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Objectives
Describe the background and basic features of OSPF Identify and apply the basic OSPF configuration commands Describe, modify and calculate the metric used by OSPF Describe the Designated Router/Backup Designated Router (DR/BDR) election process in multiaccess networks Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in OSPF
Introduction
Introduction to OSPF
Background of OSPF
Background of OSPF Began in 1987 1989 OSPFv1 released in RFC 1131 This version was experimental & never deployed 1991 OSPFv2 released in RFC 1247 1998 OSPFv2 updated in RFC 2328 1999 OSPFv3 published in RFC 2740
OSPF area
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Hello Protocol
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Hello Protocol
Hello Protocol
Hello Protocol
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Hello Protocol
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Network 1 is down
LSAs LSAs LSAs
Area x
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When a failure occurs in the network, such as a neighbor becomes unreachable Link-state protocols flood LSAs using a special multicast address throughout an area. Each link-state router takes a copy of the LSA, updates its link-state/topological database. The link-state router will then forward the LSA to all neighboring devices. LSAs cause every router within the area to recalculate routes. Because LSAs need to be flooded throughout an area
Note: all routers within that area need to recalculate their routing tables ==> the number of link-state routers that can be in an area should be limited
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OSPF Algorithm
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Administrative Distance
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OSPF Authentication
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Lab Topology
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Addressing
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Router(config-router)# network networkaddress wildcard-mask area area-id wildcard mask - the inverse of the subnet mask. The network address along with the wildcard mask is used to specify the interface or range of interfaces that will be enabled for OSPF using this network command. area-id Area-id refers to the OSPF area. OSPF area is a group of routers that share link state information
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OSPF Router ID
Router ID ?
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OSPF Router ID
Commands used to verify current router ID Show ip protocols Show ip ospf Show ip ospf interface
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OSPF Router ID
Host Mask
Router ID & Loopback addresses Highest loopback address will be used as router ID if router-id command isnt used Advantage: loopback interface cannot fail OSPF stability The OSPF router-id command: Introduced in IOS 12.0 Router(config)#router ospf process-id Router(config-router)#router-id ip-address Modifying the Router ID Router#clear ip ospf process
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OSPF Router ID
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OSPF Router ID
Duplicate Router IDs When two routers have the same router ID in an OSPF, domain routing may not function properly. If the router ID is the same on two neighboring routers, the neighbor establishment may not occur. When duplicate OSPF router IDs occur, IOS will display a message similar to: %OSPF-4-DUP_RTRID1: Detected router with duplicate router ID
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Verifying OSPF
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Verifying OSPF
Neighbor ID - The router ID of the neighboring router. Pri - The OSPF priority of the interface. This is discussed in a later section. State - The OSPF state of the interface. FULL state means that the router and its neighbor have identical OSPF linkstate databases. OSPF states are discussed in CCNP. Dead Time - The amount of time remaining that the router will wait to receive an OSPF Hello packet from the neighbor before declaring the neighbor down. This value is reset when the interface receives a Hello packet. Address - The IP address of the neighbor's interface to which this router is directly connected. Interface - The interface on which this router has formed adjacency with the neighbor.
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Reasons of no adjacency
Two routers may not form an OSPF adjacency if: The subnet masks do not match, causing the routers to be on separate networks. OSPF Hello or Dead Timers do not match. OSPF Network Types do not match. There is a missing or incorrect OSPF network command.
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Verifying OSPF
Verifying OSPF - Additional Commands
Command Description Displays OSPF process ID, router ID, networks router is advertising & administrative distance Displays OSPF process ID, router ID, OSPF area information & the last time SPF algorithm calculated Displays hello interval and dead interval
Show ip protocols
Show ip ospf
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show ip protocols
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show ip ospf
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show ip ospf
A network that cycles between an up state and a down state is referred to as a flapping link. A flapping link can cause OSPF routers in an area to constantly recalculate the SPF algorithm, preventing proper convergence. To minimize this problem, the router waits 5 seconds (5000 msecs) after receiving an LSU before running the SPF algorithm. This is known as the SPF schedule delay. In order to prevent a router from constantly running the SPF algorithm, there is an additional Hold Time of 10 seconds (10000 msecs). The router waits 10 seconds after running the SPF algorithm before rerunning the algorithm again.
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OSPF Metric
OSPF uses cost as the metric for determining the best route Best route ~ lowest cost Cost 108 / bandwidth Reference bandwidth defaults to 100Mbps can be modified using auto-cost referencebandwidth command
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OSPF Metric
COST of an OSPF route Is the accumulated value from one router to the next
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OSPF Metric
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OSPF Metric
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OSPF defines 5 network types: 1. Point-to-point 2. Broadcast Multiaccess 3. Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA) 4. Point-to-multipoint 5. Virtual links
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Extensive flooding of LSAs For every LSA sent out there must be an acknowledgement of receipt sent back to transmitting router. lots of bandwidth consumed and chaotic traffic
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Solution to LSA flooding issue is the use of Designated router (DR) Backup designated router (BDR) DR & BDR selection Routers are elected to send & receive LSA Sending & Receiving LSA DRothers send LSAs via multicast 224.0.0.6 to DR & BDR DR forward LSA via multicast address 224.0.0.5 to all other routers
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Criteria for getting elected DR/BDR 1.DR: Router with the highest OSPF interface priority. 2.BDR: Router with the second highest OSPF interface priority. 3.If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the highest router ID is used to break the tie.
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More
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Each router keeps a list of adjacent neighbor, called the Adjacency databese.
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OSPF routers progress through the following 5 distinct steps of operation: 1. Establish router adjacencies 2. Elect a DR and BDR, if necessary 3. Discover routes 4. Select the appropriate routes to use 5. Maintain routing information
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3.Discover routes
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2 3 1
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Router connected to ISP Called an autonomous system border router Used to propagate a default route Example of static default route R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback 1 Requires the use of the default-information originate command Example of default-information originate command R1(config-router)#default-information originate
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Fine-Tuning OSPF
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Fine-Tuning OSPF
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Reason to modify timers Faster detection of network failures Manually modifying Hello & Dead intervals Router(config-if)#ip ospf hellointerval seconds Router(config-if)#ip ospf deadinterval seconds Point to be made Hello & Dead intervals must be the same between neighbors
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The clear-text authentication Create a plain text password: Router(config-if)#ip ospf authentication-key {password} Enable authentication on all interfaces: Router(config-router)#area {area-number} authentication Or Enable authentication on an interface: Router(config-if)# ip ospf authentication
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OSPF redistribution
Planning Redistribution
Locate the boundary router between two routing processes. Determine which routing process is the core or backbone process Determine which routing process is the edge or migration process Select a method for injecting the required edge protocol routes into the core.
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Summary
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