = () 0 as 0 such that q
(x, y)
() for any (x, y)
x
Q
1
(w
) +
y
Q
2
(w
F
n
+ n
2
M
2
1
F
n
= 0,
K
n
n
2
M
2
1
K
n
= 0,
where =
d
d
. Substitution into the representation for Q
1
, Q
2
as given in Proposition
7.1 generates an innite sequence of entropy pairs (Q
(n)
1
, Q
(n)
2
) associated with F
n
; and a
similar construction can be done for K
n
.
First we apply the commutation identity to (Q
(n)
1
, Q
(n)
2
) associated with F
n
. Set
I = (Q
(n)
1+
Q
(n)
1+
)(Q
(n)
2
Q
(n)
2
) (Q
2+
Q
(n)
2+
)(Q
1
Q
(n)
1
).
20 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
Then
I =
_
(
F
n
q cos + inF
n
q sin )e
in
(
F
cos
+ inF
n
q
sin
)e
in
_
(
F
n
q sin +inF
n
q cos )e
in
(
F
sin
+ inF
n
q
cos
)e
in
_
(
F
n
q sin inF
n
q cos )e
in
(
F
sin
inF
n
q
cos
)e
in
_
(
F
n
q cos inF
n
q sin )e
in
(
F
cos
inF
n
q
sin
)e
in
_
.
With a tedious calculation, we obtain
<
, I >
=
_
, 2inq
2
_
F
n
F
n
+ F
n
F
n
_
+ 2e
in(
)
_
F
n
q cos
F
sin
+n
2
F
n
q sin F
n
q
cos
+
F
n
q sin
F
cos
n
2
F
n
q cos F
n
q
sin
_
+ 2e
in(
)
in
_
F
n
q cos
F
n
q
cos
F
n
q sinF
sin
F
n
q sin
F
n
q
sin
F
n
q cos F
sin
__
,
and then
_
,
i
4
I
_
=
_
, nq
2
F
n
F
n
+
1
2
F
n
F
n
qq
sin(n(
)) sin(
)(
+ n
2
)
n
F
n
F
n
qq
cos(n(
)) cos(
)
_
=
_
,
n
2
(qF
n
q
n
)(q
F
n
n
)
+
1
2
sin
2
_
n + 1
2
(
)
_
_
2n
F
n
F
n
qq
+ F
n
F
n
qq
+ n
2
)
_
+
1
2
sin
2
_
n 1
2
(
)
_
_
2n
F
n
F
n
qq
F
n
F
n
qq
+ n
2
)
__
.
Thus, from (6.2),
<
,
n
2
(qF
n
q
n
)(q
F
n
n
)
+
1
2
sin
2
_
n + 1
2
(
)
_
_
2n
F
n
F
n
qq
+ F
n
F
n
qq
+ n
2
)
_
+
1
2
sin
2
_
n 1
2
(
)
_
_
2n
F
n
F
n
qq
F
n
F
n
qq
+ n
2
)
_
>= 0.
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 21
Now interchange n and n to get the n
2
-terms equal to zero. Hence
<
, (qF
n
q
n
)(q
F
n
n
)
+ 2
_
sin
2
_
n + 1
2
(
)
_
+ sin
2
_
n 1
2
(
)
__
F
n
F
n
qq
>= 0.
(9.1)
Then we follow verbatim from the argument of Morawetz [28] to lead the following
convergence theorem.
Theorem 9.1. Let v
= 0, |u
| < q
cav
, 1 < 3. Assume that there exists a positive
-independent () 0 as 0 such that q
= {(x, y)
: dist((x, y),
1
) > 0}. Then the following hold:
(i) The support of the Young measure
x,y
strictly excludes the stagnation point q = 0
and reduces to a point for a.e. (x, y)
, v
= (u
, v
1
= 1,
2
() =
q
2
c
2
q
2
for q
2 q
cr
, (10.2)
and
1
,
2
any smooth bounded, positive continuation for q
2q
cr
, and with the bound-
ary conditions on the obstacle :
_
_
n = 0 on
1
,
2
n | (u, v) n| = 0 on
1
,
(u, v) (u
, v
) = 0 on
2
, with q
< q
cr
,
(10.3)
where is a function of q given by Bernoullis law (2.2) for > 1 and (2.5) for = 1, and
n is the unit normal pointing into the ow region on .
Introduce a new variable
() :=
_
1
2
()d.
Since
() =
2
() > 0, we can always invert to write = (), as well as q = q(). The
advantage of this change of dependent variable is that we now have the viscous terms to
be and .
We use the polar velocity notation
u = q() cos , v = q() sin ,
and write the viscous system (10.1) as
_
(q() sin )
x
(q() cos )
y
= ,
(()q() cos )
x
+ (()q() sin )
y
= ,
(10.4)
which yields
_
q
() sin
x
+ q() cos
x
q
() cos
y
+ q() sin
y
= ,
(()q())
cos
x
()q() sin
x
+ (()q())
sin
y
+ ()q() cos
y
= ,
(10.5)
with the boundary conditions on
1
:
_
n = 0,
n |()q()(cos , sin) n| = 0,
(10.6)
and the boundary conditions on
2
:
=
, =
, (10.7)
where
= (
) and
,
:=
; q( ) := q( +
), ( ) := ( +
).
VANISHING VISCOSITY METHOD FOR TRANSONIC FLOW 23
Hence, we have the following boundary value problem:
_
= q
( ) sin(
)
x
+ q( ) cos(
x
q
( ) cos(
)
y
+ q( ) sin(
y
,
= ( ( ) q( ))
cos(
)
x
( ) q( ) sin(
x
+( ( ) q( ))
sin(
)
y
+ ( ) q( ) cos(
y
,
(10.8)
with the boundary conditions on
1
:
_
n = 0,
n | ( ) q( )(cos(
), sin(
)) n| = 0,
(10.9)
and ( ,
) = (0, 0) on
2
.
Consider the classical equation
(
, ) = (
, ), 0 1,
which corresponds to the boundary value problem:
= q
( ) sin(
)
x
+ q( ) cos(
x
q
( ) cos(
)
y
+ q( ) sin(
y
in ,
= ( ( ) q( ))
cos(
)
x
( ) q( ) sin(
x
+ ( ( ) q( ))
sin(
)
y
+ ( ) q( ) cos(
y
in ,
n = 0 on
1
,
n = | ( ) q( )(cos(
), sin(
)) n| on
1
,
( ,
) = (0, 0) on
2
,
(10.10)
which is the original system with replaced by
1
.
Now we recall some results from the linear elliptic theory. Consider the mixed Dirichlet-
Neumann problem
_
_
w = f
1
in ,
w
n
= f
2
on
1
,
w = f
3
on
2
,
(10.11)
where is a bounded domain in R
2
with the boundary =
1
2
. We now introduce
weighted Holder norms. For an arbitrary open set S and an arbitrary a > 0, we have the
usual Holder norms
a,S
. If > 0 and a + b 0, we dene
= {x : dist(x,
2
) > } ,
and
w
(b)
a
= sup
>0
a+b
w
a,
,
and then denote C
a
(b)
the set of all functions with w
(b)
a
< , and C
() = C
2
(
1
)
C(
).
24 G.-Q. CHEN, M. SLEMROD, AND D. WANG
Lemma 10.1 (Lieberman[24], Theorem 2(b)). Suppose
1
C
2+
,
2
is nonempty,
and satises the global -wedge condition and the uniform interior and exterior cone
condition on . Then there is a unique solution to the linear elliptic problem (10.11) and
w
()
2+
C
_
f
1
(2+)
+f
2
(1+)
1+
+f
3
_
for some > 0 and constant C > 0.
Remark 10.1. Note that Liebermans theorem is given for the boundary condition on
1
:
Mw :=
i
D
i
w + d w = f
2
, where d < 0. However, as noted by Lieberman on page 429 in
[24], the Fredholm alternative holds, and if
2
is nonempty, the restriction d < 0 may be
relaxed to d 0. The domains shown in Figure 6 satisfy the above conditions.
We dene : (
,
) (
,
) into the right hand side of (10.10). For (
,
) (C
1+
(2+)
)
2
, the associated
functions f
1
and f
2
give nite values on the right-hand side of the Schauder estimates of
Liebermans theorem and f
3
= 0 in our problem. Therefore, (
, ) stays in a bounded
subset of (C
2+
()
)
2
which is a compact subset of (C
1+
(2+)
)
2
, and is a compact map of the
Banach space B = (C
1+
(2+)
)
2
into itself.
We recall one popular version of the Leray-Schauder xed point theorem.
Lemma 10.2 (Leray-Schauder Fixed Point Theorem). Let be a compact mapping of a
Banach space B into itself, and suppose that there exists a constant M such that W
B
M for all W B and all [0, 1] satisfying W = W. Then has a xed point.
To apply the above theorem to our example, we rst note that the only solution when
= 0 is (
= f
1
, = f
2
,
where f
1
, f
2
are in a bounded set of L
2
(). Hence, for 0 < 1, (
, ) are in a bounded
set of L
2
() and, by the Calderon-Zygmund inequality (Theorem 9.9 in Gilbarg-Trudinger
[21]), (
, ) W
2,2
() .
Next we dierentiate the both sides of our equations with respect to x, y, and we get
the equations of the form
x
= f
1x
,
y
= f
1y
.
Since the right-hand sides are in a bounded set of L
2
(), so are the left-hand sides. We
continue in this fashion to see that there is a constant M
1
(independent of m and ) such
that
(
, )
+(
, )
(H
m
())
2 M
1
,
for all 1 m < .
Then Morreys embedding theorem applied to our case yields (
, ) bounded by con-
stant M
1
= M in (C
s
(
))
2
for any s 1 and (
, ) = (
, v
e
) for every > 0 such that
q
< q
cav
for [1, 3), where q