CA - Ex - S2M11 - OSPF - PPT (Compatibility Mode)

Chapter 11: OSPF
CCNA Exploration version 4.0
Objectives

Describe the background and basic features of OSPF Identify and apply the basic OSPF configuration commands Describe, modify and calculate the metric used by OSPF Describe the Designated Router/Backup Designated Router (DR/BDR) election process in multiaccess networks Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in OSPF
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Introduction
Introduction to OSPF
Background of OSPF
Background of OSPF Began in 1987 1989 OSPFv1 released in RFC 1131 This version was experimental & never deployed 1991 OSPFv2 released in RFC 1247 1998 OSPFv2 updated in RFC 2328 1999 OSPFv3 published in RFC 2740
Single Area OSPF Concepts: OSPF terminology
Single Area OSPF Concepts: OSPF terminology
OSPF area
OSPF Message Encapsulation
OSPF Packet Types
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Hello Protocol
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Hello Protocol
1. Discover OSPF neighbors and

establish neighbor adjacencies. 2. Advertise parameters on which two routers must agree to become neighbors. 3. Elect the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) on multiaccess networks like Ethernet and Frame Relay.
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Hello Protocol
OSPF Hello Intervals

Usually multicast (224.0.0.5) Sent every 30 seconds for NBMA segments Sent every 10 seconds for Multi access network OSPF Dead Intervals This is the time that must be expired before the neighbor is considered down Default time is 4 times the hello interval
Hello Protocol
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Hello Protocol
Electing a DR and BDR

Designated Router (DR): DR is responsible for updating all other OSPF routers (called DROthers) Backup Designated Router (BDR): This router takes over DRs responsibilities if DR fails
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OSPF Link-state Updates
Purpose of a Link State Update

(LSU): Used to deliver link state advertisements Purpose of a Link State Advertisement (LSA) Contains information about neighbors & path costs
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OSPF Link-state Updates
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Extra: How routing information is maintained when a failure is occurs
Network 1 is down
LSAs LSAs LSAs
Area x
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When a failure occurs in the network, such as a neighbor becomes unreachable Link-state protocols flood LSAs using a special multicast address throughout an area. Each link-state router takes a copy of the LSA, updates its link-state/topological database. The link-state router will then forward the LSA to all neighboring devices. LSAs cause every router within the area to recalculate routes. Because LSAs need to be flooded throughout an area
Note: all routers within that area need to recalculate their routing tables ==> the number of link-state routers that can be in an area should be limited
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OSPF Algorithm
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Administrative Distance
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OSPF Authentication
Purpose is to encrypt & authenticate routing

information This is an interface specific configuration Routers will only accept routing information from other routers that have been configured with the same password or authentication information Note: Authentication does not encrypt the router's routing table.
Basic OSPF Configuration
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Lab Topology
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Addressing
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The router ospf command
R1(config)#router ospf process-id Process ID:

A locally significant number between 1 and 65535 Does not have to match other OSPF routers
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The network command
Router(config-router)# network networkaddress wildcard-mask area area-id wildcard mask - the inverse of the subnet mask. The network address along with the wildcard mask is used to specify the interface or range of interfaces that will be enabled for OSPF using this network command. area-id Area-id refers to the OSPF area. OSPF area is a group of routers that share link state information
The network command
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OSPF Router ID
Router ID ?
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OSPF Router ID
Commands used to verify current router ID Show ip protocols Show ip ospf Show ip ospf interface
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OSPF Router ID
Host Mask
Router ID & Loopback addresses Highest loopback address will be used as router ID if router-id command isnt used Advantage: loopback interface cannot fail OSPF stability The OSPF router-id command: Introduced in IOS 12.0 Router(config)#router ospf process-id Router(config-router)#router-id ip-address Modifying the Router ID Router#clear ip ospf process
OSPF Router ID
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OSPF Router ID
Duplicate Router IDs When two routers have the same router ID in an OSPF, domain routing may not function properly. If the router ID is the same on two neighboring routers, the neighbor establishment may not occur. When duplicate OSPF router IDs occur, IOS will display a message similar to: %OSPF-4-DUP_RTRID1: Detected router with duplicate router ID
Verifying OSPF
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Verifying OSPF

Neighbor ID - The router ID of the neighboring router. Pri - The OSPF priority of the interface. This is discussed in a later section. State - The OSPF state of the interface. FULL state means that the router and its neighbor have identical OSPF linkstate databases. OSPF states are discussed in CCNP. Dead Time - The amount of time remaining that the router will wait to receive an OSPF Hello packet from the neighbor before declaring the neighbor down. This value is reset when the interface receives a Hello packet. Address - The IP address of the neighbor's interface to which this router is directly connected. Interface - The interface on which this router has formed adjacency with the neighbor.
Reasons of no adjacency
Two routers may not form an OSPF adjacency if: The subnet masks do not match, causing the routers to be on separate networks. OSPF Hello or Dead Timers do not match. OSPF Network Types do not match. There is a missing or incorrect OSPF network command.
Verifying OSPF
Verifying OSPF - Additional Commands
Command Description Displays OSPF process ID, router ID, networks router is advertising & administrative distance Displays OSPF process ID, router ID, OSPF area information & the last time SPF algorithm calculated Displays hello interval and dead interval
Show ip protocols
Show ip ospf
Show ip ospf interface
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show ip protocols
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show ip ospf
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show ip ospf
A network that cycles between an up state and a down state is referred to as a flapping link. A flapping link can cause OSPF routers in an area to constantly recalculate the SPF algorithm, preventing proper convergence. To minimize this problem, the router waits 5 seconds (5000 msecs) after receiving an LSU before running the SPF algorithm. This is known as the SPF schedule delay. In order to prevent a router from constantly running the SPF algorithm, there is an additional Hold Time of 10 seconds (10000 msecs). The router waits 10 seconds after running the SPF algorithm before rerunning the algorithm again.
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show ip ospf interface
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show ip ospf database
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Examining the routing table
Note: OSPF does not automatically

summarize at major network boundaries
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The OSPF Metric
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OSPF Metric
OSPF uses cost as the metric for determining the best route Best route ~ lowest cost Cost 108 / bandwidth Reference bandwidth defaults to 100Mbps can be modified using auto-cost referencebandwidth command
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OSPF Metric
COST of an OSPF route Is the accumulated value from one router to the next
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OSPF Metric
Usually the actual speed of a link is

different than the default bandwidth Bandwidth value does not actually affect the speed of the link; it is used by some routing protocols to compute the routing metric. The show interface command will display interfaces bandwidth Most serial link default to 1.544Mbps
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OSPF Metric
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Modifying the Cost of a link
Both sides of a serial link should be

configured with the same bandwidth Router(config-if)#bandwidth bandwidth-kbps R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 R1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562
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Difference between bandwidth

command & the ip ospf cost command Ip ospf cost command Sets cost to a specific value Bandwidth command Link cost is calculated
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OSPF and Multiaccess Networks
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Challenges in Multi-access Networks
OSPF defines 5 network types: 1. Point-to-point 2. Broadcast Multiaccess 3. Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA) 4. Point-to-multipoint 5. Virtual links
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OSPF in Multi-access Networks
2 challenges presented by multi-access networks Multiple adjacencies Extensive LSA flooding
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Extensive flooding of LSAs For every LSA sent out there must be an acknowledgement of receipt sent back to transmitting router. lots of bandwidth consumed and chaotic traffic
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Solution to LSA flooding issue is the use of Designated router (DR) Backup designated router (BDR) DR & BDR selection Routers are elected to send & receive LSA Sending & Receiving LSA DRothers send LSAs via multicast 224.0.0.6 to DR & BDR DR forward LSA via multicast address 224.0.0.5 to all other routers
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DR/BDR Election Process
DR/BDR elections DO NOT occur in point to point networks
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DR/BDR elections will take place on multi-access networks as shown below
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Criteria for getting elected DR/BDR 1.DR: Router with the highest OSPF interface priority. 2.BDR: Router with the second highest OSPF interface priority. 3.If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the highest router ID is used to break the tie.
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Timing of DR/BDR Election

Occurs as soon as 1st router has its interface enabled on multi-access network When a DR is elected it remains as the DR until one of the following occurs 1. The DR fails. 2. The OSPF process on the DR fails. 3. The multiaccess interface on the DR fails.
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Manipulating the election process

1. Boot up the DR first, followed by the BDR, and then boot all other routers, OR 2. Shut down the interface on all routers, followed by a no shutdown on the DR, then the BDR, and then all other routers.
OSPF Interface Priority
Manipulating the DR/BDR election

process continued Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority {0 - 255} Priority number range 0 to 255 0 means the router cannot become the DR or BDR 1 is the default priority value
OSPF Interface Priority
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More
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OSPF neighbor relationships progress through seven states:

not exchanged information
OSPF interfaces can be in one of seven states.
Send Hello packets to establish a relationship with neighbor routers.
There are 2 kinds of relationship
Each router keeps a list of adjacent neighbor, called the Adjacency databese.
Steps in the operation of OSPF
OSPF routers progress through the following 5 distinct steps of operation: 1. Establish router adjacencies 2. Elect a DR and BDR, if necessary 3. Discover routes 4. Select the appropriate routes to use 5. Maintain routing information
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1.Establish router adjacencies
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2.Elect a DR and BDR, if necessary
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3.Discover routes
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4.Select the appropriate routes to use
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5.Maintain Routing Information
2 3 1
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More OSPF Configuration
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Redistributing an OSPF Default Route
Router connected to ISP Called an autonomous system border router Used to propagate a default route Example of static default route R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback 1 Requires the use of the default-information originate command Example of default-information originate command R1(config-router)#default-information originate
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Example default route
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Fine-Tuning OSPF
Since link speeds are getting faster it may

be necessary to change reference bandwidth values Do this using the auto-cost referencebandwidth command Example: R1(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth 10000
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Fine-Tuning OSPF
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Modifying OSPF timers
Reason to modify timers Faster detection of network failures Manually modifying Hello & Dead intervals Router(config-if)#ip ospf hellointerval seconds Router(config-if)#ip ospf deadinterval seconds Point to be made Hello & Dead intervals must be the same between neighbors
Configuring Simple OSPF authentication
The clear-text authentication Create a plain text password: Router(config-if)#ip ospf authentication-key {password} Enable authentication on all interfaces: Router(config-router)#area {area-number} authentication Or Enable authentication on an interface: Router(config-if)# ip ospf authentication

The encrypted authentication Create a plain text password: Router(config-if)#ip ospf message-digest-key {keyid} md5 {password} Enable authentication on all interfaces: Router(config-router)#area {area-number} authentication message-digest Or Enable authentication on an interface: Router(config-if)# ip ospf authentication messagedigest Note: key-id and password must to match on all routers on the same link
The encrypted authentication
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OSPF redistribution
Planning Redistribution
Locate the boundary router between two routing processes. Determine which routing process is the core or backbone process Determine which routing process is the edge or migration process Select a method for injecting the required edge protocol routes into the core.
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Configuring Redistribution into OSPF

Use this command to redistribute routes into OSPF: Router(config-router)# redistribute protocol [process-id] [metric metric-value] [metric-type type-value] [route-map maptag] [subnets] [tag tag-value] Default metric is 20 or 1. Default metric type is 2. Subnets do not redistribute by default.
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RtrA(config)# router ospf 1 RtrA(config-router)# redistribute eigrp ? <1-65535> Autonomous system number RtrA(config-router)# redistribute eigrp 100 ? metric Metric for redistributed routes metric-type OSPF/IS-IS exterior metric type for redistributed routes route-map Route map reference subnets Consider subnets for redistribution into OSPF tag Set tag for routes redistributed into OSPF <cr>
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Extra: E1-E2 routes
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Extra: RIPv1 versus OSPF
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Summary
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CA - Ex - S2M11 - OSPF - PPT (Compatibility Mode)

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Chapter 11: OSPF

CCNA Exploration version 4.0

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Single Area OSPF Concepts: OSPF terminology

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Single Area OSPF Concepts: OSPF terminology

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OSPF Message Encapsulation

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OSPF Packet Types

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1. Discover OSPF neighbors and

OSPF Hello Intervals

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Electing a DR and BDR

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OSPF Link-state Updates

Purpose of a Link State Update

OSPF Link-state Updates

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Extra: How routing information is maintained when a failure is occurs

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Purpose is to encrypt & authenticate routing

Basic OSPF Configuration

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The router ospf command

R1(config)#router ospf process-id Process ID:

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The network command

The network command

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Show ip ospf interface

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show ip ospf interface

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show ip ospf database

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Examining the routing table

Note: OSPF does not automatically

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The OSPF Metric

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Usually the actual speed of a link is

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