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Definitation of menopause
menopause is a sign of the end of a productive life in a woman. outward signs are: cessation of menstruation that usually comes a month-symptom sekali.gejala Another outward is due to hormonal imbalance; part of the bodybegin to look old. to address it is recommended that women maintain health andbody fitness and mental in order to perform tasks such as sexual before menopause.Other common symptoms are; depression, lack of sleep, brought about by anxiety mental oremotional disturbance. menopause starts at different ages, and not always the same for every woman. commonplace or common around the age of 50 years. changes after menopause; ektrogen affect growth and food supplies for the chest area uterus, vagina, smooth muscles, and skin. He also tends to protect a woman against circulatory diseases that face, and possibly also to the lack of calcium from the bones. the slump that coincided with the ongoing ekstrogen menopause is a prelude to the arrival badqan changes in accordance with the continuation of age.
Etiology
Menopause occurs with increasing age, the ovaries become lessresponsive to stimulation by LH and FSH, produced by the pituitary gland. As a result, the ovaries release less estrogen andprogesterone, and ultimately the process of ovulation (release of eggs) to stop. There are two kinds of menopause, among others: 1. Early menopause is menopause that occurs before the age of 40 years. Possible causes are genetic, autoimmune diseasesand smoking. 2. Artificial menopause caused by medical intervention that reduces or stops the release of hormones by the ovaries. These interventions can include surgery to remove the ovaries or toreduce blood flow to the ovaries as well as chemotherapy orradiation therapy to the pelvis to treat cancer. Hysterectomy(removal of uterus) cause the end of the menstrual cycle, but during the ovaries remain there it will not affect hormone levelsand does not cause menopause.
Menopause age
When menopause occurs in a woman, nothing is the same in every person. Orphans (2000) in Kasdu (2002: 85), mentions the results of his study that on average a woman enters menopause is different for each race. Although in one race, remained the same in every person. For example, Asian women experiencingmenopause race at the age of 44 years. According to Rachman(1997) in Kasdu (2002: 53), mentions the age of menopauseoccurs at age 48-50 years. A study was conducted in 1992 by Samil at the Central Java citywith educated female respondents, it is known that women experience menopause at the age of 50.2 years. In women who live in rural areas, occur at the age of 46.5 years. This figure isalmost equal to the average age of American and European women began to enter menopause (Kasdu, 2002: 87).
and duration) and the distancebetween the two cycles become closer or more rarely. Thisirregularity may last for 2-3 years before the cycle stops.
Symptom
Some women only experience few symptoms, while other womenexperience the symptoms that are mild to severe. This is normal. Reduced estrogen levels gradually cause the body to slowly adjust to hormonal changes, but in some women this decline in estrogen levels occur suddenly and cause severe symptoms. This oftenhappens when menopause caused by removal of the ovaries.
8. Osteoporosis (bone loss). High risk of osteoporosis found in women who: a) thin b) smoking c) consume alcohol to excess d) taking corticosteroid e) have a low calcium intake f) rarely exercise. Minor injuries can cause fractures (broken bones). Fractures most often occur in the spine, hip and wrist. It does not need to worry, but because postmenopausal bleedingcould be an indication of an abnormality (including cancer), then thedoctors always check any bleeding that occurs after menopause.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. In thePap smear may note changes in the vaginal lining caused bychanges in estrogen levels. Blood tests and urine can be used to measure levels of estrogen, estrone and estradiol progestero andplasma.
Treatment
Not all postmenopausal women need to undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Each woman should discuss the risksand benefits of HRT with her personal physician.
3. Prevent osteoporosis.
To reduce the risk of HRT and still benefit from HRT, the expertsrecommend :
- Adding progesterone to estrogen - Adding testosterone to estrogen - Use the lowest dose of estrogen. - Perform regular checks, including pelvic examination and Papsmears so that abnormality can be found as early as possible. Estrogen is available in the form of natural and synthetic (made in the laboratory). Synthetic estrogen hundreds of times more potent than natural estrogen that is not routinely given to postmenopausal women. To prevent hot flashes and osteoporosis is needed only natural estrogen in a very low dose. High doses tend to cause problems,including migraine headaches. Estrogen can be given in tablet form or skin patch (transdermal estrogen). Estrogen cream can be applied to the vagina to prevent thinning of the vaginal lining (thereby reducing the risk of urinary tractinfections and beser) and to prevent pain during sexual intercourse.
Post-menopausal women who take estrogen without progesterone have an increased risk of endometrial cancer. This risk is associated with dose and duration of estrogen use
If abnormal bleeding from the vagina, a biopsy is performed the uterine lining. Consuming progesterone along with estrogen may reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Estrogen hormone replacement therapy is usually not performed on womenwho suffer from: - Or have had breast cancer or advanced endometrial cancer - The cause of genital bleeding of uncertain - Acute liver disease - Blood clotting diseases - Acute intermittent porphyria. The women are usually given anti-anxiety drugs, progesterone or Clonidine toreduce hot flashes. To reduce the depressed, anxiety, irritability and insomniamay be given antidepressants.