B.V.

GENERAL & SPECIFIC EFFECTS (REVIEW) ALLERGIC REACTIONS ANTIBIOTIC, ANTIBACTERIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY (there is a polyeptide called Mast Cell Degranulating peptide; it has 100 fold stronger anti - inflammatory activity than hydrocortizone (Orlov) EFFECTS on SKIN TISSUES MUSCLE - SKELETAL SYSTEM BLOOD BLOOD VESSELS ENZYMES IMMUNE SYSTEM (Partheniu) NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE CYTOSTATIC EFFECT (Forester) GENERAL PROPHYLACTIC PROPERTIES (Yoirich) IMPROVES THE GENERAL CONDITION of the BODY (POTCHINKOVA) INCREASE THE LONGEVITY through HYPERTHERMIA (Yang Ruiyu) INCREASE THE PHYSICAL STRENGTH (Partheniu) PROTECTS THE BODY AGAINST X-RAYS (Orlov/Brooks) NEGATIVE, TOXIC EFFECTS (large doses = over 50 bee stings)

SKIN rejuvenating effect for the skin because of better blood circulation and increased permeability of the capillary vessels BODY TISSUES inhibits the tissue cholinesterase in the treated area anti-fibrous action caused by the hyaluronidase which is present in B.V. (Potchinkova) increase the tissue tolerance to lack of oxygen (hypoxaemia) like in Brger disease (Partheniu) Proteolytic (Derevici, Dima) Sclerolyse (Warner, Harman, Garles) MUSCULO - SKELETAL SYSTEM contracts the smooth muscles when the dosage is high (Neumann, Habermann) melitine is able to produce smooth-muscle contraction - animal studies (Artemov et al.) raises the osteoblastic reaction (Potschinkova) increases MPZ production through an increased number of mastocytes cells (Potchinkova)

ANTIBIOTIC PROPERTIES bactericidal for: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococus pyogenes, Escherischia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacilus brevis, Bacilus cereus (Elena Tatu, Apiacta) B.V. inhibits the growth of bacterias and fungus (Derevici, Dima) bacteriostatic action on certain micro-organisms like Micobacterium phlei, Vibrio cholerae (Brangi, Pavan cited by Tatu) B.V. actions not on certain fungus, like Penicillium and Mucor (Tatu) antibiotic (Derevici, Dima) HEART In medium doses: regulates the heart rhythm; removes the arrhythmia caused by electric excitation and by the administration of strovitine (Orlov, 1977) positive effect on myocardial cells (Orlov, 1984) increase the level of hearts energy and functions STOMACH increase the gastric juice production (Artemov et al.) BLOOD VESSELS increases the permeability of the blood vessels (Orlov/Forster; Chkenderov, Kobourova); as a result the exchange between blood and tissues is also increased; increases the blood flow through coronary vessels (Orlov); dilates the brain vessels (Orlov); lowers high blood pressure (Orlov). BLOOD increases the erythropoese (red blood cells production) activates the production of heparine which blocks the toxicity of bee venom (Yang Ruiyu) lowers eosinocytes in the blood (Potschinkova) haemolytic action in large doses (Derevici, Dima, Orlov) anticoagulant action (Derevici, Dima, Orlov) lowers blood viscosity (Orlov et al.) decrease the albumine content in blood serum, and increase the albumine content in gastric juice (Artemov et al.) lowers protein content in the blood serum because the vessel's permeability increase increases the protein content in medium and large doses (Orlov) increase the exchanges between blood and tissues (Artemov et al.) B.V. decreases the cholesterol level ; animal study - rabbits (Yang, Ruiyu et al.) IMMUNE SYSTEM activates the immune system (Yang Ruiyu; Mller et al., 1987; Dimov 1989) increase the IgG level in blood (Partheniu) immunomodulatory (Curic et al., 1992; Dimov et al, 1991 cited by Basic in 1995 at the Apimondia Congress, Switzerland). NERVOUS SYSTEM act mainly through informational ways and not so much like a substance (the doses of each B.V. compound are micro-doses (Partheniu) decrease the pain in a certain area when BVT is applied there several times (Partheniu) the melitine, apamine, and phospholipase have a NEUROTROP CHARACTER which affects the brain-marrow axe entirely sympathicolitique effect in the exterior of NEVRAX (Partheniu) cholinolitic effect which shuts off the ganglions (Sergheeva)

block the cholinergic systems of the reticular formations of the medullary trunk (Orlov) affects the transmission of the excitation from the motory nerve to the skeleton-like muscle (Artemov, Goreachev, Lebedev, Stepanov) influence the excitation of motory zone of the cortex (Artemov, Orlov) block spreading of nerve impulses and decrease the speed of stimulus transmission in the nerve center (Orlov) - animal studies B.V. causes de-polarization of the stimulating membranes of nerve fibres B.V. exerts a strong effect on the afferent system of the somato-sensory region of the brain cortex and particularly no effect on the nerve structure of the associative region (Orlov)

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM the release of histamine always occur prior to the release of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine (Brooks et al.) after B.V. injection (30-60 seconds) plasma histamine levels increased approximately 20-30 fold at 5 to 10 minutes after B.V. injection, both levels of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine increase 10 fold; then slowly fall to control in 30 to 90 minutes (like in stress reaction) but without no major cardiovascular-respiratory changes (Brooks et al.) stimulates and intensifies the activity of the PITUARY ADRENAL SYSTEM (increases the cortisol in blood and 17 cetosteroids in the urine (Guseva/Artemov) the B.V. and two of its components (mellitin and the cardiopep fraction) produce sharp and sustained elevation in circulating cortisol (Brooks et al.) the increase of cortisol level is inhibited by the absence of vitamin C in the diet (Brooks et al.) the effects are stronger on younger study animals (dogs) compares to older ones (Brooks et al.) B.V. NEGATIVE EFFECTS (ADVERSE REACTION, TOXIC EFFECTS) allergic reactions to people with high sensitiveness to the hymenopteran venoms (0.5 2 % of the people); general pruritus, nettle rash, myxoedema, spasms of the smooth muscles; sudden decrease of blood pressure - colaps (Orlov); the histamine content of the B.V. may cause spasms of the coronary vessels (according to Uspenski and others) when high dosage of B.V. is present; Massive bee envenomation (over 50 stings) can produce both immediate and delayed toxic reaction. Signs and symptoms of immediate toxic reaction are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, hemolysis, kidney failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The label "delayed toxic reaction" refers to a patient who is asymptomatic after a massive bee envenomation, with normal initial laboratory results, but later demonstrates laboratory evidence of hemolysis, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 200 - 300 simultaneous stings poison the organism with characteristic signs of disturbance of CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY and NERVOUS SYSTEM: shortness of breath, cyanosis, quickening of the pulse, convulsions, paralysis; 500 and more stings cause death through paralysis of the respiratory center; the B.V. can have negative effects on thyroid, endocrine pancreas and/ or ovaries (Partheniu, Neacsu) respiratory failure (on toxic doses in animal studies) after sharp fall in blood pressure + decrease of heart rate neurotoxic and haemorrhagic properties in large doses (Orlov) ganglionar nervous - blocking (Orlov) increase the latent period of the reflex reaction (Orlov); in toxic doses: inhibits the ascending and descending reticular actions (Orlov) gives first an excitation in the subcortical zones of the brain; total inhibition followed afterwards, both in the cortex and in the sub-cortical formations (Orlov) edema through increasing the permeability of blood vessels; edema increase the flow of detox water in tissues (Potchinkova/Kireeva)

itching usually shows a future good therapeutic result (Forestier, Palmer)