PULSE WIDTH MODULATION VS10DC100V VR170PULSE (50V0V0833.33US833.33US1NS 16666.67US) RR1702MEG VC1150PULSE (0-30V01NS1NS8333.33US 16666.67US) RC11502MEG VC3160PULSE (030V8333.33US1NS1NS8333.33US16666.

67 US) RC3 16 0 2MEG R1 4 5 2.5 L 5 6 10MH VX 3 4 DC 0V VY 1 2 DC 0V D1 3 2 DMOD D2 0 6 DMOD D3 6 2 DMOD D4 0 3 DMOD .MODELDMODD (IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0) XT12373DCSCR XT26090DCSCR XT326116DCSCR XT430130DCSCR .S U B C K T D C S C R 1 2 3 4 DT52DMOD ST1534SMOD .M O D E L D M O D D ( I S = 1 E - 1 5 B V = 1 0 0 0 V ) .M O D E L S M O D V S W I T C H (RON=0.1ROFF=10E+8 VON=10V VOFF=5V) .E N D S D C S C R RG187100

RG2109100 RG31211100 RG41413100 XPW1171583PWM XPW21715100PWM XPW31716126PWM XPW4171640PWM .S U B C K T P W M 1 2 3 4 R1151K R2251K RIN 502MEG RF53100K RO6375 CO3410PF E164052E+5 .E N D S P W M .T R A N 1 0 U S 3 M S 0 1 0 U S .P R O B E .END

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab INDEX Add-on Experiments E E E D e p a r t m e n t S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g m P a g e 1 S l . N o . P E R I M E N A M E P a e N o . 1 C h a r a c t e t i c s o f S C B J T a n d M O S F E T 2 2 T E f i r i n g c i r c u i s o f S C R 1 1 3 A C v o l t a g c o n t r o l l e r w i t h R & R L l o a d s 1 5 4 1 F u l l y c o n t r o l l e d b r i d g e C o n v e r t e r R & R L l o a d s 1 8 5 D J O N E S c h o p p e r 2

, u E N g R i d X e T

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A t 1 e -

w i t h C

2 6 1 P a r a l l e l i n v e r t e r w i t h R & R L l o a d s 2 5 7 1 H a l f - c o n t r o l l e d C o n v e r t e r w i t h R & R L l o a d s 2 8 8 1 S e r i e s i n v e r t e r w i t h R & R L l o a d s 3 2 9PSPICE Simulation of 1- Full converter using RLE loads and1- AC voltage controller using RLE loads3510PSPICE Simulation of Resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck chopper 41 S l . N o . E X P E R I M E N T N A M E P a g e N o . 1 1 1 D u a l c o n v e r t e r w i t h R & R L l o a d s . 4 8 1 2 P S P I C E S i m u l a t i o n o f s i n g l e p h a s e I n v e r t e r w i t h P W M c o n t r o l 5 2 1 3 F o r c e d c o m m u t a t i o n c i r c u i t s o f S C R 5 6 1 4 1 C y c l o c o n v e r t e r

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR ,BJT and MOSFET (a) STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR AIM :To plot the characteristics of SCR and to find the forward resistance holding currentand latching current. APPARATUS :

1)CHA RACTERISTICS STUDY UNIT 2 ) 0 - 5 0 V D C voltmeter 3)0-500mA DC ammeter 4)0-25mA DC Ammeter CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:PROCEDURE : 1)Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 2) Now switch on the supply and initially keep v 1 and v 2 at minimum 3) Set load potentiometer R 1 in the minimum position. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 2

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 4) Adjust I g1 to some value say 10mA by varying V 2 or gate current potentiometer R 2 vary V 1 and note down V

AK and I A READINGS. 5) Further vary V 1 till SCR conducts, this can be noted by sudden drop of V AK and I A readings. 6) Draw the graph V AK vs I A .7)Repe at the same procedure for different gate currents. MODEL GRAPH:TO FIND LATCHING CURRENT AND HOLDING CURRENT : 1) Apply about 20V between anode and cathode by varying V 1 . 2) Keep the load potentiometer R 1 in minimum position.3)The d evice must be in the OFF state with gate open. 4) Gradually increase gate voltage V 2

till the device turns ON. This is the minimum gatecurrent required to turn ON the device.5)Adju st the gate voltage to a slightly higher value and set the load potentiometer at the maximum resistance position, the device should come to OFF state.6)The ga te voltage should be kept constant in this experiment. 7) By varying R 1 , gradually increase anode current I A in steps. 8) Open and close the gate voltage V 2 switch after each switch.9)If the anod e current is greater than the latching current of device, the device stays ON even after the gate switch is opened otherwise the device goes in to blocking mode assoon as the gate switch is opened.10)Note down the latching current. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 3

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 11) Increase the anode current from the latching current level by load pot R 1 or V 1 . 12) Open the gate switch permanently, the thyristors must be carefully ON. 13)

Now start reducing the anode current gradually by adjusting R 1 . 14) If the thyristor does not turns OFF even after the R 1 at maximum position then reduceV 1 .15)Observe when the device goes to blocking mode.16)The anode current at this instant is holding current of the devices. 17) Repeat the steps again to get the holding current I H . TABULAR FORM :S . N O . V BO1 =,I G1 =V BO2 =,I G2 =V AK (V)I A ( A ) V AK (V)I A (A)RESULT :

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab

(b) CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBTAIM : To plot the input and tran sfer characteristics of an IGBT to find ON state resistance and the transfer conductance. APPARATUS : 1) IGBT1RG BC 20S 2) R e s i s t o r s 1 0 K / 2 5 w , 7 5 / 2 5 W 3) DC voltmeter 0-50V 4) DC voltmeter 0-15V 5) DC ammeter 0-500mA THEORY : It is a new development in the area of power MOSFET technology. This device combines in to advantages of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high inputimpedance like as MOSFET and low ON state power like BJT. Further IGBT is free from second breakdown problem present in BJT. IGBT is also known as metal oxide insulated gatetransistor.It was also called as insulated gate transistor. The static characteristics or outputcharacteristics of IGBT shows plot of collector current I C vs collector emitter voltage V CE for various values of gate emitter voltage. In the forward direction the shape of output characteristics is similar to that of BJT and have the controlling parameter is gateemitter vol tage V

GE because IGBT is a voltage controlled device. T h e d e v i c e d e v e l o p e d b y combining the areas of field effect concept and technology. CIRCUIT DAIGARAM: E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 5

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab PROCEDURE :TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS : 1)Make connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Initially keep V 1 and V 2 minimum and set V 1 (V

CE1 ) = 10V. 3) Slowly vary V 2 i.e., V GE and note down I C and V GE reading for every 1V. 4) Repeat the same procedure for different values of V CE and draw the graph V GE vs. I C . COLLECTOR CHARACTERISTICS : 1) Initially set V 2 i.e., V GE to 5V. Slowly vary V 1 and note down I C and V CE . 2)

For a particular value of V GE1 there is a pinch off voltage V P between collector andemitter. 3) Repeat the same for different values of V GE and draw the graph between V CE vs I C MODEL GRAPH: E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u m P a g e 6

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab TABULAR FORM :S . N O V CE1 =V CE2 =V GE (V)I C (mA)V GE ( V ) I

C (mA)S . N O V GE1 =V GE2 =V CE (V)I C (mA)V CE ( V ) I C (mA)RESULT :(c) CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u m P a g e 7

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab AIM: To plot the input and transfer characteristics o f a M O S F E T t o f i n d O N s t a t e resistance and the transfer conductance. APPARATUS: 1) M O S F E T I R F 7 4 0 2) Resistors10K/25w, 75/25W, 4K/25W

3) DC voltmeter 0-50V 4) DC voltmeter 0-15V 5) DC ammeter 0-500mA THEORY: A metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor is a recent device developed bycombining the areas of field effect concept and technology.The transfer characteristics of MOSFET shows the variation of drain current I D as afuction of gate source voltage V GS . The devi ce is in OFF state upto some voltage called threshold device voltage. The output characteristics of Power MOSFET indicate the variationof Drain current I D as a function of Drain source voltage V DS as a parameter.This device combines into advantages of IGBT and BJT. So this device has highimpe dence and low ON state power like BJT. It is a new development in the ared of power MOSFET technology. All the devices are mounted on proper heat sink. Each device is protected by snubber circuit. PROCEDURE:TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS: 1)Make connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Initially keep V 1

and V 2 minimum and set V 1 (V DS1 )= 10V. 3) Slowly vary V 2 i.e., V GS and note down I D and V GS reading for every 1V. 4) Repeat the same procedure for different values of V DS and draw the graph V GS vsI D . COLLECTOR CHARACTERISTICS: 1) Initially set V 2 i.e., V GS to 3.5V. 2) Slowly vary V

1 and note down I D and V DS . 3) For a particular value of V GS1 there is a pinch off voltage V P betwe en drain and source. 4) Repeat the same for different values of V GS and draw the graph between V DS vs I D E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u m P a g e 8

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab CIRCUIT DAIGRAM:MODEL GRAPH:TABULARFORM: E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d m P a g e 9

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS :S . N O V DS1 =V DS2 =V GS ( V ) I D (mA)V GS ( V ) I D (mA)DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:S . N O V GS1 =V GS2 =V DS ( V ) I D (mA)V DS ( V ) I D (mA)RESULT : 2.GATE FIRING CIRCUITS OF SCR E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u m P a g e 1 0

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab AIM: To study and compare resistance firing circuit with the resistance-capacitance firingcircuits. APPARATUS: 1)Cont rol HWR and FWR using resistance circuits. 2 ) R h e o s t a t 5 0 / 2 A 3) CRO4 ) c o n n e c t i n g w i r e s THEORY: The most common method for controlling the onset of conduction in an SCR is bymeans of gate voltage control. The gate control circuit is also called as firing or triggeringcircuits. These gating circuits are

usually low power electronic circuits. The firing circuit should fulfill the functions. An SCR can be switched from OFF state to ON state in severalways. These are forward voltage triggering, dv/dt triggering, light triggering is used in someapplications particularly in a series connected string gate triggering is the most common method of turning ON the SCR at desired instant of time. PROCEDURE:R-TRIGGERING: 1)Make connections as per the circuit diagram. 2)Conn ect the rheostat of 50/2A between the load points. 3)Vary the co ntrol pot and observe the voltage waveform across the load, SCR and different points of circuits.4)We can va ry the firing angle from 0 to 90 degrees only in Rtriggering. In this synchronized firing angle can be obtained easily and economically in the half- cycle of the supply. 5) But there is a drawback that firing angle can controlled at the most at 90 0 since thegate current is in phase with the applied voltage. 6) A resistance is connected in series with the control pot so that the gate current does not cross the maximum possible value I G max.7 ) D r a w t h e w a v e f o r m a c r o s s t h e l o a d a n d d e v i c e f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f f i r i n g angles. RC-TRIGGERING: 1)Conn ect a capacitor to R-triggering circuit to realize RC triggering.

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 2) Repeat the above procedure and draw the waveforms across the load and devicefor different values of firing angles.. CIRCUITDIAGRAM S:MODEL GRAPH: E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 1 2

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab CALCULATIONS: Average output voltage:V O = Vm2Vmsint dt = Vm2 (1+COS)V RMS = 12 Vm2sin2t dt ] TABULAR FORM:R-FIRING:S P R A C T E O R I T I M ( V ) V AVG ( V ) V RMS ( V ) V M ( V ) V AVG ( V ) V RMS (V)RC-FIRING:S . N O F i r P R A C T E O R I T I M

. N O F i r i n g angle I C A L T C A L V

i n g angle I C A C A

( V ) V AVG ( V ) V RMS ( V ) V M ( V ) V AVG ( V ) V RMS (V)RESULT: E E E D e p a r t S V E C , T a d e p a m P a g e

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 3.SINGLE PHASE A.C. VOLTAGE CONTROLLER AIM :To observe the output wave forms of 1-phase A.C. voltage controller with R and RLloads using SCRs. APPARATUS: 1)SCR(tyn612)-22)Rheostat 5 0 / 2 A 3 ) I n d u c t o r 5 0 M h 4)Cat hode ray oscillo scope 5 ) C o n n e c t i n g w i r e s THEORY: By connecting the reverse parallel pair of SCRs or TRIAC between AC supply andload the voltage applied to load can be controlled. This type of power controller or regulator.Some of the main applications of AC voltage regulator are for domestic and industrial heating.Transformer tap changing, lightening, speed control of 1-phase and 3-phase AC drives and starting of induction motors earlier. The devices used for applications are Auto transformers, tap t/f, magnetic amps, saturable and triac based controller because of their higheffic iency flexibility in control. Compact size and less maintaince . A.C.voltage controllers are also closed loop control systems. PROCEDURE: 1)Switc h on the main supply of the firing circuit and observe trigger outputs by varying the firing angle.2)Make su re that firing pulses are proper before connecting to the power circuit. 3 ) M a k e t h e connections as connect the trigger pulses f r o m f i r i n g c i r c u i t t o corresponding SCR TRIAC in power circuit4)Conn ect the A.C. supply to power through step down transformer. 5)Con nect the load of 50/2a rheostat.

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab6 ) S w i t c h o n t h e step down t/f supply and trigger outputs and o b s e r v e t h e waveforms in the CRO.7)Note d own the o/p voltage, firing angle, I/p voltage. Tabular Forms: S . n o F i r i n g a n g l e P r a c t i c a l t h e o r e t i c a l ( ) V a v g ( v ) R-

loadVrms(V)R-loadVavg(v)RL- loadVrms(v)RL- loadCIRCUIT DIAGRAM:MODEL GRAPHS: E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 1 5

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab Result: VIVA QUESTIONS : 1)Wha t is the specialty of an AC voltage controller? 2)Wha t is the device which can replace the AC voltage controller? 3)Wha t type of commutation is employed in this circuit? E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 1 6

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 4.1- FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R ANDRL LOADS AIM: To study single phase fully controlled bridge converter with R and RL loads. APPARATUS : 1)1-p h converter firing circuit 2)1-p h fully controlled power circuit 3 ) R h e o s t a t 50/2A4)Inductor-50mH5 )Po wer scope6 ) C R O THEORY: A 1-ph full bridge converter using four SCRs is shown in figure. The load is assumedto be R and RL. Thyristor pair T

1 and T 2 is simultaneously triggered and radians after pair T 3 and T 4 is gated together.During the positive half cycle SCRs T 1 and T 1I are forward biased and when there two thyristors are fired simultaneously at wt = , the load is connected to the input through T 1 and T 1I . In this case of inductive loads during the period <wt < + the input voltage is n e g a t i v e a n d freewheeling diode D m is forward biased. D m c o n d u c t s t o p r o v i d e t h e conductivity of current in the inductive load. The load current is transferred from T 1 and T 1I to D M and thyristors T 1 and T

1I are turned off due to line or natural commutation.Durin g the negative half cycle of the input voltage thyristors T 2 and T I2 are forward biased. The firing of thyristors T 2 and T 2I simultaneously at wt = + will reverse bias D M . thediode D M is turned off and the load is connected to the supply through T 2 and T 2I . PROCEDURE: 1)Make the connections as shown in figure 2) Apply triggering pulse to SCR T 1 ,T 1I ,T 2 ,T 2I 3)Now var y the firing angle and note down the readings of the output voltage. 4)Obse rve the fully

controlled waveform in CRO 5)Perfo rm the same operations with RL loads and with freewheeling diode with RL load 6)Avoid u sing two CRO probes as there is a problem of short circuit. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 1 7

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab PRECAUTIONS : 1)Avo id loose connections 2)Whil e turning on first turn on the converter and then turn on the firing circuit. 3)Whil e turning off first remove the firing the pulses and then turn off the converter. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM S1 full converter with RL Load & free wheeling Diode. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 1 8

Power Electronics MODEL GRAPHS: E E E D e p a S V E C T a d e m P a g

& Simulation Lab r , p e t a m l 1 l 9 e i n g t u , d e

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab TABULAR FORM :R-LOADSl No.FiringAngle ()Output VoltageR-LoadPracticalOutput VoltageRLoadTheoreticalOutputCurrentI ac (A)V DC ( V ) V RMS ( V ) V DC (V)V RMS (V)RL-LOADSl.No.FiringAngle()Output VoltageRL LoadPracticalOutput VoltageRL LoadTheoreticalOutputCurrentI ac (A)V DC ( V ) V RMS ( V ) V DC (V)V RMS (V)CALCULATIONS: AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLATGEV O = 1 VmSint dt

= Vm 1+cos V RMS =[ 1V m2 sin 2 t dt] 2 Average load currentI DC = 2Vm (1+cos) RESULT : VIVA QUESTIONS: 1)What type of commutation is employed in this circuit? 2)Is sec ond quadrant operation possible with R- load? 3)For wha t firing angle in RL load the average output voltage is zero? 4)The av erage output power is purely reactive from what firing angle? E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 2 0

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 5)

The output voltage waveform for R-load and RL-load with freewheeling diode aresimilar. Why? 5.DC JONES CHOPPER AIM : To rig up DC Jones chopper and to control output average DC voltage both at constant frequency and variable frequency and at different firing cycles. APPARATUS: 1)DC chopper power circuit 2)DC chopper firing circuit 3)DC regulated power supply 030V/2A 4 ) R h e o s t a t 5 0 / 2 A 5)Cat hode ray oscillo scope THEORY: In many industrial applications, it is required to connect a fixed voltage DC source into a variable voltage DC source. A DC chopper converts directly from fixed DC to variableDC and is also known as DC to DC converter. A chopper can be considered as DC equivalentto an AC transformer with a continuously variable turns ratio. Like a transformer, it could beused to step down or step up a DC voltage source. Choppers are widely used for tractionmotor control in electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine hoists, forklift trucks and mine hau lers . They provide smooth acceleration control, high effic iency and fast dynamic response. Chopper can be used in regenerative braking of DC motors to return energy back tothe supply and this feature results in energy savings for transportation systems with frequentstops. Chopper can also be in DC voltage regulators.The Jones chopper is another example of class-D commutation in which a charged capacitor is switched by an auxiliary SCR to commutate the main SCR. PROCEDURE:

1)Swi tch on the DC chopper firing circuit. 2 ) O b s e r v e t h e p o i n t s i g n a l s a n d t r i g g e r output signals by carrying duty cycle a n d frequency potentiometer.3)Make su re that trigger outputs are proper before connecting to the power circuit. 4)Now, m ake the interconnections as per the circuit diagram. 5)Conn ect the DC supply from the variable DC source. 6) Initially set input DC supply to 10V. 7) Connect respective trigger outputs from the firing circuit to the respective SCRs inthe power circuit.8)Initia lly keep firing circuit in OFF position. 9)Switc h on the DC supply and now supply main SCR trigger pulses. 10)Observe the voltage waveform across load. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 2 1

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab11)If commuta tion fails we can see only the DC voltage, in that case switch off the DC supply, switch off the pulses and check the connections and try again.12)Observe the voltage across the load, across capacitor, across main SCR and auxiliarySCR by varying duty-cycle and frequency.

13) Now vary the DC supply upto 30V.14)Draw the waveforms at different duty cycle and at different frequencies.15)Connect voltmeter and ammeter and note down the values. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:MODELGRAPHS:CALCULATIONS: E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 2 2

Power Electronics & Simulation LabDUTY CYCLE, = TonT Total time period T = T ON +T OFF msOutput voltage V O =V IN volts TABULAR FORM: s . n o C a p a c i t o r voltageV C (V)V IN (V)InputvoltageT ON (ms)ONtimeT OFF (ms)OFFtimeDutycycle( )O u t p u t v o l t a g e ( V ) F r e q u e n c y(KHz)PracticalV O (V)TheoreticalV O (V) RESULT:VIVA QUESTIONS: 1 ) W h a t i s c h o p p e r ? 2)Wha t type of commutation is employed in Jones chopper? 3)Is the c ommutation Voltage or current? 4)Menti on any applications of choppers. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C ,

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab PROCEDURE:

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab DUAL CONVERTER IN NON-CIRCULATORY CURRENT MODE:I) P-Converter is ON & N-Converter is OFF: 1)Conn ections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2)Con nect rheostat at 50/8A. 3)Con nect CRO across load. 4)Apply AC input voltage using isolation transformer. 5) Made P-converter ON & OFF the N-converter.6)Vary fi ring angle observe load voltage waveforms on CRO. 7) Note down load voltage in steps by varying firing angle using multimeter. Sl.NOFiring angle in degrees(N-converter) -Load voltageV L (DC)In volts 10 0 230 0 II) N-Converter is ON & P-Converter is OFF: 1)Conn ections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2)Con nect rheostat at 50/8A. 3)Con nect CRO across load. 4)Apply AC input voltage using isolation transformer. 5)Mad e N-converter ON & Pconverter OFF. 6)Vary fi ring angle observe load voltage waveforms on CRO. 7) Note down load voltage in steps by varying firing angle using multimeter. Sl.NOFiring angle in degrees(N-converter) -Load voltageV

L (DC)In volts 10 0 230 0 Firing angle of N-converter = firing angle of Pconverter = III) DUAL CONVERTER IN CIRCULATORY CURRENT MODE: 1)Conn ections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2)Con nect rheostat at 2/1A. 3)Con nect CRO across load. 4)Apply A C input voltage using isolation transformer. Say 30V range. 5)Mad e Nconverter ON & P-converter ON. 6)Vary fi ring angle, observe load voltage waveforms on CRO. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 4 9

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 7) Note down load voltage in steps by varying firing angle using multimeter. Sl.No.firing angle indegrees ( P-Converter)Firing angle in degrees (N-converter)Load voltage V L (DC) in volts 1 1 8 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 0 0

30 0 3 0 0 60 0 490 0 90 0 560 0 120 0 630 0 150 0 70 0 180 0 RESULT: Single phase performance E E E D e p S V E T a d m P a

dual converter is constructed and its is studied. a C e g r , p e t a m l 5 l 0 e i n g t u , d e

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 10.SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH PWM CONTROL AIM: PSpice analysis of single phase inverter with PWM control. SIMULATION TOOLS REQUIRED: PC with PSPICE Software. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: D4 51 2 D 1T 2V y0 V

9 T 3R g 1R2 . 5 O H 17 V x0 VT 4 13 Rg4 246 V s1 0 0 V 8 T 1D 2R g 3 11 L1 0 M H 0 1 4 1 0 R g 2D 3 3 PWM Generator R i n2 M E G R 41 K O H M S 42 Vc 1 C o1 0 pR 21 k 6 R o7 5 O H M 0 Vr 3 R 11 k 5

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Power Electronics & Simulation Lab Carrier and Reference signals 0 R c 12 M E G 1 71 5

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c E G

R c 32

16 Rr2ME SPECIFICATIONS: V R :V 1 = 50V, V 2 = 0V, T D = 0, T R =T F = 8333.33us, PW = 1ns, PER =16666.67us.V C1 :V 1 = 0V, V 2 = -30V, T D = 0, T R =T F = 1ns, PW = 8333.33us,P E R = 1 6 6 6 6 . 6 7 u s . V C3 :V

1 = 0V, V 2 = -30V, T D = 8333.33us, T R =T F = 1ns,PW = 8333.33us, PER = 16666.67us.Firing circuit: R G = 50 , V X ,V Y = 0V, R T = 1 , C T = 10uf, R ON = 0.0125, R OFF =10E+5, V ON = 0.5V, V OFF = 0V, I S = 2.2E-15, BV = 1800V, TT = 0 sec. For Dt,I S =e -15

, BV = 1000V. THEORY: Dc to ac converters are known as inverters. The function of an inverter isto change a dc input voltage to a symmetrical ac output voltage of desired magnitudeand frequency. The output voltage could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variablefrequency . A variable voltage can be obtained by varying the input DC voltage and maintaining the gain of inverter constant. On the other hand, if the dc input voltage isfixed and it is not controllable, a variable output voltage can be obtained by varying thegain of the inverter, which is normally accomplished by pulse width modulation (PWM)control within inverter. The inverter gain may be modified as the ratio of the ac outputvoltage to dc input voltage.The output voltage waveforms of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal. However, the waveforms of practical inverters are non-sinusoidal and contain certainharmonics . For low and medium power applications, square wave or quassi square wave voltages may be acceptable; and for high- power applications, low distorted s i n u s o i d a l w a v e f o r m s are required. With the availability of highs p e e d p o w e r semiconductor devices, the harmonic contents of output voltage can be minimized or reduced significantly by switching techniques. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 5 2

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab PROGRAM: PULSE WIDTH MODULATIONVS 1 0 DC 100VVR 17 0 PULSE(50V 0V 0 833.33US 833.33US 1NS 16666.67US)RR 17 0 2MEGVC1 15 0 PULSE(0 -30V 0 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)RC1 15 0 2MEGVC3 16 0 PULSE(0 -30V 8333.33US 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)RC3 16 0 2MEGR1 4 5 2.5L 5 6 10MHVX 3 4

DC 0VVY 1 2 DC 0VD1 3 2 DMODD2 0 6 DMODD3 6 2 DMODD4 0 3 DMOD.MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0)XT1 2 3 7 3 DCSCR XT2 6 0 9 0 DCSCR XT3 2 6 11 6 DCSCR XT4 3 0 13 0 DCSCR . SUBCKT DCSCR 1 2 3 4DT 5 2 DMODST 1 5 3 4 SMOD . MODEL DMOD D(IS=1E-15 BV=1000V) . MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.1 ROFF=10E+8 VON=10VVOFF=5V) . ENDS DCSCR RG1 8 7 100RG2 10 9 100RG3 12 11 100RG4 14 13 100XPW1 17 15 8 3 PWMXPW2 17 15 10 0 PWMXPW3 17 16 12 6 PWMXPW4 17 16 14 0 PWM . SUBCKT PWM 1 2 3 4R1 1 5 1K R2 2 5 1K RIN 5 0 2MEG E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 5 3

Power Electronics & Simulation LabR F 5 3 100K RO 6 3 75CO 3 4 10PFE1 6 4 0 5 2E+5

. ENDS PWM . TRAN 10US 3MS 0 10US . PROBE . END PROCEDURE: 1. Write the program in a new text file in PSpice AD. 2. Save the file using the notation filename.cir.3.Activate the file by opening it.4.Run the simulation process using blue button.5.By clicking Add Trace icon, get the required waveform. MODEL WAVEFORM:OUTPUT WAVEFORM Time 0 s 0 . 5 m s 1 . 0 m s 1 . 5 m s 2 . 0 m s 2 . 5 m s 3 . 0 m s V(3,6)-120V-80V-40V 0V40V80V120V RESULT:REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1 . W h a t i s a n i n v e r t e r ? 2.What is the procedure to trace a waveform?3.What is the procedure to define a switch and diode? 4. What is subckt?5.What is your conclusio n after doing the analysis? 10.FORCED COMMUTATION CIRCUITS E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 5 4

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab CLASS A COMMUTATIONAIM: To rig up turn off circuit for SCR by CLASS-A commutation. APPARATUS:

1)Forced commutation study kit2)DC regulated power supply 0-30V/2A 3 ) C o n n e c t i n g w i r e s 4)Cathode ray oscilloscope THEORY: The current reversing property of load will force the device commutation. L,C,R values are chosen such that the circuit is under damped. Since the commutation elements carry load current on a continuous basis their ratings are generally high. For low frequencyoperation, large values for L and C are required. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPHS:PROCEDURE : 1)Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Connect the trigger output T 1 to gate and cathode of SCR T 1 . E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 5 5

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 3)

Switch ON the DC supply to power circuit and observe the voltage waveform across the load by varying the frequency potentiometer.4)Duty cycle potentiometer is of no use in this experiment. 5) Repeat the same for different values of L, C , R. TABULAR FORM : RESULT :VIVA QUESTIONS: 1)What is the other name for this commutation? 2)What condition should be satisfied for R-L-C elements?3)Mention any application of class-A commutation. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 5 6 S . N O . T ON ( m s ) T OFF (ms)DUTY CYCLET ON /TT=T ON +T OFF FREQUENCY(Hz)OUTPUTVOLTAGEV O (V)

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab CLASS-B COMMUTATIONAIM : To study CLASS-B commutation circuit. APPARATUS : 1)For ced commutation study kit 2)DC re gulated power supply 0-24V/2A 3 ) C o n n e c t i n g w i r e s 4)Cat hode ray oscilloscope 5 ) R h e o s t a t 5 0 /2A THEORY : In this type of commutation reverse voltage is applied to the SCR by the over swinging of under damped circuit connected across the SCR.A capacitor charge up to the supply voltage before the trigger pulse is applied to thegate. When the SCR is triggered, a load current flows through the external circuit and a pulseof current through LC circuit and SCR is in opposite direction. This rheostat current tends toturn OFF SCR. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH: PROCEDURE : 1)Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 5 7

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab 2) Connect the trigger pulses to SCR 1 3)Switc h ON the DC supply and observe the voltage waveform across the load by varying the frequency potentiometer.4)Repe at the same for different values of R, L and C. Model waveforms are drawn by observing the load voltage using CRO. TABULAR FORM:RESULT :VIVA QUESTIONS : 1)Wha t is the other name of this commutation? 2)Is it c urrent commutation or voltage commutation?

3)Wha t should be the condition for R-L-C components? E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u m P a g e 5 8 S . N O . T ON ( m s ) T OFF (ms)DUTYCYCLET ON /TT=T ON +T OFF FREQUENCY(Hz)OUTPUTVOLTAGEV O (V)

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab CLASS-C COMMUTATIONAIM : To rig up the TURN OFF circuit for SCR by CLASS-C commutation. APPARATUS : 1)For ced commutation study kit 2)DC re gulated power supply 0-24V/2A 3 ) C o n n e c t i n g w i r e s 4)Cat hode ray oscilloscope 5 ) R h e o s t a t 5 0 /2A- 2 THEORY: This commutation is used to transfer current between loads. The firing of one SCR commutates the other one. Both the SCRs are conducting through the load current. However in some cases the SCR used for

turn OFF may cause very small amount of current requiredfor charging. In such cases SCR is called as AUXILIARY SCR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & MODEL GRAPH: E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d m P a g e 5 9

Power Electronics & Simulation Lab PROCEDURE: 1)Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Connect T 1 and T

2 from firing circuit to gate and cathode of SCR T 1 and T 2 . 3) Observe the waveforms across R 1 ,R 2 , and C by varying frequency and also dutycycle potentiometer.4)Repe at the same for different values of C and R. TABULAR FORM : RESULT:VIVA QUESTIONS: 1)What is the other name of this commutation? Why? 2)Is it cu rrent commutation or voltage commutation? 3)Is ther e a chance for both the thyristors to be in ON condition? E E E D e p a r t m e n t , S V E C , T a d e p a l l i g u d e m P a g e 6 0 S . N O . T ON ( m s ) T OFF (ms)DUTYCYCLET ON /TT=T ON

+T OFF FREQUENCY (Hz) OUTPUTVOLTAGEV O (V)