Aldel Education Trusts

St. John Institute of Management & Research, Palghar.

M.M.S. 2010-11(SEM I) Project on Latest Technology(LCD TV)

FOR THE SUBJECT

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

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Liquid- crystal display televisions (LCD TV)

Liquid-crystal display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that use LCD technology to produce images. LCD televisions are thinner and lighter than CRTs of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes. This combination of features made LCDs more practical than CRTs for many roles, and as manufacturing costs fell, their eventual dominance of the television market was all but guaranteed. In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions worldwide for the first time, and their sales figures relative to other technologies are accelerating. LCD TVs are quickly displacing the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the plasma display panel and rear-projection television. LCDs are, by far, the most widely produced and sold television technology today, pushing all other technologies into niche roles. In spite of the LCD's many advantages over the CRT technology they displaced, LCDs also have a variety of disadvantages. A number of other technologies are vying to enter the large-screen television market by taking advantage of these weaknesses, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), FED and SED, but as of 2010 none of these have entered widespread production.

BASIC LCD CONCEPT

LCD televisions produced a black and colored image by selectively filtering a white light. The light is typically provided by a series of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) at the back of the screen, although some displays use white or

colored LEDs instead. Millions of individual LCD shutters, arranged in a grid, open and close to allow a metered amount of the white light through. Each shutter is paired with a colored filter to remove all but the red, green or blue (RGB) portion of the light from the original white source. Each shutterfilter pair forms a single sub-pixel. The sub-pixels are so small that when the display is viewed from even a short distance, the individual colors blend together to produce a single spot of color, a pixel. The shade of color is controlled by changing the relative intensity of the light passing through the sub-pixels. Liquid crystals encompass a wide range of (typically) rod-shaped polymers that naturally form into thin layers, as opposed to the more random alignment of a normal liquid. Some of these, the nematic liquid crystals, also show an alignment effect between the layers. The particular direction of the alignment of a nematic liquid crystal can be set by placing it in contact with an alignment layer or director, which is essentially a material with microscopic grooves in it. When placed on a director, the layer in contact will align itself with the grooves, and the layers above will subsequently align themselves with the layers below, the bulk material taking on the director's alignment. In the case of an LCD, this effect is utilized by using two directors arranged at right angles and placed close together with the liquid crystal between them. This forces the layers to align themselves in two directions, creating a twisted structure with each layer aligned at a slightly different angle to the ones on either side. LCD shutters consist of a stack of three primary elements. On the bottom and top of the shutter are polarizer plates set at (typically) right angles. Normally light cannot travel through a pair of polarizers arranged in this fashion, and the display would be black. The polarizers also carry the directors to create the twisted structure aligned with the polarizers on either side. As the light flows out of the rear polarizer, it will naturally follow the liquid crystal's twist, exiting the front of the liquid crystal having been rotated through the correct angle, that allows it to pass through the front polarizer. LCDs are normally transparent. To turn a shutter off, an electrical voltage is applied across it from front to back. When this happens, the rod-shaped molecules align themselves with the electric field instead of the directors, destroying the twisted structure. The light no longer changes polarization as it flows through the liquid crystal, and can no longer pass through the front polarizer. By controlling the voltage applied across the crystal, the amount of remaining twist can be finely selected. This allows the transparency or opacity of the shutter to be accurately controlled. In order to improve switching time, the cells are

placed under pressure, which increases the force to re-align themselves with the directors when the field is turned off. Several other variations and modifications have been used in order to improve performance in certain applications. In-Plane Switching displays (IPS and S-IPS) offer wider viewing angles and better color reproduction, but are more difficult to construct and have slightly slower response times. IPS displays are used primarily for computer monitors. Vertical Alignment (VA, S-PVA and MVA) offer highercontrast ratios and good response times, but suffer from color shifting when viewed from the side. In general, all of these displays work in a similar fashion by controlling the polarization of the light source. LCD or Liquid crystal display has now become so commonplace that we use it in one way or another. LCD has given the compact and sleek look to many devices that we use in our daily lives, like cell phones, PDAs, calculators, digital clocks, in-dash car GPS units and computer monitors. Actually, the list of devices that use LCD goes endless. However, LCD Television has been the best application of LCD technology so far. DVD, Blu-ray and HDTV broadcasting are the biggest developments that revolutionized home entertainment, so is LCD TV for its high-definition output. This guide explains in simple terms, all the facts and advantages of LCD technology and the important features of LCD television.

HOW DOES LCD TV WORK?

LCD television uses liquid crystals captivated between two polarized, glass sheets and a matrix of TFT (thin-film transistor) transistors that control the electric flow through the crystals. The glass sheet contains thousands of tiny cells or pixels and each one is coloured with green or blue or red.

There is a florescent bulb which sits right behind the glass pixels and illuminates these cells. Each pixel has a TFT transistor next to it that determines how much it should be electrically charged. Less the pixel is electrically charged, more light beams it allows and greater the intensity of respective colour on the LCD screen. Thus, the light beams are either blocked off or shown in different amounts so the combination of all pixels produce the image on the screen.

KEY FEATURES OF LCD TELEVISION

Screen resolutionThe native or screen resolution determines how much sharp the picture will look on the screen. CRT type TVs work well with standard definition and can show pictures of 330 lines resolution.

The screen resolution of LCD TV starts from 720p and higher (1080i and 1080p). This means its higher native resolution ensures that picture looks sharper, more detailed and clearer. LCD Screen and profile Typically, LCD TV screen size varies between 26" and 40" although larger screen sizes are available at expensive price tags. Currently, the largest LCD TV available in commercial market has about 52" screen size and the models will be very few.

LCD TV is a bit thinner (less than 3" thickness) and also weighs much lesser than plasma TV so it can be hung on the wall. Wide Aspect Ratio LCD TV looks typically rectangular as its screen supports 16:9 aspect ratio, which is the standard screen format of high definition videos. However, home videos

and standard TV broadcast still use 4:3 aspect ratio so all LCD TVs are designed to automatically fit 4:3 aspect ratio images to its screen so you see the picture filling the entire screen.

CRT TV with 4:3 Aspect Ratio

LCD TV with 16:9 Aspect Ratio

Digital Sound Surround As high-definition TV signals and videos are encoded in Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound, LCD TV comes with audio connections to connect to home theater speakers so you can recreate theatrical sound effects in your living room.

ADVANTAGES OF LCD TELEVISION

LCD TVs have following advantages over the historical CRT television sets: Occupies less space LCD TV has a thickness of 3" 5" and weighs so less that it can be mounted on wall. Even when it is installed using table mount, it occupies much less space in your living room. Elegant design of LCD TV adds beauty to the interior of your room LCD TV becomes an attractive element of your living room as it looks so modern and sleek. With wall socket, you can mount it on the wall or just place it on the stand. Whichever way, LCD TV is the cynosure of all eyes.

LCD TV causes less eyestrain LCD TV uses advanced video processing technologies so there is no flicker and scanning lines are almost invisible to eyes. LCD picture looks smoother and its brightness does not put so much strain on your eyes even when viewed from close distances. You can watch it for fairly longer period. There is no screen glare LCD TV screen is not glassy like CRT TV or plasma TV so it does not glare off in ambient conditions. So, LCD TV looks bright even in well-lit rooms.