TECHNICAL REPORT

MODELLING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON DOUBLE-STOREY BUILDING USING SECOND ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (ODE)

NORA FARAHIN BINTI MUHAMMAD 2009351351 TR12/27 NOR ATIQAH BINTI DOLLAH SANI 2009161531 TR12/27 NURUL FAJRIYAH BINTI HAMID 2009944889 TR12/27

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA TECHNICAL REPORT

MODELLING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON DOUBLESTOREY BUILDING USING SECOND ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (ODE)

NORA FARAHIN BINTI MUHAMMAD 2009351351 TR12/27 NOR ATIQAH BINTI DOLLAH SANI 2009161531 TR12/27 NURUL FAJRIYAH BINTI HAMID 2009944889 TR12/27

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) (Computational Mathematics) Center for Mathematics Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences

Jan 2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ALL PRAISE TO ALLAH OF AL MIGHTY, THE MOST GRACIOUS, MOST MERCIFUL AND MOST BENEVOLENT. Firstly, I am grateful to Allah S.W.T for giving us the strength, the opportunity and guidance in every decision that we made and the barriers that we faced. Without this Grace, it would be virtually impossible for us to have the courage, endurance and the strength to do the research and complete it. With His help, this effort would be senseless. First and foremost, we would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere and deepest gratitude to our supervisor Puan Liza Nurul Fazila Dr. O K Rahmat who has continuously and patiently provide us with guidance and spent time to supervise us in order to complete the research paper. Thousands of thanks are also dedicated to all of our friends and families for sharing prayers, views, information and many things that are valuable for our research paper. Dear friends and families, only Allah S.W.T can pay all your cooperation. We really appreciate your support. Last but not least, once again, name and people that we mentioned above, there is no word that can describe how thankful we are to have all of you in our life. The entire thing we have done together during this research will we treasured in our heart. All burdens that we carried became easy and simple with all your helps. Last words, thank you so much and may Allah bless all of you always. Thank You.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .... iii

LIST OF TABLE ..... iv LIST OF FIGURES . ABSTRACT..... 1. INTRODUCTION.. 2. METHODOLOGY..... 2.1 Learning and understanding the model..... 2.2 Solving the equation... v vi 1 4 4 6

2.3 Project testing . 11 2.4 Collecting Data... 3. 4. 5. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12 13 15 32 33 35 36

REFERENCES.. APPENDIX A APPENDIX B ...

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Table 2

: The collecting data of mass, stiffness and magnitude ........ 12 : u1 t and u 2 t when m1
m 2 , as m1 ! 2243 , m1 ! 2280 , k1 ! 300 and

k 2 ! 200 ...

17

Table 3

: u1 t and u 2 t when m1 " m2 , as m1 ! 2280 , m1 ! 2243 , k1 ! 300 and

k 2 ! 200 .

19

Table 4

: u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when m1 ! m2 as m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2280 ,

k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 ....

21

Table 5

: u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1

k 2 as k1 ! 200 and k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and

m2 ! 2243 ...

23

Table 6

: u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 " k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 , m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 .... 25

Table 7

: u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 ! k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 .... 27 29 31

Table 8 Table 9

: u1 t and u 2 t when m1 = m2 = 2280 and k1 ! k 2 = 300 . : The value of [1 and [2 in different conditions .

iv

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 : Point of fracture or slippage, termed focus or hypercenter .. 1

: Model of a single-storey building . 3 : Model of a spring-mass-damper system ... 3 : Model of a spring-mass-damper system with two masses ... : A building consisting of floors of mass m connected by stiff but flexible vertical walls (unforced)... 8 4

Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9

: The model of double storey-building system at equilibrium 11 : The Maple 12 coding for the double-storey building model : The floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point : The first floor moved to left and second floor moved to right of the equilibrium point .. 16 13 15

Figure 10

: The first floor moved to right and second floor moved to left of the equilibrium point .. 16 : Graph of u1 t and u 2 t when m1

Figure 11

m 2 , as m1 ! 2243 , m1 ! 2280 ,

k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 .

18

Figure 12

: Graph of u1 t and u 2 t when m1 " m2 , as m1 ! 2280 , m1 ! 2243 ,

k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 .....

20

Figure 13

: Graph

of u1 (t ) and

u 2 (t )

when

m1 ! m 2 as

m1 ! 2280

and 22

m 2 ! 2280 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 ..

Figure 14

: Graph of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1

k 2 as k1 ! 200 and k 2 ! 300 ,

m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 ..

24

Figure 15

: Graph of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 " k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 ,

m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 ......

26

Figure 16

: Graph of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 ! k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 300 ,

m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 .....................

28 30

Figure 17

: Graph of u1 t and u 2 t when m1 = m2 = 2280 and k1 ! k 2 = 300 .

ABSTRACT
Logically, a double-storey building will collapse, depending on the strength of an earthquake. In mathematics the strength of the earthquake can be interpreted as the frequency of the vibration and external force that affect the building due to the earthquake. Hence, from our study, we will present reasons and conditions for a building to survive or collapse during earthquake. It is our hope that the ability to make

predictions could help scientist, engineers and builders to evaluate, plan and make safer double-storey buildings. The model of forced vibrations using second order differential equation on double-storey building is used to study the effect of earthquake on doublestorey building. This model is used to calculate natural frequencies, [ and time, t of the vibration of the building. The analysis is carried out using Maple 12 and graphs are presented and discussed.

vi

1.

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the years, earthquake happened without prior warning, destroying houses, buildings, farmlands and general human activities. According to the US Geological Survey, the earth sustains around 500,000 earthquakes a year, with 100 causing significant damage. Records from Malaysian Meteorological Department, in year 2000 to 2009, a total of 69 earthquakes have been reported in Malaysia, respectively 31 times in the peninsular and Sabah, while another seven is in Sarawak. During the period of two years from 2007 to 2009, there were 40 earthquake recorded, and the highest ever recorded in Malaysia is 3.5 on the Richter scale. However, according to the Malaysian Meteorological Department, Peninsular is stable in seism tectonic. The latest earthquake happened near Malaysia was reported on 14 October 2011 at Papua Guinea, Indonesia with 6.7 Richter scale. Luckily, Malaysian was not affected by this earthquake.

An earthquake is a natural process that occurs suddenly like volcanic eruption and meteorite impact. However, an earthquake happens due to sudden release of accumulated stress in the long run of the earth surface. This pressure may be cause by plate movement along the crack tectonic and glacial. The earths crust bends and folded. When this happens, the hard rock can be broken into blocks along the weak zone. When the two parts differed miles horizontally and vertically, the movement is called faulting. Faulting can occur on a small scale or large scale. There are three types of fault which are normal fault, thrust fault and strike-slip fault.

epicenter

fault

Figure 1: Point of fracture or slippage, termed focus or hypocenter

The strength of an earthquake is measured by the Richter scale. The Richter scale was developed in 1935 by American seismologist Charles Richter (1891-1989) as a way of quantifying the magnitude or strength of the earthquakes.

Since the seventies, Malaysian has started building multi-storey dwelling, singlestorey terrace and double-storey houses. For example today, in Kuala Lumpur we have Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC), Tabung Haji Tower, Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC), the Dayabumi as well as many multi-storey flats and also condominiums. However, we are still considered lucky because of the earthquake that occurred in Malaysia is small at about 3 to 4 on the Richter scale and did not caused much casualties, like the one that happened in Sabah with 4.5 Richter scale in September 2004. Most of devastating earthquake often involves destruction, typically occurs at 7 and above on the Richter scale. That is what happened in Haiti, Peru and recently in Italy, all so horrible and involves the destruction of countless possession and cause a huge loss. Hence, the safety of dwellers is of utmost importance to make sure that there is no death due to the earthquake and reduce the number of destruction in Malaysia.

Although the earthquake that occurred in Malaysia did not caused much casualties, but this is a big problem to take into consideration since Malaysia have built many multi-storey building. Therefore, by this reason, we are doing this research because we are concern with the possibilities of the number of building that may collapses, due to future earthquake. However, the scope of the project is on the double-storey concrete buildings in Malaysia. Hence, by using second order differential equation, we may identify the relation between floors with the movement of each floor. The movements to be considered are lateral and two-dimensional, that is, either each floor moves parallel or right to left movements..

Marchand and McDevitt (1999), defined the model of the vibrations of a singlestorey building and multi-storey building using initial value problem of second order ordinary differential equation. Their research required the understanding of the behavior at a building during an earthquake. This is important in knowing the reaction of the

building to various initial conditions. Figure 2 shows the model of a single-story building and the idealized with a spring-mass-damper system in Figure 3. For this project we ignore damping effects, c as shown in figure 2 and 3.

Figure 2 : Model of a single-storey building Source: Marchand and McDevitt (1999)

Figure 3 : Model of a spring-mass-damper system Source: Marchand and McDevitt (1999) where

ut : Displacement of the roof on building at time t.

We are going to consider several linear dynamical systems in which each mathematical model is a second order differential equations with constant coefficients along with initial conditions specified at a time that we shall take to be t ! 0 .

2.
2.1

METHODOLOGY
Learning and understanding the model

We can derive the equation of motion using Hookes law and Newtons second law of motion in equation (1). Equation (1) is for a single-storey building with forcing and without damping with the initial displacement and the give initial velocity at time t.

mu //  ku ! F (t )
where u
u/ u //

u ( 0) ! u0

u / (0) ! u1

(1)

: Function of displacement of the block from equilibrium. : First order derivative of u with respect to t. : Second order derivative of u with respect to t. : Time-dependent applied external force. : The total mass of the roof. : The overall stiffness of the walls in (Ib/ft). : Initial displacement at time t = 0, u 0

F(t) m k u(0)

u(0) : Initial velocity at time t = 0, u1

For the double-storey building, we model the structural dynamics of a building consisting of two floors as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Model of a spring-mass-damper system with two masses Source: Marchand and McDevitt (1999)

We assume that the floors have equal and homogeneous mass and we have two spring stiffness constant k that attached to the first floor and a weight of mass m1 is attached to the second floor end of this spring. To this weight, a the second spring of stiffness is

attached having spring constant kc . To the second of this second spring, a weight of mass m2 is attached to the system appears as illustrated in Figure 5. We also noted that

kc

k . As we did with the single spring mass system, we also ignore the damping

effect, c. We will make the same assumption that the springs obeys Hookes law and exert a linear restoring force on the mass given by Fs ! k(x . Then the force will be acting as

F1 ! ku1 F2 ! kc (u2  u1 ) F3 ! kc (u2  u1 )

where force F1 acting on its left side of first mass due to one spring and a force F2 acting on its right side due to the second spring. The u2  u1 is the net displacement of the second spring from its natural length and the force F3 acting at the second mass. (2)

2.2

Solving the equation

To understand the model for double-story building, we need to solve the Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) relevant to the single story building. For the purpose, we focus on equation (1) which is using the second order ODE model of simple motion with forcing and without damping. From equation (1), we let

F t ! F0 cos Pt

(3)

where F0 is non-negative frictional force and K is angular / circular frequency. Substitute equation (3) in equation (1) will be

mu //  ku ! F0 cos Pt
Hence, by dividing equation (4) with m will give
u //  k F cosPt u! 0 m m

(4)

(5)

We let

[!
where

k m
F0 cosP t m

(6)

is frequency of the earthquake (Nur Hamiza, 2010). Hence we get

u //  [ 2u !

(7)

To solve equation (7), we used the method of undetermined coefficients. We assume that

ut ! uh t  u p t where uh t is general solution to the corresponding homogeneous

equation and u p t is the particular solution of undetermined coefficients. We solve the equation of u h t first. We consider the general solution of equation (7) will be
u //  [ 2u ! 0

(8)

In this case,

du is proportional to u (t ) where u (t ) is displacement of a point on the floor dt du du w u (t ) or ! pu where p is constant. dt dt

/ pt

of the building at time t. Then

The generalized solution of the form u ! e pt , which we differentiate to give, u ! pe and u ! p e . Substitute of this function into equation (8) will becomes,
// 2 pt

p 2e pt  [ 2e pt ! 0

(9)

The equation can be factorized to

e pt ( p 2  [ 2 ) ! 0
2 2

(10)

where e pt { 0 for all t. The auxiliary equation of p  [ ! 0 , which has two complex conjugate roots s i[ . Hence, the general solution is

uh (t ) ! C1 cos [t  C2 sin [t .

(11)

where C1 and C2 are magnitude of the earthquake. With simple harmonic motion, we can express uh (t ) in the form

u h (t ) ! A sin [t  J
with A u 0 by letting C1 ! A sin  and C2 ! A cosJ , then J A sin [t  J ! A cos[t sin   A sin [t cos J J ! C1 cos[t  C2 sin[t

(12)

(13)

where A is magnitude of earthquake (Nur Hamiza, 2010). and J is distance correction factor of earthquake (Nur Hamiza, 2010). Hence in order to determine particular solution to equation (7), the equation
f t ! F0 cos t [ m

(14)

will provided K ! [ !

k , and f t is eternal forcing function. To determined u p , by m

using the method of undetermined coefficients, we know that

u p t ! A1t cos [t  A2 t sin [t

u /p t !  A1[t sin [t  A1 cos[t  A2[t cos[t  A2 sin [t u // t !  A1[ 2t cos[t  2 A1[ sin [t  A2[ 2t sin [t  2 A2[ cos[t p
where A1 and A2 are constants. By substituting equation (15) and (16) in (5)

(15) (16)

 A1[ 2t cos[t  2 A1[ sin [t  A2[ 2t sin [t  2 A2[ cos[t  A1[ 2t cos[t  A2[ 2t sin [t ! F0 cos[t m
1 2m[

(17)

Comparing coefficients in equation (17) gives

A1 ! 0 ,

A2 !

(18)

Hence, substitute (18) in equation (15)

u p t ! F0 t sin  t [ 2m[

(19)

Lastly, the general solution for equation (5) by adding uh t and u p t

u (t ) ! A sin  t  J  [ F0 [ t sin  t 2m[

(20)

This is a general solution for undamped resonant case which is K ! [ . When K ! [ , it means frequency of earthquake is equal with the natural frequency. To find the general solution for double-storey building, we apply Newtons second law and Hookes law which is an unforced vibration of a double-storey building. By Hookes law, its extension or compression u and force F or reaction are related by the formula F ! k(x . Figure 5 shows and illustration of a building idealized as a collection of double floors, each of mass m, connected together by vertical walls (Nur Hamiza, 2010).
u2 t

u1 t

Figure 5 : A building consisting of floors of mass m connected by stiff but flexible vertical walls (unforced) Source : Nur Hamiza Adenan (2010)

Then, by the application of Newtons law F ! ma to the double storey building yields the equation of motion. The equation of motion for the first floors and the second floors are

m1u1//  k1  k 2 u1  k 2 u 2 ! F0 cos [1t

and
// m2u 2  k 2u1  k 2u 2 ! F0 cos [ 2t

(21)

(22)

Transforming this equation in the matrix form by considering the general solution of equation (21) and (22) are the homogeneous equation will be
m1 0 0 u1// k1  k 2 //  m2 u 2  k 2  k2 u1 0 ! k2 u 2 0

(23)

In terms of the displacement, the mass matrix can be form as M= 1 0 and stiffness matrix
2 K= 1  k2

0 m2

(24)

k  k

 k2 k2

(25)

the system can be written as Mu // + Ku = 0 (26)

To obtain equation (26), we take the same step as in equation (4) in the form of matrix. We will let the matrix of =

K which is the frequency of the earthquake (Nur Hamiza M

A., 2010), and in the form matrix,

k1  k2 = m1 0 0 , k2 m2

u // + u = 0 Then, taking the same step in equation (9) and (10), the auxiliary equation of P 2  which has two complex conjugate roots s i . Since matrix P = 1 and p2
[1 ! k1  k2 and [2 ! m1 k2 . Hence, the general solution is m2 p [ 2
2

(27)
!0,

= 1 where [

u1 t ! C1 cos [1t  C2 sin [1t  C3 cos [ 2t  C 4 sin [ 2t

(28)

where C1 ,C2 ,C3 and C4 are the magnitude of the earthquake. To obtain a formula for u2 t we use equation (28) to express u2 t in term of u1 t by substitution. Upon simplifying, we get

u 2 t ! C1 cos [1t  C2 sin [1t  C3 cos [2 t  C4 sin [2 t

(29)

We are considering the equation (14) to (18) to get the particular solution for the equation (21) and (22). Thus the particular solution for

u1 p t !

F0 t sin [1t and 2m1[1

u 2 p t !

F0 t sin [ 2t . Then the final general solution will get 2 m 2[ 2 F0 t sin [1t 2m1[1
(30)

u1 t ! C1 cos[1t  C 2 sin [1t  C3 cos[ 2t  C 4 sin [ 2t 

and

u 2 t ! C1 cos[1t  C 2 sin [1t  C3 cos[ 2t  C 4 sin [2t 

F0 t sin [ 2t 2m2[ 2

(31)

The equation (28), u1 t refer to the first floor and the equation (29) which is u 2 t refer to the second floor of the double-storey building. Those two equations are the general solution of the double-storey building. Since we have the general solution for doublestorey building, then we can set our system some initial conditions to solve. We assume that we the initial displacement u1 t and u2 t to be 0 and the initial velocity, u1 t and
/ / u2 t will be released from rests that are equal to zero.

10

2.3

Project testing

We consider testing this project for the two-storey bungalows as in Figure 6.

k2

-u2

+u2

u2 m2 k1 -u1 0 +u1 u1 m1 Figure 6 : The model of double storey-building system at equilibrium

This model is similar to the situations of coupled springs connected to the two masses, m1 and m2 that are attached to the fixed wall of the stiffness k1 and k2 and the values of displacement of the block from equilibrium, u1 and u2. The equilibrium points are

considered at the center. Our assumption based on the direction of the floor either to the left or to the right for both of the floor. When the earthquakes happened, we will consider the external force F0, natural frequency, [1 and [ 2 which is based on the magnitude of the earthquake. For model of double storey building, we assume the width of the building is the 24 ft or 7.3152 m. However, we assume the equilibrium point is in the center of the building. Therefore, the displacement is between  3.6576m
u t 3.6576m (Arkireka

Architect Department, 2011)to the left and to the right of the equilibrium point. Here we assume that the value of u1 (0) ! 0 , u 2 (0) ! 0 , u1 (0) ! 0 , u 2 (0) ! 0 , f 0 ! 4.1 .
/ /

11

2.4

Collecting Data

Table 1 is the data that we use for our project. The basic data for mass of the building denoted as m is 2280 and 2433 (Arkireka Architect Department, 2011). For the stiffness as denotes by k, we use values 300 and 200 respectively(). For the magnitude, F0 we fixed the number to 4.1 (Malaysian Meteorology Department,2010). We fix the magnitude because it is the latest number of force from the earthquake that happened in Malaysia. At the time we take the data on the building, the building is static. Hence,
u1 0 ! 0 , u 2 0 ! 0 . For the velocity of the building u1 0 ! 0 , u 2 0 ! 0 because we
/

assume the building is not moving at the time we take the data.

Table 1 : Mass, Stiffness and Magnitude Condition

m1 < m2 m1 > m2 m1 = m2 k1 < k 2 k1 > k 2 k1 = k 2 m1 (kg) m2 (kg) k1 (N/m) k 2 (N/m)

F0
4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1

2243 2280 2280 2280 2280 2280

2280 2243 2280 2243 2243 2243

300 300 300 200 300 300

200 200 200 300 200 300

12

3.

IMPLEMENTATION

In this section, we solve the Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) for the system of double storey building by using the Maple 12 software to get the solution and graph.

The basic step to solve the equation (21) and (22) are by inserting the initial value for two floors of the buildings. To explain about our Maple 12 Programming, we take the
/ simple value of m1 , m2 , k1 , k2 , F0 , [1 , [2 and the initial value of u1 t , u1/ t , u2 t , u2 t

when t ! 0 .

Step 1: Determine the value of m1 , m2 , k1 , k2 , F0 , [1 , [2 Step 2: Implement the equation of double storey building which is the equation (21) and equation (22).
/ Step 3: Determine the initial value of u1 t , u1/ t , u2 t , u2 t

Step 4: Applied ODE solvers. Step 5: Solution of u1 t and u2 t . Step 6: Visualize the result by plotting the graph.
/ We get the all values of the m1 , m2 , k1 , k2 , F0 , [1 , [2 , u1 t , u1/ t , u2 t , u2 t based on

the data of the building and the earthquakes.

Figure 7 : The Maple 12 coding for the double-storey building model

13

where m1, m2 : mass of the building in the first floor and second floor in kg (kilogram). k1 , k2 : the stiffness in the building between first floor and second floor in N/m (Newton per meter). F0 1, 2 : the magnitude of the earthquake. : the natural frequency which is based on the value of stiffness and the mass of the building u1(0) , u2(0) : the initial displacement of the building at the time t = 0 second (s) in meter (m). D[1](u1(0)) , : the initial velocity when the earthquake happen at the time D[1](u2(0)) t = 0 second (s) in meter per second ( ms 1 )

The result will show the graph of the implemented equation in the first floor which is in the red line and the second floor in the blue line based on time the earthquake attract the building.

14

4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the summary for result and analysis for the model that have been used will be shown and discuss.

4.1

Tables and Figures

We analyze the equation by using MAPLE. We developed a program to calculate and will be shown in the graph. The equation will be calculated by using a constant value of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) at initial displacement and initial velocity which is t=0 from the equilibrium point with  3.6576 m e u t e 3.6576 m (Arkireka Architect Department, 2011) and with external forces, F0 ! 4.1 (Malaysian Meteorology Department, 2010). We are using the same value of two masses and stiffness which are m1, 2 = 2280 kg, 2243 kg and k1, 2 = 300 N/m, 200 N/m. We calculate the length of the movement of the floors by adding the displacement of first and second floor when the floors moved at different direction of the equilibrium point and when the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point, we will subtract that to get the value of that movement.

Figure 8: The floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point

15

Figure 9: The first floor moved to left and Figure 10 : The first floor moved to right second floor moved to right of the and second floor moved to left of the equilibrium point equilibrium point

All figures below show the type of movement when ground of building shaken. This physical interpretation is that an earthquake wave of the proper frequency, having time duration sufficiently long, can crack a floor and hence collapse the entire building. The amplitude of the earthquake wave does not have to be large, once the floors move of a centimeter might be enough to start the oscillation of the floor.

16

4.1.1 Estimated value points when using the different value of mass and fixed the value of stiffness and external force in the three conditions. Table 2 : u1 t and u 2 t when m1 t (second)
u1  t m 2 , as m1 ! 2243 , m2 ! 2280 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200

0 0 0 0

5 0.0039 -0.0472 0.0511

10 0.0435 0.0667 0.0232

15 -0.0714 -0.0089 0.0625

20 -0.0257 0.0113 0.0370

25 0.0469 -0.0481 0.0950

30 0.0587 0.0333 0.0254

u 2 t
u 2 (t )  u1 (t )

Table 2 shows the u1 t and u 2 t when m1

m 2 , as m1 ! 2243 , m2 ! 2280 , while

k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 have different values when the value of t increases. At 0 second,

there is no displacement recorded. We can see the motions of the floors of different direction from the equilibrium point recorded at 5 , 20 and 25 seconds. At 10 , 15 and 30 seconds, both of the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point. From table above, the highest difference in displacement with 0.0950m between first and second floor is at time 25 seconds.

17

Figure 11: Graph of u1 t and u 2 t when m1 m2 , as m1 ! 2243 , m2 ! 2280 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 The graph of u t as shown in Figure 11 visualizes the motion more clearly. The highest peak or maximum value of u t is amplitude or maximum displacement. From the graph, we conclude that the building moved at different and same direction and it is possible that the building may collapse. In this condition, the value of natural frequency are
[1 ! 10 1 11215 ! 0.472139532 and [2 ! 285 ! 0.296174438 . 2243 57

18

Table 3: u1 t and u 2 t when m1 " m2 , as m1 ! 2280 , m2 ! 2243 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 t (second)
u1  t

0 0 0 0

5 0.0026 -0.0484 0.0510

10 0.0468 0.0633 0.0165

15 -0.0642 -0.0050 0.0592

20 -0.0363 0.0158 0.0521

25 0.0328 -0.0460 0.0788

30 0.0669 0.0254 0.0415

u 2 t
u 2 (t )  u1 (t )

Table 3 shows the u1 t and u 2 t when m1 " m2 , as m1 ! 2280 , m 2 ! 2243 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 have different values when the value of t increases. At 0 second, there is no displacement recorded. We can see the motions of the floors of different direction from the equilibrium point recorded at 5 , 20 and 25 seconds. At 10 , 15 and 30 seconds, both of the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point. From table above, the highest difference in displacement with 0.0788m between first and second floor is at time 25 seconds.

19

Figure 12: Graph of u1 t and u 2 t when m1 " m2 , as m1 ! 2280 , m2 ! 2243 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 The graph of u t as shown in Figure 12 visualizes the motion more clearly. The highest peak or maximum value of u t is amplitude or maximum displacement. From the graph, we conclude that the building moved at different and same direction and it is possible that the building may collapse.
[1 !

In this condition, the value of natural frequency are

5 10 114 ! 0.468292905 and [2 ! 4486 ! 0.298607259 . 114 2243

20

Table 4: u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when m1 ! m2 as m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2280 , k1 ! 300 and

k 2 ! 200

t (second)
u1  t

0 0 0 0

5 0.0035 -0.0474 0.0509

10 0.0476 0.0638 0.0162

15 -0.0675 -0.0101 0.054

20 -0.0368 0.0190 0.0558

25 0.0355 -0.0428 0.0783

30 0.0710 0.0269 0.0441

u 2 t
u 2 (t )  u1 (t )

Table 4 shows the displacement of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when m1 ! m2 as m1 ! 2280 and

m 2 ! 2280 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 as the time t increases. At 0 second, there is no

displacement recorded. We can see the motions of the floors of different direction from the equilibrium point recorded at 5 , 20 and 25 seconds. At 10 , 15 and 30 seconds, both of the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point. From table above, the highest difference in displacement with 0.0783m between first and second floor is at time 25 seconds.

21

Figure 13: Graph of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when m1 ! m2 as m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2280 , k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 The graph of u t as shown in Figure 13 visualizes the motion more clearly. The highest peak or maximum value of u t is amplitude or maximum displacement. . From the graph, we conclude that the building moved at different and same direction and it is possible that the building may collapse. In this condition, the value of natural frequency are [1 !
5 1 114 ! 0.468292905 and [2 ! 285 ! 0.296174438 . 114 57

22

4.1.2

Estimated value points when using the different value of stiffness and fixed

the value of mass and external force in the three conditions. Table 5 : u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1
k 2 as k1 ! 200 and k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243

t (second)
u1  t

0 0 0 0

5 -0.0137 -0.0357 0.0220

10 -0.0019 0.0219 0.0238

15 -0.0213 -0.0009 0.0204

20 0.0204 0.0219 0.0015

25 -0.0001 -0.0093 0.0092

30 0.0385 0.0036 0.0349

u 2 t
u 2 (t )  u1 (t )

Table 5 shows the displacement of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1

k 2 as k1 ! 200 and

k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 have the different value when the value of time

increases. At 0 second, there is no displacement recorded. We can see the motion of the floors of different direction from the equilibrium point recorded at 10 seconds. At 5 , 15 , 20 , 25 and 30 seconds, both of the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point. From table above, the highest difference in displacement with 0.0349m between first and second floor is at time 30 seconds.

23

Figure 14: Graph of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 k 2 as k1 ! 200 and k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 The graph of u t as shown in Figure 14 visualizes the motion more clearly. The highest peak or maximum value of u t is amplitude or maximum displacement. From the graph, we conclude that the building moved at different and same direction and it is possible that the building may collapse.
[1 !

In this condition, the value of natural frequency are

5 10 114 ! 0.468292905 and [2 ! 6729 ! 0.365717709 . 114 2243

24

Table 6: u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 " k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 , m1 ! 2280 and

m2 ! 2243

t (second)
u1  t

0 0 0 0

5 -0.0142 -0.0484 0.0342

10 0.0594 0.0633 0.0039

15 -0.0226 -0.0050 0.0176

20 -0.0805 0.0158 0.0963

25 -0.0110 -0.0460 0.0350

30 0.1458 0.0254 0.1204

u 2 t
u 2 (t )  u1 (t )

Table 6 shows the u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 " k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 , m1 ! 2280 and
m2 ! 2243 have the different value when the value of time increases. At 0 second, there is

no displacement recorded. We can see the motion of the floors of different direction from the equilibrium point recorded at 20 seconds. At 5 , 10 , 15 , 25 and 30 seconds, both of the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point. From table above, the highest difference in displacement with 0.1204m between first and second floor is at time 30 seconds.

25

Figure 15: Graph of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 " k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 200 , m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 The graph of u t as shown in Figure 15 visualizes the motion more clearly. The highest peak or maximum value of u t is amplitude or maximum displacement. From the graph, we conclude that the building moved at different and same direction and it is possible that the building may collapse.
[1 !

In this condition, the value of natural frequency are

5 10 114 ! 0.468292905 and [2 ! 4486 ! 0.298607259 . 114 2243

26

Table 7: u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 ! k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and

m2 ! 2243

t (second)
u1  t

0 0 0 0

5 -0.0141 -0.0342 0.0201

10 -0.0211 0.0268 0.0479

15 0.0138 -0.0207 0.0345

20 0.0075 0.0029 0.0046

25 0.0133 0.0275 0.0142

30 -0.0052 0.0068 0.0120

u 2 t
u 2 (t )  u1 (t )

Table 7 shows the u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 ! k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and
m2 ! 2243 have the different value when the value of time increases. . At 0 second, there

is no displacement recorded. We can see the motion of the floors of different direction from the equilibrium point recorded at 10 , 15 and 30 seconds. At 5 , 20 , 1and 25 seconds, both of the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point. From table above, the highest difference in displacement with 0.0479m between first and second floor is at time 10 seconds.

27

Figure 16: Graph of u1 (t ) and u 2 (t ) when k1 ! k 2 as k1 ! 300 and k 2 ! 300 , m1 ! 2280 and m2 ! 2243 The graph of u t as shown in Figure 16 visualizes the motion more clearly. The highest peak or maximum value of u t is amplitude or maximum displacement. From the graph, we conclude that the building moved at different and same direction and it is possible that the building may collapse.
[1 !

In this condition, the value of natural frequency are

1 10 95 ! 0.512989176 and [2 ! 6729 ! 0.365717709 . 19 2243

28

4.1.3 Estimated value points when mass and the stiffness are same value.

Table 8: u1 t and u 2 t when m1 ! m 2 ! 2280 and k1 ! k 2 ! 300 t (second)

u1  t

0 0 0 0

5 -0.0135 -0.0344 0.0209

10 -0.0202 0.0285 0.0487

15 0.0152 -0.0198 0.0350

20 0.0111 0.0063 0.0048

25 0.0120 0.0275 0.0155

30 -0.0039 0.0070 0.0109

u 2 t
u 2 (t )  u1 (t )

Table 8 shows the u1 t and u 2 t when m1 ! m 2 ! 2280 and k1 ! k 2 ! 300 have the different value when the value of time increases. At 0 second, there is no displacement recorded. We can see the motion of the floors of different direction from the equilibrium point recorded at 10 , 15 and 30 seconds. At 5 , 20 and 25 seconds, both of the floors moved at the same direction of the equilibrium point. From table above, the highest difference in displacement with 0.0487m between first and second floor is at time 10 seconds.

29

Figure 17: Graph of u1 t and u 2 t when m1 ! m 2 ! 2280 and k1 ! k 2 ! 300 The graph of u t as shown in Figure 17 visualizes the motion more clearly. The highest peak or maximum value of u t is the amplitude or maximum displacement. From the graph, we conclude that the building moved at different and same direction and it is possible that the building may collapse. In this condition, the value of natural frequency are [1 !
1 1 95 ! 0.512989176 and [ 2 ! 190 ! 0.362738125 . 19 38

30

Table 9 : The value of Conditions

m1 m2

[1

and
[1

[2 in

different conditions.
[2

0.472139532 0.468292905 0.468292905 0.468292905 0.468292905 0.512989176

0.296174438 0.298607259 0.296174438 0.365717709 0.298607259 0.365717709 0.362738125

[1 for

m1 " m2 m1 ! m2 k1 k2

k1 " k 2 k1 ! k 2 m1 ! m2

and

k1 ! k 2

0.512989176 and
[2 in

Table 9 shows the value of conditions of

[1

the different condition. The value of and

k1 " k 2

the

m1 " m2 , m1 ! m2 , k1

k2

shown the same value which is

m1 ! m2

0.468292905 and the condition of

k1 ! k 2 and

the combination of the conditions

k1 " k 2 is

and

k1 ! k 2

give the value 0.512989176. The value of 0.296174438, for the conditions conditions
k1 k 2 and k1 ! k 2 is

[2 for

m1

m2 and m1 ! m2 is

m1 " m2 and

0.298607259 and for the

0.365717709.

Therefore, the effect of the earthquake depends on the natural frequencies of oscillation of the floors and the displacement of the building motion. The displacement of building motion increase in u (t ) , causing the floors to take an excursion that is too large to maintain the structural the integrity of the floor. Hence, we conclude that the highest difference in displacement and natural frequency of oscillation of the floors may cause severe damage. For example in this research, the condition when k1 " k 2 has the highest displacement with 0.1204m and its natural frequency about 0.298607259 to 0.468292905 will collapse the entire building at time 30 seconds.

31

5.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this project, the study is to identify the movement between each floor in order to help minimize destruction and to help in construction of vibration proof buildings. We use Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE), modified for double-storey building with the collecting data that we have already collected and assume that the initial displacement and the initial condition for two of the floors are equal to zero. That means there are no movement of the floors before earthquake happens. Then we solve the equation using Maple 12 that will show the graph of seven conditions depending on the data. Then we identify the movement of the building by the result shows in Maple.

As we know, earthquakes are a major problem of mankind. But we can say that the buildings are not usually collapsed depending on the magnitudes of earthquake. The structure of the building, especially the balancing of the mass and stiffness of each floor are important to make the building last for a long time.

For this research, we have limited our scope to double-storey building and using second order ordinary equation with force and without damping. For future research, we recommended that the study can be extended using equations with damping and multi storey building. Another area to study with regards to the effect of the earthquake on buildings is resonance. We may also use numerical method with real data.

32

REFERENCES

A.K. Chopra. (1995). Dynamics of Structures, Theory and Applications to Eartquake Engineering. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle.

Arkireka Architect Department (2011).

Benaroya, H. (1998). Mechanical Vibration: Analysis, Uncertainty, and Control. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Blanchard, P., Devaney, R.L., & Hall, G.R. (2002). Differential Equations. Pacific Grove: Thomson Learning, Inc.

Boyce, W.E., & DiPrima, R.C. (2004). Elementary Differential Equations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chakraverty, S., Gupt, P., & Sharma, S. (2009). Neural network-based simulation for response identification of two-storey shear building subject to earthquake motion. Journal of neural computing and application. 19(3). Doi: 10.1007/s00521-0090279-6.

Dhang, N. Structural Dynamics: An overview. Department of Civil Engineering. IIT,Kharagpur.

Earthquake Hazards Program. (2009). Last earthquake in Malaysia. Retrieve from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/last_event/world/world_malays ia.php

Gagen, Alex & Larson, Sean (2000). Coupled Oscillators.

33

Kelly, S.G. (1993). Fundamental of Mechanical Vibrations. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

M. C. M. Bakker, J. G. M. Kerstens & J. Weerheijm (2008).Dynamic response of highrise building structuresto blast loading. Netherland: Eindhoven University of Technology.

Magnitude Earthquake (2011).

Earthquake hits papua new guinea.

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http://www.irishweatheronline.com/news/earth-science/geology/6-7-magnitudeearthquake-hits-papua-new-guinea/41757.html. Malaysian Meteorological Department (2010). Retrieve from

http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1717&It emid=1635

Marchand, R., & McDevitt, T.J. (1999). Learning Differential Equations by Exploing Earthquake Induced Structural Vibrations, 15(6), 477-485.

Nagle, R.K., Saff, E.B., & Snider, A.D. (2004). Fundamentals of Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problem. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.

New

Straits

Time

(2011).

Is

Malaysia

in

Danger.

Retrieve

from

http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/IsMalaysiaindanger/Article/art_print

Nur Hamiza A. (2010), Mathematical Modelling of Earthquake Induced Vibration on Multistory Buildings. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM).

Zappler, G., & Long, L.T. (2002). Popular Science 2. Danbury: Grolier Incorporated.

Zill, D.G., & Cullen, M.R. (2009). Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problem. Canada: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

34

APPENDIX A

35

APPENDIX B

The Maple 12 coding for the double-storey building model based on the condition.

36

37

38