Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Components

Cell Structure and Organisation

1. The Nucleus -Cell Prime Minister and Info Storage a. Large, dense, spherical organelle b. Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear membrane) c. Has nucleoplasm, dark sphere (nucleolus) d. Chromatin (uncondensed chromosome) in nucleoplasm e. Chromosomes carry genetic information that determine cell characteristic + function f. Controls all cell activities 2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Highway + Ribosomes Factory Workers RER Network of folded membrane forming interconnected sacs Physically continuous with nuclear membrane Has ribosomes attached to surface Transports Made in Ribosome Proteins and encloses them in vesicles when exiting Ribosome Compact spherical organelles attached to RER or free in cytoplasm Consists of 2 sub units (small+large) made of RNA+Protein Synthesises proteins based on chromosome info 3. a. b. c. d. Nuclear Membrane Checkpoint Made of proteins + phospholipids Boundary separates cell from environment Semi permeable, selective barrier Regulates substance movement in and out of cytoplasm

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

4. MitoChondria Power Plant a. Spherical or cylindrical organelles b. Involved in cellular respiration c. Releases energy when food (eg glucose) is broken down with mitochondrion enzymes d. 1 Energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate try saying that 10 times) 5. a. Golgi Apparatus -Factory Stack of flattened membranous sacs

b. Processes, packages and transports carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteins c. Vesicles fuse with GA, stuff goes into GA, modified, sorted, packaged into vesicles d. Vesicles bud off and travel to other organelles or plasma membrane 6. a. b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Fat and Poison Center Continuous with nuclear membrane Detoxifies toxins and produces lipids such as steroids

7. Centrioles North and South (Animal Only) a. Small cylindrical structures outside nucleus, composed of microtubules b. Form spindle fibres in animal cell division ONLY

8. Lysosomes

Stuff Smasher

a. Membrane bound sacs with hydrolytic enzymes b. Enzymes break down complex organic molecules c. Eliminate old organelles for cell renewal d. Certain lysosomes break down food in vacuoles and digest bacteria (break down cell wall)

9. Chloroplasts a. Lens

(Plant Only)

shaped, contain membranous structures with green pigment chlorophyll

b. Chlorophyll traps sunlight and turns light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis 10. Vacuoles (Major in Plants/Minor in Animals) permeable membrane)

a. Fluid filled sac surrounded by tonoplast (semi

b. Fluid in vacuole is cell sap (water + dissolved substances) c. Typical plant cell has 1 large vacuole, young plant cell has many small vacuoles d. Freshwater microorganisms have contractile vacuoles + Food vacuoles (Paramecium sp.) e. Contractile Vacuoles regulate water balance 11. Cell Walls- (Plant Only) a. Rigid outer layer, surrounds plant cell plasma membranes b. Composed of cellulose, tough and fibrous carbohydrate c. Permeable to all fluids, has tiny pores d. Gives shape and mechanical support for cell e. Protects cell from exploding for too much water

The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus. It is not surrounded by a membrane, and is sometimes called a suborganelle. It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA, DNA coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions (NOR). The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes. The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity, as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components, facilitating further ribosomal assembly, and hence further association. This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures.

Nucleolus adalah struktur diskret padat berlumuran yang terdapat di dalam nukleus. Ia tidak dikelilingi oleh membran, dan kadang-kadang dipanggil satu suborganelle. Ia membentuk di sekitar mengulangi seiring rDNA, DNA pengekodan untuk ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Kawasan-kawasan ini dikenali sebagai kawasan penganjur nucleolar (NOR). Peranan utama yang nucleolus untuk mensintesis rRNA dan memasang ribosomes. Perpaduan struktur nucleolus yang bergantung kepada aktivitinya, sebagai perhimpunan ribosomal dalam keputusan nucleolus dalam persatuan fana komponen nucleolar, memudahkan pemasangan lagi ribosomal, dan persatuan dengan itu lanjut. Model ini disokong oleh pemerhatian yang inactivation keputusan rDNA dalam bergaul struktur nucleolar.