DAV INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT FARIDABAD

Chapter : 1 Human Capital Management 1.1 INTRODUCTION

An organization is made up of four resources, namely men, material, money and machinery. Of these, the first one id living one, i.e. human resource and other three are non-living i.e.non human. It is the human/people that make use of non human resources. Hence, people are the most significant resources in an organization. It is man who makes all the difference in organizations. L.F.Urwick had remarked that business houses are made or broken in the long run not by markets or capitals, patents or equipments, but by men. According to Peter F.Drucker, man, of all the resources available to man, can grow and develop. The main objective of this chapter is to present a perspective for human capital management in the Indian context. Accordingly the meaning, objectives, scope and functions become the subject matter of this chapter. Before we define HRM, it seems pertinent to first define the term human resources. In common parlance, human resources mean people. OR Personnel means the persons employed. Personnel management is the management of people employed. Organization may be a manufacturing firm, a business concern, an insurance company, a governmental agency, social organizations, hospital, a university and even families. It may be small or large, simple or complex. An Organization is a human grouping in which work is done for the accomplishment of some specific goals, or missions.

1.2 MEANING & DEFINITION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

1.2.1 Human Resource Management means:

The management of human resources is viewed as a system in which participants seeks to attain both individuals of group goals. If an analysis is made of this definition it will be seen that personnel management involves procedures and practices through which human resources are managed (i.e. organized and directed) towards the attainment of the individual, social and organizational goals. By controlling and effectively using manpower resources, management tries to produce goods and services for the society. 1.2.2 Definitions: 1.2.2a Human Resource Management involves all management decisions and practices that directly affect or influence the people, or human resources, who work for the Organization. An organizations employees enable an Organization to achieve its goals, and the management of these human resources is critical to an organizations success. 1.2.2b According to Management means: Process Systems View Human Resource

Human Resource Management is the systematic planning, development, and control of a network of inter related process affecting and involving all members of an Organization. Key Terms used in this definition: Process: Process is an identifiable flow of interrelated events moving towards some goal, consequence and end. An example of the human resource management is the staffing process, a flow of events that results in the continuous filling of positions within the Organization. These events include such activities as recruiting applicants, making hiring decisions, and managing career transitions such as transfers and promotions. Flow: Flow implies movement through time and in the direction of a result; Inter-related: implies interaction within the process and between events; Goal and Consequence (Purpose): suggest a human objective; Events: are activities, happenings or change; End: implies some conclusion or consequence that may not necessarily be sought or planned by man.

System: System is a particular set of procedures or devices designed to control a process in a predictable way. For e.g. Staffing System of an Organization. As a process it includes: Human Resource Planning; Job and Work Design; Staffing; Training and Development; Performance Appraisal and Review; Compensation and Reward; Employee protection and representation; Organization Improvement. 1.2.2c Human Resource Management is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement, development, compensation, integration, maintenance and separation of human resources to the end that individual, organizational and societal objectives are accomplished". Edward Flippo This definition is a comprehensive and covers both the management functions and the operative functions. The purpose of all these functions is to assist in the accomplishment of basic objectives. 1.2.2 General Definition: Personnel Management is the recruitment, selection, development, utilization of and accommodation to human resources by organizations. The human resources of an organization consists of all individuals regardless of their role, who are engaged in any of the organizations activities. 1.3 Three aspects of Human Resource Management: Welfare Aspect: concerned with working conditions and amenities such as canteens, crches, housing, personal problems of workers, schools and recreations; Labor or Personnel Aspect: concerned with recruitment, placement of employees, remuneration, promotion, incentives, productivity etc.;

 Industrial Relations Aspect: concerned with trade union negotiations, settlement of industrial disputes, joint consultation and collective bargaining.

1.4 Difference between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management Table: 1 Dimensions PM Nature of relations Pluralist Perception of conflict Conflict is institutionalized Contract Emphasis on compliance Role of procedures Rules dominated Planning perspective Adhoc, reactive Acceptability of Acceptable unions Level of trust Low Key relation Labour management Managements Role Transactional Basis of job design Division of labour Key people PM/IR specialist Skills acquisition Training and Development Reward Management Standardized job evaluation HRM Unitarist or neo-unitarist Conflict is pathological Beyond contract commitment Culture and values dominated Integrated, proactive Non desirable High Customer Transformational Teams Line people and general mangers Learning Organization Performance related

1.5Characteristics of Human Resource Management 1. Human Resource Management is concerned with managing people at work. It covers all levels of personnel, including blue collared employees and white collared employees; 2. It is concerned with employees, both as individuals as well as group; 3. Human Resource Management is concerned with helping the employees to develop their potentialities and capacities to the maximum possible extent, so that they may derive great satisfaction from their jobs;
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4. It is a major part of the general management function and has roots and branches extending throughout and beyond each Organization; 5. Human Resource Management is of a continuous nature; 6. Human Resource Management attempts at getting the willing cooperation of the people for the attainment of the desired goals. HRM can be of full value to an Organization only when it is consistently throughout out and applied at all levels and to all management functions; in corporate policies, in the systems, procedures and in employment practices, etc. this integrative aspect of HRM is, therefore, of vital importance.
Personnel Administratio n Industrial Relations

Employee Relations

HRM

Fig, 1 1.6 Objectives of Human Resource Management Objectives are pre-determined ends or goals at which individual or group activity in an Organization is aimed. Objectives can be divided in to two parts: 1.6.1 Primary Objectives: HRMs main goal is the creation of a workforce with the ability and motivation to accomplish the basic organizational goals; They relate to the satisfaction of the personal objectives of the members of an Organization through monetary and non monetary devices; They relate to the satisfaction of community and social objectives, such as serving the customers honestly, promoting a higher standard of living in the community, bringing comfort and happiness to the society, protecting women and children and providing for aged personnel; To utilize human resource effectively;

 To establish and maintain a productive and self respecting relationship among all members of an Organization; To establish and maintain an adequate organizational structure; To bring about maximum individual development of the members of an Organization; to maintain a high morale and better human relations inside an Organization by sustaining and improving the conditions which have been established so that employees may stick to their jobs for a longer period; 1.6.2 Secondary Objectives: The secondary objectives aim at achieving the primary objectives economically, efficiently and effectively. 1.7 Functions of Human Resource Management According to different authors HRM functions can be divided in to different categories. Some of the categories are as follows: 1. General and Specific functions; 2. Personnel administration and Industrial relations functions. 3. Managerial and Operative functions 1.7.1 General and Specific functions: General Functions: To conduct personnel research; To assist in the programmes of personnel administration; To develop appraisal plans; To launch education and training programmes; To develop a competent work force; To establish and administer varied personnel services delegated to personnel department. Specific Functions: Employment; Safety; Wage and salary; Benefit Schemes;

 Community relations and Advice and counseling the employees. 1.7.2 Personnel Administration and Industrial Relations Functions: Personnel Administration: These functions relate to the function of managing people from the lower to the upper level of the Organization and embraces policy determination as well as implementation of policies by the personnel at the lower levels; Industrial Relations Functions: These functions relate to interactions between the management and the representatives of the unions. Such functions involve all activities of employer employee relationship, such as Organization of the union members, negotiations of contracts, collective bargaining, grievance handling, disciplinary actions, arbitration etc- the purpose of all these being to prevent conflict between two parties. 1.7.3 Managerial and Operative Functions; Managerial Functions: Management is Personnel administration. It is the development of the people and not the direction of the things. Managing people is the heart and essence of being a manager. Thus, a Human Resource Manager is a manager and as such he performs the basic functions of management.
Inputs Human and Economic Resources interacting with environment al changes Planning Determination of short to long range plans to accomplish Organization objectives Organizing Development of the Orgn. Structure according to predetermined plans Directing Stimulation and motivation of Organization personnel according to predetermined plans Controlling Assurance that directed action is taking place according to predetermined plans.

Feedback of significant deviations from planned performance

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Outputs Goods and services needed by the organization customers

(Managerial Functions) Fig: 2 Operative Functions: These functions are concerned with the activities specifically dealing with procuring, developing, compensating and maintaining an efficient work force. These functions are also known as service functions. Procurement Function; Development function; Compensating function; Integrating function; Maintenance function. Managerial Functions:

Planning: Is a predetermined course of action. Planning is a hard job, for

it involves the ability to think, to predict, to analyze and to control the actions of its personnel and to cope with a complex, dynamic fluid environment. They bridge the gap from where we are to where we want to go. The two important features of planning are research and forecasting. The task of forecasting personnel needs in relation to changes in production or seasonal variations and the leveling out of differences in the production extremely important, both for employees and for management. Therefore, planning and decision making has to be undertaken much in advance of an action so that unforeseen or anticipated problems and events may be properly handled. This as also stressed by the saying: Good managers make things happen.

Organizing:

An Organization is a means to an end. It is essential to carry out the determined course of action. Complex relationships exist between the specialized departments and the general departments as many top managers are seeking the advice of personnel manager. Thus, Organization establishes relationship among the employees so that they can collectively contribute to the attainment of company goals. Direction is an important managerial function in building sound industrial relations besides securing employee contributions. Coordination deals with the task of blending efforts in order to ensure
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Directing:

successful attainment of an objective. The personnel manager has to coordinate various managers at different levels as far as personnel functions are concerned. Personnel management function should also be coordinated with other functions of management like management of money, machine, and material.

Controlling: Controlling involves checking, verifying and comparing of

the actualize with the standards, identification of deviations if any and correcting of identified deviations. Thus, action and operation are adjusted to predetermined plans and standards through control. Fig. 3: Functions of Personnel Office/ Personnel Management. Functions of Personnel Office Managerial Functions Operative Functions

Planning Organizing

Directing

Controlling Human Relations, Placement.

Employment HRD Compensation

H R P; Performance- Job Evaluation; Motivation; Recruitment; Appraisal; Wage & Salary Morale; Selection; Training; Quality- Circles. Orgn.Change & Dev. Induction; Mgmt. Dev. Fringe Benefits. Career Planning Operative Functions: The operative functions of human Resource Management are related to specific activities of personnel management e.g. employment, development, compensation & Relations. All these functions are interacted by managerial functions.

Employment:

Employment is concerned with securing and employing the people possessing required kind and level of human resources
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necessary to achieve the organizational objectives. It covers the functions such as job analysis, human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement, induction and internal mobility.

Human Resource Development: It is the process of improving, molding

and changing the skills, knowledge, creative ability, aptitude, attitude, values, commitment etc. based on present and future job and organizational requirements. This function includes Performance Appraisal, Training, Management Development, Career Planning and Development, Internal Mobility (Promotion, Demotion), Organizational Development.

Compensation: It is the process of providing adequate, equitable and fair

remuneration to the employees. It includes job evaluation, wage and salary administration, incentives, bonus, fringe benefits, social security measures etc.

Human

Relations: Practicing various human resource policies and programmes Loire employment, development and compensation and interaction among employees create a sense of relationship between the individual worker and management, among workers and trade unions and management. It is the process of interaction among human beings. Human relations is an area of management in integrating people in to work situation in a way that motivates them to work together productively, cooperatively and with economic, psychological and social satisfaction. 1.8 Human Resource Management Environment HR manager cant perform his job in a vacuum as a number of environmental factors affect the HRM. In fact, these factors influence the Organization through human resources. Environment (with special reference to Human Resource Management): means the totality of all factors, which influence both the Organization and HRM sub system. Fig. 4: Environmental Scanning of HRM Technological Marketing Government & Legal Orgn. Politics
HRM 10

Customers Production

Political Unions Finance

Trade Orgn. Structure

Economic Social & Religious The environment furnishes the macro context and the Organization is the micro unit. The external environment is comprised of those factors, which affect an organizations human resources from outside the Organization. Important among them are: Economic; Social; Political; Governmental; Legal; Technological; Manpower in the country; Tradition and culture; Customers; Other organizations; Trade Unions in other organizations. 1.8.1 Internal Environment: The internal environment also affects the job of a personnel manager. The internal environmental factors include Organization objectives, policies, organizational structure, and the functional areas of the Organization with which the personnel manager works continuously like finance, marketing and production. Impact of internal environment factors is profound as they frequently and closely interact with HRM function in an Organization. 1.8.2 External Environment: The influence of external environment on HRM is also equally important, though the severity is comparatively less. People are essentially selfmanaging. In other words, while people manage other resources, themselves manage personnel. People themselves decide about the nature, time, and
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place of their employment. And people react to the changing conditions and to the techniques of management unlike money, material and machine. The changes includes in the external environment are: Technological obsolescence; Cultural and social changes; Changes in the policies of govt.; Politics and the like. With the result, the work environment changes thereby affecting their productivity level. Considering the complexities and the challenges in the HRM now and in near future management has to develop sophisticated techniques and efficient specialists to among the personnel on sound lines 1.9 Functional Areas/ Scope of Human Resource Management 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Organizational planning, development and task specification; Staffing and Employment; Training and Development; Compensation, Wage and Salary administration; Motivation and Incentives; Employee services and Benefits; Employee records; Labor and Industrial Relations; Personnel Research and Personnel Audit.

1.10 Role of HR Practitioner The coordination and integration of activities in an organization just not happen, it has to be worked out. People tend to head off in different directions- to go their own sweet way. They will jot necessarily cooperate with one another. Thus, to begin with, the HR manager should have three main objectives in mind: 1. To gain the commitment and cooperation of all the members in his work group; 2. To get the group into action to achieve agreed objectives; 3. To make the best use of the skills, energies and talents of all the members.

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In the modern era, the personnel manager typically performs a variety of the roles, such as a role of a conscience, of a counselor, a mediator, a company spokesman, a problem solver and a change agent. He performs many roles as per needs of the situation. Such as: I. The conscience role is that of humanitarian who reminds the management of its moral and ethical obligations to its employees; II. The personnel manager plays the role of a counselor to whom the employees frequently go for consultation and with whom they discuss their marital, health, mental, physical and career problems; III. As a mediator, he plays the role of a peacemaker, offering to settle the disputes that may arise among individuals or groups. He acts a liaison and communicating link between an individual and a group and between labour and management; IV. The personnel a manger has always been a frequent spokesman for or representative of the company because he has a better overall picture of his companys operation, since he deals intimately with many key organizational activities and functions; V. The personnel manager also acts as a problem solver with respect to the issues that involves human resources management and overall long range organizational planning; VI. He works as a change agent within the organization because he is best suited to introduce and implement major institutional changes. He takes initiative for installing organizational development programmes and convinces the top management of their need. It is he who alerts the top management regarding managerial obsolescence in his organization; VII. The personnel manager plays many other roles as well. Any matter which need someones attention and which no body wants to deal with is, often handled by the personnel department. Such activities may be peripheral but important and crucial to the efficient and effective operation of an organization. It has been now fully recognized that the basic role of the personnel manager if the management of the manpower resources. Such management is concerned with leadership both in-group and individual relationship, and labour management relations. It effectively describes the process of planning, and directing the application, development and utilization is now considered as one of the four main functions, viz. finance, production, marketing, and human relations.

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The ideal personnel manager is not a decision maker but a counselor not collector of responsibilities but an advisor to help the management make more reliable personnel decisions. In any organization it is these line man who determine the personnel climate for the entire organization. If the personnel man can meet the challenge of staff role he would make the effective contribution to industry.

Personnel Role

Administrative Role Advisory: Research in Time keeping advising personnel and management on organizational effective use of problems human resources Manpower Managing Salary and wage planning: servicesadministration Recruitment, canteens, selection etc. transport etc. Training and Group Human engineering: development of dynamics: man machine line man group relationship counseling, motivation, leadership, communication etc. Measurement and assessment of individual and group behavior Table 2 1.11Evaluating HR Function

Welfare Role

Fire Fighting/Legal Role Grievance handling

Settlement disputes Handling disciplinary actions

of

Collective bargaining

Joint consultation

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Organizations can promote human excellence by offering a potential site for the flowering most forms of human excellence. Within an organization, if there is meritocracy, people compete for promotion and other rewards on the basis of good work rather than on the basis of pull. Recognition and rewards for creative ideas, discoveries, inventions, innovations etc. promote creative excellence. The human resource development movement in industry is aimed at facilitating organizationally useful individual growth and development. The more an organization promotes individual or team excellence, the more the organization itself is likely to excel because the work of any organization is dependent on the work of its individual members and employee groups. The human factor across all organizations comprises three basic elements: 1. The people themselves who work in the organization; the skills and capabilities they possess and their attitude towards the company; 2. The management style prevalent in the organization, which usually stems from the top. The style may be aggressive, authoritarian, democratic or laissez faire and each type has a different impact on the way people work as individuals or in groups; 3. The organizational climate i.e. the work atmosphere in the company, as determined by the degree of interpersonal cooperation, the types of conflict resolution, the amount of trustworthiness, the prevalent organizational politics etc.; The quality of HRM practices prevalent in a particular organization can be rated by scrutinizing the following factors: 1.11.1Organization Climate: 1. Do people feel they are giving enough responsibility? 2. Do people know what is expected of them in the shape of objectives and standards of performance? 3. Do people see themselves being fairly rewarded for their work and feel that promotion policies are fair? 4. Do the employees feel that they belong to a worthwhile company and are valuable members of working teams? 5. Is there adequate feedback to people on their performance, whether it is good, bad or indifferent? 6. Is there sufficient to challenge in their jobs?
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7. Are people given enough support by their managers or supervisors in the shape of guidance or help? 1.11.2 Type of Management Style: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Does it tend to be Autocratic? Does it tend to be Task centered or people centered? Do managers tend to be distant or cold or approachable and friendly? Do managers tend to be hard or soft on people? Thus, an amalgamation of all the factors throws some light as an indicator of the quality of HRM practiced in an organization. PERSONNEL POLICIES The dictionary meaning of policy is a planned action and that plan is a policy. Policy making and planning are, therefore, synonymous. A policy, says Flippo, is a man made rule of pre-determined course of action that is established to guide the performance of work toward the organization objective it is a type of standing plan that serves to guide subordinates in the execution of their tasks. According to Calhoon, personnel polices constitute guides to action. They furnish the general standards or base on which decisions are reached. Their genesis lies in an organizations values, philosophy, concepts and principles. Policies are statements of the organization over all purpose and its objective in the various areas with which its operation are concerned personnel finance production marketing and so on. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF PERSONNEL POLICIES The aims of personnel policies should be/are: 1. To enable an organization to fulfill or carry out the main objective which have been laid down as the desirable minima of general employment policy; 2. To ensure that its employees are informed of these items of policy and to secure their cooperation for their attainment; 3. To provide such condition of employment and produces as will enable all the employees to develop a sincere sense of unity with the
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enterprise and to carry out their duties in the most willing and effective manner; 4. To provide an adequate, competent and trained personnel for all levels and types of management; and motivated them; 5. To protect the common interest of all the parties and recognize the role of trade union in the organization. 6. To provide for a consultative participation by employee in the management of an organization and the framing of condition for this participation, which, however shall not take place in technical, financial or trading policy; 7. To provide an efficient consultative service which aims at creating mutual faith among those who work in the enterprise; By developing management leadership which aims is bold and imaginative and guide by moral values; By effectively delegating the human relation aspects of personnel function of line managers by enforcing discipline on the basis of cooperative understanding and humane application of rules and regulation; and By providing for a happy relationship at all levels . 8. To establish the conditions for mutual confidence and avoid confusion misunderstanding between the management and the workers, by developing suggestion plans, joint management councils, work committees, etc., and by performance appraisal discussion; 9.To provide security of employment to workers so that may not be distracted by the uncertainties of their future; 10. To provide an opportunity for growth within the organization to person who are willing to learn and undergo training to improve their future prospects. 11. To provide for the payment of fair an adequate wages and salary to the workers so that their healthy cooperation may be ensure for efficient working of the undertaking;
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12. To recognize the work and accomplishment of the employees by offering non-monetary incentives rewards; 13. To create a sense of responsibility on the part of those in authority, for the claims of employees as human being, who should be guaranteed protection of their fundamental rights and offered enough scope for developing their potential. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERSTICS OF A SOUND PERSONNEL POLICY The main features of a good personnel policy are: 1. The statement of any policy should be definite, positive, clear and easily understood by anyone in the organization so that what it proposes to achieve is evident. 2. It should be written in order to preserve it against loss to stimulate careful consideration before its formulation and to prevent the promulgation of numerous, differing and temporary oral policies from multiple sources. 3. It must be reasonably stable but not rigid, i.e., it should be periodically revised, evaluated, assessed and revised and should, therefore, be in tune with the challenge of changes in the environment and should have built in resilience for adjustment from time to time. 4. It must be supplementary to the over-all policy of an organization, for if departmental policy were made such as to come into conflict and violet the company policy, it would be tantamount to insubordination. Peter drucker has observed: the policies of an enterprise have to be balanced with the kind of reputation an enterprise wants to build up with special reference to the social and human needs, objectives and value. 5. It should be indicate that the management knows that workers prefer to deal with the management on an individual basis. 6. It should recognize the desire of many workers for recognition as groups in many of their relationships.
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7. It should be formulated with due regard for the interests of all the concerned parties-the employers, the employees and the public community. 8. It should be the result of a careful analysis of al the available facts. 9. It must provide a two-way communication system between the management and the employees so that the latter are kept informed of the latest developments. In the organization and the employers are aware of the action and reaction of employees on particular issues. 10.It should be consistent with public policy, i.e., with the spirit rather than the letter of the law, so that the intensions and settled course of an organization are appreciated in terms of public opinion from the standpoint of national, economic and social justice for the employees and for the community at large. 11.All interested parties should generally know it. 12.It must have not only the support of the management but also the cooperation of employees at the shop floor level and in the office. 13.Before evolving such a policy, trade unions should be consulted in 14.Matters of industrial relations; and the role of trade unions should be restricted only to this area. 15.It should be progressive and enlightened, and must be consistent with professional practice and philosophy. 16.It must make a measurable impact, which can be evaluate and qualified for the guidance of all concerned, especially in the field of the three Rs of personnel management viz., recruitment, retainment and retirement. 17.It should be uniform throughout the organization, though, in the light of local conditions, slight variation may be permitted in specific policies relating to staffing compensation, benefits and services.

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18.It should have a sound base in appropriate theory and should be translable into practices, terms and peculiarities of every department of an enterprise. 19.Except in rare cases, policies should not prescribed detailed procedures.

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING INTRODUCTION Planning is thought prior to action Planning has been visualized as a thought proper to action, embracing a scheme of action involving the determination of the strengths and weaknesses in the choice of the best course of action from the standpoint of strategy and programmes. The term Plan is defined as a forecast of future attainment and forms a written statement of what will be the outcome of this action specifying a time period ranging from one year to five years. Meaning of Human Resource Planning: Is both a process and a set of plans. It is the process used by organisations for assessing the supply and demand for future human resources. In addition, an effective HR plan also provides the mechanisms that will be used to eliminate any gaps that may be exist between supply and demand. Thus HR planning is process that is used to determine the number of employees to be recruited in to the organisation or the phased out of it. Human Resource Planning as a process involving the following activities: 1. Forecasting of future human resource requirements; 2. Task of inventorying present resources and assessing the extent to which these resources are optimally utilized; 3. Anticipation of human resources problem, and
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4. Planning of necessary human resource programme. Manpower Planning Provides information in three dimensions: The estimated manpower requirements (including expectations of manpower utilization); The analysis of the external manpower market situation,& The resulting estimate of manpower availability from the two dimensions. Strategies for Manpower Planning Manpower planning involves the application of a set of 9 strategies: 1. Collect, maintain and interpret relevant information regarding human resources; 2. Report periodically manpower objectives, requirements and existing employment and allied features of manpower; 3. Develop procedures and techniques to determine the requirements of different types of manpower over a period of time from the standpoint of organizational goals and modify these goals, if they make unrealistic demands for human resources; 4. Develop measures of manpower utilization as a component of forecasts of manpower requirements along with if possible- independent validation; 5. Employ- if suitable- techniques leading to effective allocation of work with a view to improving manpower utilization; 6. Conduct research to determine factors hampering the contribution of the individuals and groups to the organization with a view to modifying or removing these handicaps; 7. Develop and employ methods of economic assessment of human resources reflecting its features as income generator and cost and accordingly improving the quality of decisions influencing manpower; 8. Evaluate the procurement, promotion and retention of the effective human resources in the context of the forecast requirements of the enterprise; & 9. Analyze the dynamic process of recruitment , promotion and loss to the organization and control these processes and organization structure with a view to encouraging the maximum individual and group performance without involving excessive costs.
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Reasons for Human Resource Planning All organizations perform human resource planning, either formally or informally. The major reasons for employment planning are: More effective and efficient use of human resources: Human resources planning should precedes all other HRM activities. Careful analysis of all HRM activities shows that their effectiveness and efficiency, which result in increased productivity, depend on human resource planning. More satisfied and better developed employees: Employees who work for organizations that use good human resource planning systems have a better chance to participate in planning their own careers and to share in training and development experiences. Thus they are likely to feel their talents are important to the employer, and they have a better chance to utilize those talents; More effective equal employment opportunity planning: The govt. has increased its demands for equal employment opportunities.In sum, effective human resource planning ensures that HRM activities and programme will be built on a foundation of good planning. Proper planning should cut down on the number of surprises that occur involving human resource availability, placement and orientation. The HR Planning Process HR Planning involves four distinct phases or stages: Situation analysis or environmental scanning; Forecasting human resource records; Human resource supply analysis; Action plan development. Situation analysis and Environmental scanning: The first stage in HR Planning is where the HRM function and strategic planning initially interact. The strategic plan must adapt to
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environmental circumstances, and the HRM function is one of the primary mechanisms that an organization can use during the adaptation process. For e.g. rapid changes in the technological environment can force an organization to quickly identify and hire employees with new skills that previously werent needed by the organization. Without an effective HR plan to support the recruitment and selection functions in the organization, it will be impossible to move fast enough to stay competitive. Thus, organizations are becoming more dependent on an ability to gather relevant information about their environment and to react to this information. Forecasting future demand for employees: The next phase of an effective HR Planning process is estimating not only how many but what kinds of employees will be needed in the future. Forecasting yields these advanced estimates or calculations of the organizations staffing requirement. Although there are many quantitative tools to help with forecasting, it is a process that involves a great deal of human judgment. In addition, many successful HR planners also rely heavily on their gut instincts about future conditions. For e.g., planners at Unilever attribute much of their global successes to such instincts. Analysis of the supply of current Employees: The third phase of HR Planning id designed to answer the question How many and what kind of employees do I currently have in terms of the skills and training necessary for the future? It should be obvious that this phase of HR Planning involves much more that simply counting the number of current employees in the organisation. The major tool used to assess the current supply of employees is the Skill Inventory. It is a list of names, certain characteristics and skills of the people working for the organisation. It provides a way to acquire these data and makes them available where needed in an efficient manner. Action decisions in Human Resource Planning: After the HR Planning system has analyzed both the supply of and demands for future workers, these two forecasts are compared to determine what, if any, action should be taken. Whenever there is a discrepancy between these two estimates, the organization needs to choose a course of action for elimination the gap.
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No matter how good the HR Planning system is, an exact match between supply and demand forecasts is rare. Even when overall estimates are similar, there are frequently important gaps in certain subgroups. These data become inputs to facilitate decisions about training, promotion, demotion and similar decisions. Action decisions with a shortage of employees: When employment specialists comparing demand to supply find the supply of workers is less than the demand, several possibilities are open to the organization. If the shortage is small and employees are willing to work overtime, it can be filled with present employees. If there is shortage of highly skilled employees, training and promotions of present employees, together with the recruitment of lower skilled workers, are possibilities. Action decisions in surplus conditions: When comparison of employee demand and supply indicates a surplus, the alternative solutions include attrition, early retirements, demotions, layoffs, and terminations. Employee decisions in surplus conditions are some of the most difficult decisions managers must make, because the employees who are considered surplus are seldom responsible for the conditions leading to the surplus. A shortage of raw material such as fuel, or a poorly designed or marketed product can cause an organization to have a surplus of employees. Fig. 1: Human Resource Planning Process Strategic Management Decisions
Technological Forecasts; Economic Forecasts; Market Forecasts; Organisational Planning; Investment Planning; Annual Operating Plans.

Human Resource Demand

Annual Employment Requirements; Numbers; Skills; Occupational Categories.

Human Resource Supply

Existing Employment Inventory;

After Application of Expected Loss and Attrition rates.

Variances

End If None:

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If surplus

If Shortage

Decisions: Layoff etc. End

Decisions: Overtime etc. End

In short, Human Resource Planning is a process by which the management of an organization ensures that it has the right number and kind of people at the right places and at the right times to successfully achieve its overall objectives. Human Resource planning differs from Manpower Planning in the sense that the former is primarily concerned with the human aspects of people, the latter mainly concentrates on the power of the people.

Human Resource Management Unit 2 Job Analysis

Job Analysis is one of the most important functions of Human Resource Manager. Performance Appraisal, Job Designing, Personnel selection, employee training, career development and planning are among the many activities that depends upon the information gathered in the job analysis. Key terms: Job: A job may be defined as a collection or aggregation of tasks, duties and responsibilities which as a whole is regarded as a regular assignment to individual employees. Putting in different words the meaning of a job can be described as a pocket containing differentiated set of total workload in an organization.

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Position: Position is collection of tasks and responsibilities regularly assigned to a person. It is to be noted that job is impersonal and position is personal. Today, however, the word job has many mutations depending upon how, when and by whom it is used. It is often used interchangeably with the terms like position and tasks. Before proceeding with a detailed discussion on job Analysis it would be fruitful to familiarize ourselves with terms that form specific job attributes. Fig. Relationship among the different job components: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 Micro Motion 2 Elements 3- Tasks 4- Duties 5- Positions 6- Job 7- Job Family 8- Occupation 9- Career Micro Motion: The simplest unit of work is the micro motion. A micro motion involves a vary elementary movement such as reaching different work performed in an organization can be traced from a micro motions to an occupation grasping, positioning and releasing an object. It is the most elementary unit in to which a job can be broken down. Elements: An element is alignment of two or more micro motions to make a basic movement like picking up an object.

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A task is congregation of elements to constitute an activity for a specific purpose like preparing a lecture. Two or more related tasks performed in carrying out specific job responsibilities are referred to as duty. A position constitutes specific duties and tasks group together. In an organization there may be one or more person assigned a position. A position constitutes the whole unit of work assignment Job: When positions are combined they create a job. A job family is a group of two or more jobs that either call for similar worker characteristics or contain parallel work tasks as determined by job analysis. Occupation: A grouping of similar jobs or job families across organizations is termed as occupation. A Career represents a sequence of positions, jobs or occupations that a person has over his or her working life. Having familiarized oneself with the basic conceptual framework which acts as foundation stone for the knowledge on job analysis, we shall now proceed with a step-by-step discussion of the main topics. Job Analysis Job Analysis is a written record of actual requirements of the job activities. Definitions: Job Analysis is the process of determining and reporting pertinent information relating to the nature of a specific job. Bayers and Rue It is the determination of tasks, which comprise the job of the skills, knowledge, abilities, and responsibilities required of the holder for the successful job performance. Putting it in other words it is the process of getting information about the job incumbents skills, education and training to carry out the job effectively and terms on time for completion, performance standard.
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It is procedure by which pertinent information is obtained about a job, i.e. it is detailed and systematic study of information relating to the operations and responsibilities of a specific job. A job analysis results in two important documents: Job Description; Job Specification. Job Description: Job description is written record of the duties, responsibilities and requirements of particular jobs. It is concerned with the job itself and not with the work. It is a statement describing the job in such terms as its title, location, duties, working conditions and hazards. In other words, it tells us What to be done, and how it is to be done and why. It is a standard of function, in that it defines the appropriate and authorized contents of a job.

Job Specification: Job specification is a standard of personnel and designates the qualities required for an acceptable performance. It is a written record of the requirements sought in an individual worker for a given job. In other words, it refers to a summary of the personnel characteristics required for a job. It is a statement of the minimum acceptable human qualities necessary for the proper performance of a job. Purpose and Uses of Job Analysis Job Analysis is not useful but an essential part of organizational strategies to serve the following purposes: Organization and Manpower Planning: It is helpful in organization planning, for it defines labour needs in concrete terms and coordinates the activities of the work force, and clearly divides duties and responsibilities;

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 Recruitment and Selection: By indicating the specific job requirements of each job (i.e. the skills and knowledge), it provides a realistic basis for the hiring, training, placement, transfer and promotion of personnel. Basically, the goal is to match the job requirements with a workers aptitude, abilities and interests. It also helps in charting the channels of promotion and in showing lateral lines of transfer; Wage and Salary Administration: By indicating the qualification required for doing a specified job and the risks and hazards involved in its performance, it helps in salary and wage administration. Job analysis is used as a foundation for job evaluation; Job Re-Engineering: Job Analysis provides information, which enables us to change jobs in order to permit their being managed by personnel with specific characteristics and qualification. Employee Training and Management Development: Job Analysis provides the necessary information to the management of training and development programmes. It helps to determine the content and subject matter of in training courses. It also helps in checking application information, interviewing, weighing test results, and in checking references. Performance Appraisal: It helps in establishing clear cut standards which may be compared with the actual contribution of each individual; Health and Safety: It provides an opportunity for identifying hazardous conditions and unhealthy environmental factors so that corrective measures may b taken to minimize and avoid the possibility of accidents. Employee Orientation: Effective job orientation cannot be accomplished without a clear understanding of the job requirements. The duties and responsibilities of a job must be clearly defined before a new employee can be taught how to perform the job. Utilizing Personnel: Job Analysis information can help both employees and managers, pinpoint the root of a problem if employee functions are not adequate. In sum, it may be noted that job analysis is a systematic procedure for securing and reporting the information, which defines a specific job. Steps in Job Analysis/Process

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The major steps to be followed in carrying out job analysis in an organization can be described as follows: Step 1: Studying job vis a vis the organization: Review the available Background information through organization workflow or process charts. Studies the job inter relationships. Often, a restructuring, down sizing, merger, or rapid growth will initiate this review. Step 2: Selection of uses of job analysis information: Be selective regarding the future uses of job analysis. The employee or the manager may request a job analysis to determine the appropriate compensation, but they also be interested in formally documenting changes in recruitment, placement and training for a particular job. Step 3: Identify the job to be analyzed: it is always advisable to choose flow representative and key positions for job analysis, thus avoiding unnecessary time and financial expenditure. Step 4: collection of Job Analysis data: manager should consider using a number of different methods of data collection because it is unlikely that any one method will provide all the necessary information needed. Three of the most popular form of data collection is: Observation of tasks and behavior with the job incumbent i.e. both physical and mental activities; Interviews; Questionnaires and checklists; Step 5: Develop a Job Description: Highlight the major tasks, pertaining to effective job performance through the written description; Step 6: Develop a Job Specification: Transcript the information obtained after step 4 highlight what personal qualities, trait, skills, background is necessary for optimal job performance. Job Performance Observation Interview Critical incident technique
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Degree of interaction with

Data Collection methods

Questionnaires Diary method Training material Dictionary of occupation

personal

Step 7: Review and update of information: If no major changes have occurred in the organization, then a complete review of all jobs should be performed every three years.
Review & Update of information Develop a job specification Develop a job description Collection of job analysis data Identify the job to be analyzed Selection of uses of job analysis information Studying job visContents of Job Analysis a vis the organisation

A job Analysis provides the following information: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Job Identification; Significant characteristics of a job; What the typical worker does; Which materials and equipment of a worker uses; How a job is performed; Required personnel attributes; Job relationship.

It is obvious from the foregoing that a job analysis is usually a clear indication of a job description and job specification.
Recruitment

Successful human resource planning should identify our human resource needs. Once we know these needs, we still want to do something about meeting them. The next step in the acquisition function, therefore, is

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recruitment. This activity makes it possible for us to acquire the number and types of people necessary to ensure the continued operation of the Organisation. Recruiting is the discovering of potential candidates for actual or anticipated organizational vacancies or from other perspective, it is a linking activity- bringing together those with jobs to fill and those seeking jobs. Recruitment a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employ effective measures for attracting that manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working force Yoder & others It is a process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating and encouraging them to apply for jobs in an Organisation. It is often termed positive in that it stimulates people to apply for jobs to increase the hiring ratio i.e. the no. Of applicants for a job. Flippo Technically speaking, the function of recruitment precedes the selection function and it includes only finding, developing the sources of prospective employees and attracting them to apply for jobs in an organization, whereas the selection is the process of finding out the most suitable candidate to the job out of the candidates attracted (recruited). Objectives of recruitment: To attract people with multi dimensional skills and experience that suit the present and future organizational strategies; To induct outsiders with a new perspective to lead the company; To infuse fresh blood at all levels of the Organisation; To develop an organizational culture that attracts competent people to the company; To search or head hunt/ head pouch people whose skills fit the companys values; To devise methodologies for assessing psychological traits; To seek out non-conventional development grounds of talent; To search for talent globally and not just with in the company;
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 To design entry pay that competes on quality but not on quantum; To anticipate and find people for positions that does not exist yet.

Fig. 1:Recruiting and other Human Resource Management activities

Human Resource Planning

Recruiting

Job Applications

Selection

Which provides new employees for Orientation; Training/ Development; Etc.

Factors affecting Recruitment There are a number of factors that affect recruitment. These are broadly classified in to two categories: 1. Internal Factors; 2. External Factors. External Factors: The external factors include supply of and demand for human resources, employment opportunities and /or unemployment rate, labour market conditions, political and legal requirement and govt. Policies, social factors, information systems etc. External factors: Socio economic factors;

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Supply and demand factors; Employment rate; Labour market conditions; Political, legal and governmental factors; Information systems.

Internal Factors: The internal factors include the companys pay package including salary, fringe benefits and incentives, quality of work life, organizational culture, career planning, growth opportunities, size of the company, companys product and services, companys growth rate, role of trade unions and cost of recruitment. Internal factors: Companys pay package; Quality of worklife; Organizational culture; Career planning and growth; Companys size; Companys products and services; Geographical spread of the companys operations; Companys growth rate; Role of trade unions; Cost of recruitment; Companys name and fame.

External Environmental Influences: The union; HRM activities: Govt. Requirements, Equal employment regulations and laws; opportunities; conditions; Economic JobComposition of the labour analysis; Recruitment; Planning; Selection; Training and development; Career planning and development; Benefits and services; Discipline;

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Internal Environmental Influences: Strategy; Goals; Organizational Culture; Nature of the task; Work Group; Effectiveness Criteria: Performance; People Satisfaction; Abilities; Absenteeism; Attitudes Turnover; Preference Scrap rates; s; Grievance rates; Accident rates.

 Organisation

End

Results; Competitive products; Competitive services.

Sources of Recruitment

Recruitment is more likely to achieve its objectives if recruiting sources reflect the type of position to be filled. Sources are those where prospective employees are available like employment exchanges while techniques are those, which stimulate the prospective employees to apply for jobs like nomination by employees, advertising, promotion etc. Certain recruiting sources are more effective than others for filling certain types of jobs are. The sources of recruitment are broadly classified in to internal sources and external sources. Internal Sources: are the sources within organizational pursuits. It includes (a) Present permanent employees; (b) present temporary/ casual employees; (c) retrenched or retired employees; (d) dependents or deceased, disabled, retired and present employees; (e) Promotions; (f) Transfers. Present Permanent Employees: Organizations consider the candidates from this source for higher-level jobs due to: (1) availability of most suitable candidates for jobs relatively or equally to the external source, (2) to meet the trade unions demands; (3) to the policy of the Organisation to motivate the present employees. Present temporary or Casual employees: Organizations find this source to fill the vacancies relatively at lower levels owing to the availability of suitable candidates or trade and pressures or in order to motivate them on the present job. Retrenched or Retired employees: Generally a particular Organisation retrenches the employees due to lay-off. The
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Organisation takes of the candidates for employment from the retrenched employees due to obligation, trade union pressure and the like. Sometimes the organizations prefer to re employ their retired employees as a token of their loyalty to the Organisation or to postpone some inter personal conflicts for promotion etc. Dependents of Deceased, Disabled, Retired and Present Employees: Some organizations with a view to developing the commitment and loyalty of build up image provide employment to the dependent(s) of deceased, disabled and present employees. Such organizations find this source as an effective source of recruitment. Promotions: Most of the internal candidates would be stimulated to take up higher responsibilities and express their willingness to be engaged in the higher level jobs if management gives them the assurance that they will be promoted to the next higher level. Transfers: Employees will be stimulated to work in the new sections or places if management wishes to transfer them to the places of their choice. Why do organizations prefer Internal Source? Internal recruitment can be used as a technique of motivation; Morale of the employees can be improved; Suitability of the internal candidates can be judged better than the external candidates as known devils are better than unknown angles; Loyalty, commitment, a sense of belongings and security of the present employees can be enhanced; Employees psychological needs can be met by providing an opportunity for advancement; Employees economic needs for promotion, higher income can be satisfied; Cost of selection can be minimized; Cost of training, induction, orientation, period of adaptability to the Organisation can be reduced; Social responsibility towards employees may be discharged; Stability of employment can be ensured. Why organizations dont prefer internal sources? It often leads to inbreeding and discouraging new blood from entering in an Organisation; There are possibilities that internal source may dry up, and it may be difficult to find the requisite personnel from within an Organisation;
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 Since the learner does not know more than the lecturer does, no

innovations worth the name can be made. Therefore, on jobs which require original thinking (such as advertising, style designing and basic research), this practice is not followed; As promotion is based on seniority, the danger is that really capable hands may not be chosen. The likes and dislikes of the management may also play an important role in the selection of personnel. External Sources: External Sources are those sources, which are outside the organizational pursuits. These sources include: (1) Campus Recruitment; (2) Private Employment Agencies/ Consultants; (3) Public Employment Exchanges; (4) Professional Associations; (5) Data Banks; (6) Casual Applications; (5) Similar Organizations; (6) Trade Unions; (7) Advertisements; (8) Employee Referrals. Campus Recruitment: different types of organizations like industries, business firms, service organizations, social or religious organizations can get inexperienced candidates of different types from various educational institutions like colleges and universities imparting education in science, commerce, arts, engineering and technology, agriculture. Medicines from the training institutes. Most of the universities and institutes imparting technical education in various disciplines provide facilities for campus recruitment and selection.

Fig.3 process of Campus Recruitment: Form manpower addition plan

Conduct pre-placement Tasks Identify campuses to recruit on

Secure place in the queue on each campus

Check application form of candidates

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Conduct written test for knowledge

Interview intensively for competence Identify suitable candidates

Cross check for inconsistencies

Stay in touch with those who accept Advice through final years specialization Provide support to ease stress

Make job offers

Continue informal interaction

Employment Agencies: These agencies or consultants perform the

recruitment function on the behalf of a client company by charging fee. Line mangers are relieved from recruitment functions so they can concentrate on their operational activities and recruitment functions are entrusted to a private agency or consultants. These agencies are also called Executive Search Companies. Public Employment Agencies: The govt. set up Public Employment exchanges in the country to provide information about vacancies to the candidates and to help the organizations in finding out suitable candidates. Public sector and private sector industries have to depend on public employment exchanges for the specified vacancies. Professional Organizations: Professional organizations maintain complete data of their members and provide the same to various organizations on requisition. They also act as an exchange between their members and recruiting firms in exchanging information, clarifying doubts etc. Data Banks: The management can collect the bio data of the candidate from different sources like employment exchanges, educational Training Institutes, candidates etc. and feed them in the computer. It will become another source and the company can get the particulars as and when they need. Casual Applicant: Depending upon the image of the Organisation, its prompt response, participation of the Organisation in the local activities, level of unemployment, candidates apply casually for the jobs through mail or hand over the applications in Personnel Department. This would be a suitable source for temporary and lower level jobs.
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 Trade Unions: Generally, unemployed or underemployed persons or

employees seeking change in employment put a word to the trade union leader with a view to getting suitable employment due to latters intimacy with management. Similar Organizations: Generally, experienced candidates are available in organizations producing similar products or are engaged in similar business. The management can get most suitable candidates from this source. This would be the most effective source for executive positions and for newly established organizations or diversifies or expanded organizations. Advertising: Advertising is widely accepted technique of recruitment, though it mostly provides one-way communication. It provides the candidates in different sources, the information about the job and company and stimulates them to apply for jobs. It includes advertising through different media like newspapers, magazines of all kinds, radios, television etc. Employee referrals: Friends and relatives of present employees are also a good source from which employees may be drawn. When the labour market is very tight, large employers frequently offer their employees bonuses or prizes for any referrals that are hired and stay with the company for a specific length of time. Modern sources or techniques of Recruitment:
WALK IN: The busy organizations and the rapid changing companies

do not find time to perform various functions of recruitment. Therefore, they advise the potential candidates to attend for an interview directly and without a prior application on a specified place. The suitable candidates among the interviewees will be selected for appointment after screening the candidates through tests and interviews. Consult In: The busy organizations encourage the potential job seekers to approach them personally and consult them regarding the jobs. The companies select the suitable candidates from among such candidates through the selection process. Head Hunting: The companies request the professional organizations to search for the best candidates particularly for the senior executive positions. The professional organizations search for the most suitable candidates and advise the company regarding the filling up of the positions. headhunters are also called search consultants.

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 Body shopping: Professional organizations and the hi tech training

institutes develop the pool of human resources for the possible employment. The prospective employers contact these organizations to recruit the candidates. Otherwise, the organizations themselves approach the prospective employees to place their human resources. These institutions are called body shoppers and these activities are known as body shopping. Business Alliances: Business alliances like acquisitions, mergers, and takeovers help in getting human resources. In addition, the companies do also have alliances in sharing their human resources on ad-hoc basis. Tele Recruitment: The technological revolution in the Tele communication helped the organizations to use Internet as a source of recruitment. Organizations advertise the vacancies through the World Wide Web (www) Internet. The job seekers send their applications through e-mail or Internet.

In short: successful and effective recruitment programme necesseciates to have certain attributes such as: A well defined recruitment policy; A proper organizational structure; A well laid down procedure for locating potential job seekers; A suitable method and technique for tapping and utilizing these candidates; A continuous assessment of effectiveness of recruitment programme and incorporation of suitable modifications from time to time to improve the effectiveness of the programme; An ethically sound and fool proof practice telling an applicant all about the job and its position, the firm to enable the candidate judiciously decide whether or no to apply and join the firm, if selected.

SELECTION Selection procedure is concerned with securing relevant information about an applicant. The objective of the selection decision is to choose
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the individual who can most successfully perform the job from the pool of qualified candidates. The selection procedure is the system of functions and devices adopted in a given company to ascertain whether the candidates specifications are matched with the job specifications and requirements or not. The selection procedure cannot be effective until and unless: 1. Recruitments of the job to be filled, have been clearly specified (Job analysis, etc. 2. Employee specifications (physical, mental, social, behavioral, etc.) have been clearly specified; 3. Candidates for screening have been attracted. SELECTION PROCEDURE There is no standard selection process that can be followed by all companies in all the areas. Companies may follow different selection techniques or methods depending upon the size of the company, nature of the business, kind and no. Of persons to be employed, govt. regulations to be followed etc.

Application Form

Written Examination

Preliminary Interview

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Group Discussion

Tests

Final Interview Medical Examination Reference Checks

Line Managers Decisions Application Form: Also known as application blank. This technique is

widely accepted for securing information from the prospective candidates. It can also be used as a device to screen the candidates at the preliminary stage. Information is generally required on the following items in the application forms: a) Personal background information; b) Educational attainments; c) Work experiences; d) Salary; e) Personal details; f) References. Written Examination: The organizations have to conduct examination for the qualified candidates after they are screened on the basis of the application blanks so as to measures the candidates ability in arithmetical calculations, to know the candidates attitude towards the job, to measure the candidates aptitude, reasoning, knowledge in various disciplines, general knowledge and English language. Preliminary Interview: The Preliminary interview is to solicit necessary in formation from the prospective applicants and to assess the applicants suitability to the job. This step is useful as a process of eliminating the undesirable and unsuitable candidates. Group Discussions: The technique of group discussion is used in order to secure further information regarding the suitability of the candidates
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for the job. Group discussion is a method where groups of the successful applicants are brought around a conference table and are asked to discuss either a case study or a subject matter. Tests: The next stage in the selection process is conducting different tests. The objective of tests is to solicit further information to assess the employee suitability to the job. The important tests are: Aptitude Test: a) Intelligence test b) Mechanical Test c) Psychomotor Test d) Clerical Test Achievement Test: a) Job Knowledge Test; b) Work Sample Test. Situational Test: a) Group Discussion; b) In Basket. Interest Test: Personality Test: a) Objective Test; b) Projective Test. Aptitude Tests: These tests measure whether an individual has the capacity or latent ability to learn a given job if given adequate training. Aptitudes can be divided in to general and mental ability or intelligence or specific aptitudes such as mechanical, clerical, manipulative capacity etc. These are: 1. Intelligence Tests: These tests in general measure intelligence quotient of a candidate. In detail these tests measures capacity for comprehension, reasoning, word fluency, verbal comprehension, numbers, memory and space. 2. Mechanical Tests: These tests measure the capacities of spatial visualization, perceptual speed and knowledge of mechanical matter. 3. Psycho meter Tests: These tests measure abilities like manual dexterity, motor ability and eye hand coordination of candidates. 4. Clerical Aptitude: Measure specific capacities involved in office work, items of this test include spelling, computation, comprehension, copying, word measuring etc.

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 Achievement Tests: These tests are conducted when applicants claim to know something as these tests are concerned with what one has accomplished. These tests are more useful to measure the value of specific achievement when an Organisation wishes to employ experienced candidates. These are: 1. Job Knowledge Test: Under this test a candidate is tested in the knowledge of a particular job. 2. Work Sample Test: Under this test a portion of the actual work is given to the candidate as a test and the candidate asked to do it. Situational Test: This test evaluates a candidate in a similar real life situation. In this test the candidate is asked either to cope with the situation or solve critical situation of the job. 1. Group Discussion: This test is administered through group discussion approach to solve a problem under which candidates are observed in the areas initiating, leading, proposing valuable ideas, conciliating skills, oral communicating skills, co-ordination and concluding skills. 2. In Basket Test: The candidate in this test is supplied with actual letters, telephone and telegraphic message, reports and requirements by various officers of the Organisation, adequate information about the job and Organisation. The candidate is asked to take decisions on various items based on the in basket information regarding requirements in the memoranda. Interest Tests: These tests are inventories of the likes and dislikes of candidates in relation to work, job, occupations, hobbies and recreational activities. Personality Tests: These tests prove deeply to discover clues to an individuals value system, his emotional reactions, and maturity and characteristic mood. 1. Objective Test: most personality tests are objective tests as they are suitable for group testing and can be scored objectively. 2. Projective tests: Candidates are asked to project their own interpretation of certain standard situations basing on ambiguous pictures, figures etc., under these tests Final Interview: Final Interview is usually followed by testing. This is the most essential step in the process of selection. In this step the interviewer matches the information abstained about the candidate through various means to the job requirements and to the information obtained through his own observation during interview. Types Of Interview:

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Type Structured

Type of questions A predetermined checklist if questions, usually asked of all applicants. Few, if any, planned questions. Questions are made up during the interview. A combination of structured and unstructured questions, which resembles what, is usually done in practice. Questions limited to hypothetical situations. Evaluation is based on the solution and approach of the applicant. A series of harsh, rapidfire questions intended to upset the applicant.

Usual applications

Unstructured

Mixed

Useful for valid results, especially when dealing with large number of applicants. Useful when the interviewer tries to probe personal details of the candidate to analyze why they are not right for the job. A realistic approach that yields comparable answers plus in depth insights.

Behavioral

Useful to understand applicants reasoning and analytical abilities under modest stress. Useful for stressful jobs, such as handling complaints.

Stress

Medical Examination: Certain jobs require certain physical qualities

like clear vision, perfect hearing, unusual stamina, tolerance of hard working conditions, clear tone etc. Medical examination reveals whether or not a candidate possesses these qualities. Reference Checks: After completion of the final interview and medical examination, the personnel department will engage in checking references. Candidates are required to give the names of reference in their application forms. In case the reference check is from the previous employer, information for the following areas may be obtained. They are: job title, job description, period of employment, pay and allowances,
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gross emoluments, benefits provided, rate of absence, willingness of the previous employer to employ the candidate again etc. Final decision by the line manager concerned: The line manager concerned has to make the final decision whether to select or reject the candidate after soliciting the required information through different techniques. A true understanding between the line managers and personnel mangers should be established to take proper decisions. Employment: Thus, after taking the final decision the Organisation has to intimate the decision to the successful as well as unsuccessful candidates. The Organisation sends the appointment orders to the successful candidates either immediately or after sometime depending upon the time schedule. Placement When once the candidate reports for duty, the Organisation has to place him initially in that job for which he is selected. Immediately the candidate will be trained in various related jobs during the period of probation of training or trial. The Organisation, generally, decides the final placement after the initial training is over on the basis of candidates aptitude and performance during the training/probation period. Probation period generally ranges between six months and two years. If the performance is not satisfactory, the Organisation may extend the probation or ask the candidate to quit the job .If the employee performance during the probation period is satisfactory, his services will be regularized and he will be placed permanently on a job. Fig. 6: Employee Placement Process Collect data about the employee Construct the employees profile Match between sub group profile and individuals profile Compare sub-group profile to job family profile Match between job family profiles and sub-group profiles Assign the individuals to job family

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Assign the individual to specific job after further counseling and assessment Placement is the determination of the job to which an accepted candidate is to be assigned and his assignment to that job. It is a matching of what the supervisor has reason to think he can do with the job demands (job requirements), it is a matching of what he imposes (in strain, working conditions) and what he offers in the form of pay roll, companionship with others, promotional possibilities etc. It is not easy to match all factors to the new employee who is still unknown to many. So the new employee is placed as a probationer until the trial period is over. INDUCTION Introducing the new employee who is designated as a probationer to the job, job location, surroundings, Organisation, organizational surroundings, various employees is the final step of employment process. This process is important because of the high turnover rate among the new employees compared to that among senior employees. This is mainly because of the problem of adjustment and adaptability to the new surroundings and environment. further absence of information, lack of knowledge about new Organisation, cultural gap, and behavioral variations, different levels of technology, variations in the requirements of the job and the Organisation also disturb the new employee. Induction is necessary as the newcomer feel insecure, shy, nervousness and disturbing. This situation leads to instability and turnover. Induction is the process of receiving and welcoming an employee when he first joins a company and giving him the basic information he needs to settle down quickly and happily and start work. Lecture, handbook, film, group seminar are used to impart the information to new employees about the environment of the job and the Organisation in order make new employee acquaint himself with the following heads: 1. About the company; 2. About the department; 3. About the superiors, subordinates;

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Objectives of Induction: I. Putting the new employee at his ease; II. Creating interest in his job and the company; III. Providing basic information about working arrangements; IV. Indicating the standards of performance and behavior expected of him. Making the employee feel that his job, however small, is, meaningful, that he is not a cog in the vast wheel; V. Informing him about training facilities; VI. Creating the feeling of social security; VII. Minimizing the reality shock which would be caused due to incompatibility caused between the employee expectations and actually what the company provides/offers regarding pay, benefits, status, working conditions, responsibility, opportunity for growth, innovations, creative ideas etc. Advantages of Induction I. First impression matters a good deal and results in less turnover; II. Newcomer adjusts himself to the work quickly, and it saves the time of the supervisor; III. Reduces employee dissatisfaction and grievances; IV. Develop a sense of belongings and commitment.

In general, productivity forms a measure of the output of goods and services to the input of labour, material and machinery. The more productive a sector, the better its competitive position will be, as its unit cost will be lower. With the increase in productivity, earnings will improve, raising the standard of living. Improving productivity does not mean working harder. Rather it means working effectively. It means getting more out of what is put in. It is doing better with what one has.
Dismissal Dismissal is a termination of service of an employee as a punitive measure. This may occur either on account of unsatisfactory performance of misconduct. Persistent failure on the part of employee to perform up to the expectations or specified standard is considered as unsatisfactory
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performance. Willful violation of rules & regulation by the employee is treated as misconduct. Dismissal is a drastic step seriously impairing the earnings and image of an employee. Therefore, dismissal as a measure should be resorted to with great care and caution. It must be justifies and duly supported by the just and sufficient cause. Before an employee is dismissed, he must be served advance notice to explain his position. the reasons for dismissal must be clearly made known to the employee. TRAINING Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an individual for doing a particular job. In the present scenario training is increasingly viewed as a means of fostering the growth of the individual employee but as an integrated part of organizational growth. Training is a process of learning a sequence of programmed behaviour. It is application of knowledge. It gives people an awareness of the rules and procedures to guide their behavior. It attempts to improve their performance on the current job or prepare them for an intended job. Development is a related process. It covers not only those activities, which improve job performance, but also those, which bring about growth of the personality; help individual in the progress towards maturity and actualization of their potential capacities so that they become not only good employees but better man and women. Definition Of Training: Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job. Edwin. B.Flippo

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Training is the organized procedure by which people learn knowledge and \or skill for definite purpose. Dale S.Beach It is the training that bridges the gap between Job requirements and employees present specifications. Training is a process by which attitudes, skills and abilities of employees to perform specific jobs are increased. Thus, it can be concluded that training is a process that tries to improve skills or add to the existing level of knowledge so that the employee is better equipped to do his present job, or to mould him to be fit for a higher job involving higher responsibilities. In other words, training is a learning experience that seeks a relatively permanent change in an individual that will improve his/her ability to perform his job. Distinction between training and development Training is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-managerial personnel learn technical knowledge and skills for a definite purpose. Development is a long-term educational process utilizing a systematic and organised procedure by which managerial personnel learn conceptual and theoritical knowledge for general purpose. Training refers only to instruction in technical and mechanical operations, while development refers to philosophical and theoretical educational concepts. Training is designed for non-mangers while development is designed for managerial personnel. Training and development differs in four ways: What is learned; Who is learning;
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 Why such learning takes place; When learning occurs. Learning Dimensions Who? What? Why? When? Training Development Non Managerial Personnel Managerial Personnel Technical and Managerial Theoretical and operations Specific job related Short Term Conceptual ideas General knowledge Long Term

Objectives Of Training The primary purpose of training is to establish a sound relationship between the worker and his job the optimum man task relationship. To upgrade skills and prevent obsolescence. To develop healthy and constructive attitude To prepare employees for future assignments The Focus Of Training Is On Three Broad Objectives: To bring about attitudinal change. To bring about quality to be the very top of agenda. To savagely cut waste. Importance And Benefits Of Training Training is important to develop the employees and make them suitable for the job. Training constitutes significant part of management control. Benefits of training to following are:

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Organization Level: It leads to improve profitability It improves the job knowledge, skills and morale of the work force It helps in organizational development and preparation of guidelines for work It enhances quality of work and appropriate climate for growth It supports in improving organizational communication
Individual Level: It help in encouraging and achieving self development

It provides a sense of growth in learning It increases job satisfaction and recognition It helps the individual in effective problem solving A Model Training Program Should Encompass The Following Points: Management overall responsibility right from planning stage to successful implementation. The companies approach to the training function, which would include guidance for design and execution as well as dissemination of relevant information to all employees. Provision for annual or periodic surveys in order to ensure that training are need based and development oriented. Identification of priority area since resources are always scarce and programs must be prioritized according to felt needs.

Identification Of Training Needs

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 Organizational Analysis: - It involves a study of entire organization

in terms of analysis of objectives, utilization of resource, environmental scanning and organizational climate analysis.
Task/Role Analysis: - It involves a careful study of jobs within in an

organization in a further effort to define specific content of training. It requires systematic collection of data about the job, role or position and what type of behavior, skill, and knowledge the jobholder must have to perform certain specified tasks.
Manpower

Analysis: - It is conducted through appropriate

observation, supervisory evaluation. This analysis is undertaken to know about the specific areas in which training is needed DESIGNING TRAINING METHODS Training methods are means of attaining desired objectives set for a training programme. In practice, a variety of training methods are employed for achieving these objectives. But an organization cannot use all types of training methods for the reason like cost involved and also their relevance to organizational need hence, organization needs to select a method or mix of methods to meet its training needs the choice of training method would depend on a Varity of factors, such as purpose of training, nature of contents, relevance to the participants, level of trainees, competence of trainers/instructors, cost, etc. Depending on the training result and the process employed to attain these, the various training methods can broadly categorized into four groups as under: 1. On- the job oriented methods 2. Off the job training methods On the job oriented training methods. As the name itself denotes, methods include in this cluster are those whose main objectives are centered around the job, i.e., learning on the job itself by a variety of
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methods. The main methods, which fall into this category, are discussed here under:
On the job training (OJT). On the job training is probably the

most Common approach to training, which can range from relatively unsophisticated observe and copy method to highly, structured courses. In this method, the new employee is placed on a job and taught the skills necessary to perform it a trainer or superior teaches the employee. Since trainee learns by observing and handling the job this is also termed as observing, and copying or learning by doing.
Job instruction training (JIT). In this method, a trainer or

supervisor gives instruction to an employee how to perform his job. This method of training is appropriate for acquisition or improvement of motor skills and routine and repetitive operations.
Coaching: this is similar to the JIT .in this method, the superior

teaches or guides the new employee about the knowledge and skills of a specifically defined job. The superior points out the mistakes committed by the new employee and then also gives suggestions to improve upon.
Job rotation: in this method, a trainee moves from one job to

another and from one department to another. This type of training method is more appropriate for developing multiskilling, operational flexibility, providing satisfaction from routine jobs and broadening the overall perspective of the trainee.
Vestibule training: this is a system in which employees learn

their jobs on the equipment they will be using, but the training is conducted away from the actual work floor. This type of training is commonly used for training personnel of clerical and semi-skilled grades.

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OF THE JOB TRAINING METHOD: Role-play: this is just like acting out a given role as in stage

play. In this method of training, the trainees are required to enact defined roles on the basis of oral or written description of particular situation.
Case method: the case is an actual event or situation on

organizational problems, which is a written description for discussion purpose. Trainees are asked to analyses the event or circumstances with an objective to identifies problems, trace out the causes for it and find out the solution to solve the problems.
Management games: the game is devised on the model of

business situation. Then, trainees are divide into groups who represent the management of competing companies. They make decisions just like these are made in real life situations. Decisions made by the groups are evaluated and the likely implications of the decisions are fed back to the groups.
In basket exercise: this is also called in tray method of

training. This is built around the incoming mail of manager. The trainees is presented with a pack of papers and files in tray containing administrative problems and are asked to take decision on these within a specified time limit. The decision taken by the trainees are compared with another. The trainees are provided feedback on their decisions.
Lectures: lecture is by far the most commonly used direct

method of training. In this method the trainer provides knowledge to the trainees usually from prepared notes. Notes are also given to the trainees. This method is found more appropriate in simulations where some information is required to be shared to a large number of audience and which does not require more participation from audience. It is a low cost method. The major limitation of this method is

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that it dose not provide for active involvement of the trainees.

Conferences/seminars: in this method, the trainer delivers a

lecture on the particular subject, which is followed by queries and discussions. The conference leader must have the necessary skills to lead the discussion in a meaningful way without losing sight of the topic or theme. This method is used to help employees develop problem-solving skills. Programmed instructions: this is the recently developed technique based on the principle of positive reinforcement developed by B.F.Skinner. This technique is used to teach nonmotor and behavioral skills. The subject matter to be learned is prepared and condensed into logical sequence from more complex. The trainer monitors trainees independent progress through the programme. The trainee gets instant feedback on his learning however; this method is expensive and time consuming also. Sensitive training: sensitive training is also known by a Varity of names such as t-groups, laboratory training and encounter groups. (The T is for training.)The objective of sensitive training is to increase participants insights into their behavior and the behavior of others by encouraging an open expression of feelings in the trainer guide T-group. This approach is useful for understanding peoples behavior particularly when they are involved in inter personal relationships. Development of positive thinking, improvement in inter-personal relationships, proper motivation of people and organizational development are some of the important benefits of transactional analysis as a technique of training.
Conclusion:

To conclude, each method of training has some strengths and weaknesses. Given the purpose of a training programme, the level of participants the competence of trainers, etc., the appropriate method has to be chosen to impart training. MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
While drawing a distinction between training and development in previous chapter, we introduced in brief, the concept of development/ based on that concept, we elaborate it in more detail.

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The term development implies overall development in a person. Accordingly, Management development means not only improvement in job performance, but also improvement in knowledge, personality, attitude, behaviorism of an executive, etc. It means that executive/management development focuses more on the executives personal growth. Management Development is a systematic process of growth and development by which managers develop their abilities to manage. Management Development is concerned with improving the performance of the managers by giving them opportunities for growth and development. Definition: Executive /Management Development includes the process by which managers and executives acquire not only skills and competency in their present job but also capabilities for future managerial tasks on increasing difficulty and scope. Flippo. Any activity designed to improve the performance of existing managers and to provide for a planned growth of managers to meet future organizational requirements is called management development. S.B.Bhudiraja

Techniques Of Management Development There are mainly two techniques of management development, one is the formal training and the other is through the on the job experience.
Important Techniques Of Management Development

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On-The-Job Technique

Off-The-Job Technique

Coaching

Job

Under

Multiple

Case method

Incident

Role-playing

In basket

Business

Sensitivity

On The Job Techniques

Simulation

Grid training

Conference

Lectures

1 Coaching: In coaching the trainee is place under a particular supervisor who acts as an instructor and teaches job knowledge and skills to the trainee. 2. Job Rotation: The transferring of executive s from job to job and from department to department in a systematic manner is called job rotation. 3. Under Study: An under study is as person who is in training to assure at a future time, the full responsibility of the position currently held by his superior. 4 Multiple Management: Multiple management is a system in which permanent advisory committees of managers study problems of the company and make recommendations to higher management. Off-The Job Technique
1.

The Case Study: Cases are prepared on the basis of actual business situations that happened in various organizations.

2. Incident Method: This method was developed by Paul Pigors. It aims

to develop the trainee in the area of intellectual ability, practical judgment and social awareness.
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3. Role Playing: A problem situation is simulated by asking the

participants to assume the role of particular person in the situation.

4. In Basket Method: The trainees are first given background

information about a simulated company, its products, key personnel, various memoranda and all data pertaining to the firm. The trainee has to understand all of this and make notes of it.
5. Sensitivity Training: The main objective of sensitivity training is the

Development of awareness of and sensitivity of behavioral patterns of oneself and others.

6. Simulation: Under this technique the situation is duplicated in such a

way that it carries a closer resemblance to the actual job situation.

7. Managerial grid: It is a six-phase programme lasting from three to

five years. It stats with upgrading managerial skills, continues to group improvement, improves inter group relations, goes into corporate planning, develops implementation method and ends with an evaluation phase.
8. Conference: A conference is a meeting of several people to discuss

thee subject of common interest.

9. Lectures: It is the simplest technique. The lacquerer organizes the

material and gives it to a group of trainees in the form of talks.

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Objectives of Executive/Management Development 1. Improve the performance of mangers at all levels; 2. Identify the persons in the organization with the required potential and prepare them for higher position in future; 3. Ensure availability of required number of executives mangers succession who can take over in case of contingencies as and when these arise in future; 4. Prevent obsolescence of executives by exposing them to the latest concepts and techniques in their respective areas of specialization; 5. Replace elderly executives who have risen from the ranks by highly competent and academically qualified professionals; 6. Improve the thought process and analytical abilities; 7. Provide opportunities to executives to fulfill their career aspirations; 8. Understand the problem of human relations and improve human relations skills.

CONCEPTS AND AREAS OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMME General administration Q 1: How to decide overall company strategy? Q 2: How to evaluate capital expenditure proposals? Q 3: How to improve the flow of information needed to control the organization? Q4: How to launch a new project?
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Marketing & Sales Q 1: How to forecast demand? Q 2: How to generate new product ideas? Q 3: How to launch a new product? Q 4: How to determine the profitability of a product or product line? Q 5: How to improve product design? Production Q 1: How to remove factory bottleneck? Q 2: How to improve product quality and reliability? Q 3: How to cope with complex mixes? Such as several factories, delivery to many customers, or several products from many raw materials available from many different sources, or several products profitability made by several process, etc. Q 4: How to cut labour cost? Q 5: How to improve labour relations? Human Resource Q 1: How to improve training methods? Q 2: How to bring order and equality into wages and salary schemes? Q 3: How to recruit the right number of the right type of people? Purchasing Q 1: How to check quality and reliability of raw materials? Q 2: How to cut down the cost of purchasing holding stocks? Research Q 1: How to reduce the time taken to complete research? CAREER MANAGEMENT Introduction
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Career Management: A career is all the jobs that are held during ones working life. Edwin B. Flippo defines career as a sequence of separate but related work activities that provides continuity and, order and meaning in a persons life. Career management focuses on career goals and it is the process of designing and implementing goals, plans and strategies to enable the organization to satisfy employee needs while allowing individuals to achieve their career goals. Following are the key ingredients for career management, which focuses on the process of implementing organizational career planning. Top management support. Coordination of other human resource activities. Involvement of superiors. Use of human resource managers as consultants. Periodic skill assessment. Realistic feedback about career progress. Equal access and open enrollment. Focus on psychological success rather than advancement. Flexibility for individual needs. Climate setting for career development. Small Pilot Programmes. Periodic programme assessment.

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Career management involves both organizational actions and individuals initiatives to ensure that when the career plans developed by the organizational requirements and individuals aspirations undergo unanticipated changes, they are managed appropriately on a continuing basis. Categories for Career Management There are three major categories to undertake career management. To select a field of employment and employer: - One cannot manage his career unless one has a long-range objective and the first point is to think in terms of where you ultimately want to be. Other important point is to view your potential employer and position in terms of long-range career goals. To know where you are: - To be aware of the opportunities available to you in the current position and to carefully and honestly posses current performance. Plan your exit: - To leave the current organization on good terms and not under questionable circumstances. Career management is complementary to management development and it is concerned with planning and shaping the path, which people take in their career progression within the organization. The underlying assumption of career management is that, in the context of management succession, the organization should be alert to provide able people with training, guidance and encouragement to enabler them to fulfill their potential.

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HR APPROACHES TO IMPROVING COMPETENCIES Following are the approaches, which help in improving competencies among the employee of the organization.
1. Incentives. The term in incentives means an inducement, which

rouses of, stimulates one to action in a desired action. An incentive has a motivational power, and may be broadly grouped into
(a) Financial incentives: - Common use of money as incentive are

in form of wages and salaries, bonus, retirement benefits, medical reimbursement, etc. money plays a significant role in satisfying physiological and security/ social needs.
(b) Non-Financial Incentive: - the following non financial

incentives could be effectively usedi. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Appreciation of work Done Competition Knowledge of result Workers participation In Management: Opportunity for Growth Suggestion System Job Enrichment

2. Management By Objectives (MBO): - Management by Objective

can simply be defined as a programme that encompasses specific goals, anticipatively set for an explicit time period, with feed back on goal progress.
3. Training: - Training is a process of learning a sequence of

programmed behavior. It is application of knowledge. It gives people an awareness of the rules and procedures to guide their behavior. It is
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used to teach the employee the most efficient and effective ways of performing their job. Also used for better quality of their working.
4. Off the job techniques: - Many Techniques could be very effectively

used for the purpose and these are: a) The Case Study b) Role Play c) In-Basket Method d) Sensitivity Training (already explained in previous chapter on Training and Development) SUCCESSION PLANING Meaning: Organizations run on eternal basis. The survival and thrive of any organization on continuous basis requires a succession of person to fill key position. This is done through succession planning. Succession planning can be defined as an executive inventory report indicating what individuals are ready to move into higher positions in the organization. In an organization, position at higher levels fall vacant due to various reasons like retirement, resignation, promotion, transfer, death etc. Therefore, the very purpose of succession planning is to identify, groom, develop and make the people ready to occupy higher levels job as and they fall vacant.
SOURCES

1. Internal Sources; 2. External Sources.

1. INTERNAL SOURCES: Succession from internal sources is

advantageous to the organization as well as to the internal employees. This is so because while organization can buy employees loyalty and commitment, employees feel belongings and shared feelings and development along with the organizations. In order to groom internal employees to assumes higher responsibility in future, some professionally run large organization ask their managers and

65

supervisors to identify the internal employees having potentialities to replace them in jobs should the need arise.
2. EXTERNAL SOURCES:

Succession through outside talent in certain cases like when competent and qualified are not available internally, when major expansions, diversification and growth plans are in offering. Experiences suggest that complete dependence on either internal or external sources is not advisable to any organization what is often advisable in this regard is judicial balance between the two sources should be maintained The succession planning involves the following core activities: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. Analysis of the demand for executives, managers and professional by level, function and skills. Audit of existing executives and inventory of likely future supply from both internal and external sources. Planning individual career paths based on objective estimates of future needs and drawing on reliable appraisal and assessment of potential. Undertaking career counseling in the context of future requirements of executives and managers. Accelerated promotion scheme with development targeted against the future needs of the organization. Training and development activities to groom people for future roles. Planned recruitment to fill short-term vacancies and provide people for development to meet future needs. The actual process by which jobs are filled includes recruitment procedure internal appointment procedure, methods of assessments, internal search mechanism and often use of computer based information systems Socialization

Concepts of socialization: In simple words socialization is the process of adaptation. Different thinkers have defined socialization differently. For example, Feldoman, has defined socialization as acquisition of work skills and abilities adoption of

66

appropriate role behavior and adjustment to the norms and value of the work group. In the opinion of Manen and Schein, socialization can be conceptualized as a process made up of three stage: pre- arrival, encounter and metamorphosis. Thus socialization can be defined as a process of adaptation that takes place as individual attempt to learn the values and norms of work roles.
PHASES OF SOCIALISATION PROCESS

The socialization process involves the following three phases: i. Pre- arrival ii. Encounter iii. Metamorphosis Pre- arrival: the pre- arrival phase explicitly recognizes that all the new recruits arrive the organization with a set of values attitudes expectation and learning. in other word pre arrival refers to all the learning that occurs before a new member joins the organization. Encounter: upon entry into organization, the new member enters the encounter stages. The role-playing starts here. The members starts comparing expectation, the image of the organization, which he had formed during pre arrival phase with reality. If expectation and reality concur the encounter is smooth. But seldom it concurs. When the two differ, stress and frustration set in what follows thereafter is mental process of adjustment. In the process of adjustment. In the process of adjustment the individual tries to replace his/her own values and norms with those of the organization. At the other extreme, the member simply cannot reconcile to those values and norms of the organization and gets disillusioned and quits the job. Metamorphosis: In this stage, the member master the skills required to adjust with the organization norms and values. This is a stage going through changes. Hence, this is called metamorphosis stage. This is of course a voluntary process and a conscious decision, which enables the new member to become compatible with the organization. This signals the completion of socialization process.
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MANAGING ORGANISATIONAL RENEWAL

Youve just taken over as CEO of a company; what aspects of that company can you change / there are several, including its strategy, culture, structure tasks, technologies, and the attitudes and skills of its people. All such changes will require the support and expert advice of the HR department. STRATEGIC CHANGE: Organization change often starts with strategic change, a change in the firm strategy, mission and vision. Strategic change may require other changes for instance in the firm production technology, structure and culture. CULTURAL CHANGE: Implementing a strategic change often requires changing the culture the firms shared values and aims. For example, it created a new set of heroes , individuals and teams who were publicly congratulated whenever their behavior reflected new values of quality, teamwork. and customer focus. HR plays an important role in changing culture. For example one expert advocates five primary embedding mechanisms to change a companys culture, each of which requires HR support and advice: 1. Make it clear to your employees what you pay attention to measure and control. 2. React appropriately to critical incidents and organizational crises. 3. Deliberately role model, teach and coach the values you want to emphasize 4. Communicate your priorities by the way you allocate rewards and status. 5. Make your HR procedures and criteria consistent with the values you espouse. STRUCURAL CHANGE: Organizing redesigning the organizations departmentalization, coordination span of control, reporting relationship or centralization of decision-making is relatively direct and quick method of changing an organization.

68

 TASK REDESING: The task and authority assigned to individual

and teams within the organization are often changed as well.

TECHNOLOGICAL

CHANGE: Technological changes are modification to the work method the organization uses to accomplish its tasks. They may include new production technologies, new selection and screening procedures and new performance appraisal techniques.

CHANGE IN PEOPLE ATTITUDES AND SKILLS: Sometimes the employees themselves must change. Techniques such as lecture conferences and on-the job training and often used to provide new or present employees with the skills they need to perform their job adequately

A 10- STEP PROCESS FOR MANAGING ORGANISATION RENEWAL 1. Establishing a sense of urgency 2. Mobilizing commitment to change through joint diagnosis of business problems 3. Create a guiding coalition 4. Develop a shared vision 5. Communicate the vision 6. Enable employees to facilitate the changes 7. Generate short term win 8. Consolidate gains and produce more change 9. Anchor the new ways of doing things in the companys culture 10.Minorities progress and adjust the visions as required.

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Review and Discussion questions 1. Briefly describe the concept of job analysis, and explain the job analysis process. 2. From the Human Resource Manager points of view, what are the uses of job analysis? 3. Define recruitment. Bring out the factors which effect recruitment? 4. What are the various sources of recruitment? Discuss their relative merits and demerits? 5. If you were a personnel officer in a scientific institution and asked to recruit scientists, which source of recruitment you will use for this purpose and why? 6. What are the key attributes that make a recruitment programme effective? 7. What do you mean by training? How will you identify the training needs in an organization? 8. What are the objectives of training? Explain the need for training in an industrial organization? 9. Training programmes are helpful to avoid personnel obsolescence Discuss. 10.Explain the various methods of training.

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11.Write short notes on: Management Games; Case Study; Vestibule Training; Sensitivity Training; Transactional Analysis. 12.What do you mean by executive development? What are its objectives? 13.Discuss the methods of Executive Development. Which one you consider the most suitable for developing middle level managers and why? 14.You cannot develop managers. People either have the ability to manage or they dont. Do you agree or Dis-agree? Discuss. 15.Career Development is a waste of money for a company. All is does is raise employees expectations and then, frustrated, they quit. Do you agree or disagree? Discuss. 16.What type of information would you seek from human resource department to help you develop your own career plan if you were just starting with a large multinational corporation?

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Unit III HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT HRD implies that the organization wants to enhance the overall capabilities of its employees to develop their potential in directions best suited to them.

Basic Concepts Of HRD:

The belief that every person has potential which can be utilized for better productivity or services has enabled to establish a process of converting this potential into reality. In this process the human being is continuously helped to acquire knowledge and skill and to change to the organizational culture. Therefore the basic concepts of HRD are: To acquire capability to meet present and future job specification.

72

To develop an organizational climate to bring about team spirit and group dynamism.

ORGANISATIUONA L DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN RESOURCE TRAINING ORGANISATIONAL CLIMATE

JOB ENRICHMENT

EXCELLENCE

HUMAN RESOURCE INPUT

JOB SATISFACTIO N

There are efforts being made to synchronies three basic elements of HRD: Education Training Development

To fulfill desired objectives. Training and education can be appraised immediately by simple question answer approach but development evaluation needs ability to predict the long term results. A realistic and long-term HRD plan appears to be difficult but if planned properly, funded adequately and supervised minutely, implementation of HRD practice helps the organization to grow fast.

Facts About HRD:

It is with belief that under certain circumstances people are capable of improving their capability. It is the process of helping people to acquire competencies.

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 In an organizational context HRD is a process by which employees of an organization are helped in a continuous and planned way to acquire or sharpen capabilities. HRD develops an organizational culture in which supervisor-subordinate relationships, team work, collaboration among units are strong and contribute to the professional well being, motivation and pride if employees. Employees are continuously helped to acquire new competencies through a process of planning, feedback, training etc.

Why HRD Is Needed?

It is required for continuous development of competencies. To avoid a saturation point in terms of growth of an employee by enhancement of competencies. To improve the service and effectiveness of employees.

Benefits Of HRD
Unlike education, training in HRD not only develops the competence of the individuals but also develops his/her latent potential for the total effectiveness of the organization. The benefits from HRD are therefore many. Some of them are: It helps employee to diagnose his/her own strengths and weaknesses. It develops creativity in employees.

74

 It helps employee to develop himself/her in a given organizational climate to improve not only his/her performance but that of the organization. It develops trust and openness amongst employees thus enriches interpersonal relationships. It creates environment for realistic feedback and guidance from superiors. It provides long term & short term development opportunities. It smoothens the career development plans. It helps organizations to use available human resource for future challenging responsibilities after developing them. It enables an overall development of personality of employees and the organizations.

Systematic Representation Of Linkages Between HRD Instruments, Processes, Outcomes And Organizational Effectiveness.
HRD Mechanisms or HRD Processes & HRD HRD Outcomes Variables of by More People Better roles of for job Higher involvement More Solving Problem Job commitment & job Developed Competent Organizational Effectiveness Dimensions Higher Productivity Growth Diversification Core Reduction More Profiles Better Image & Subsystems or Instruments HRD Department Professional Appraisals Review Discussions, feedback Counseling sessions Role analysis Climate Variables Role clarity Planning development every employee

Awareness competencies required performance

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exercises Potential development exercisers Training communication policies Job Rotations OD exercises Rewards Job enrichments programs Other mechanisms

Practice Organizations More Trust Collaboration Team Work Authentic Openness Risk taking Value Generation Clarification Increased Communication More rewards Generation employee etc of objective, Data on Objective Of Norms & Standards &

Better of

Utilization Human

Resources Better Organizational Health More Synergy Respect other of Teamwork, and each

Other Factors Personnel Policies, Top Management styles, Investment on HRD, Top Management Commitments, History, Previous Culture, Line Managers Interest etc.

Other Factors Other Factors Environment, Technology, Resource Availability, Environment, History Nature of Business etc

Features Of HRD In An Organization Founded on the belief that people are capable of growth and management has to create an environment of growth. This belief is to be manifested in managerial practices and in the behavior of managers and supervisors who are the key agents of HRD in the organization.

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 For operational purposes large Organizations focus on HRD, generally the areas concern are Recruitment, raining, Appraisal, planning etc.

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LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Definition of Learning: Any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Learning is a kind of action, and it takes place through number of development methods undertaken by the organizations. There are four important points in terms of learning and development. Learning involves a change in behavior and opens a way for development. Any temporary change in behavior due to fatigue or any reason is not a part of learning. Learning is totally based on some form of practice or experience. There must be practice or experience must be reinforced in order for learning to occur The most effective and quick method of Learning is Learning on the job, this is been referred as on the job training. In this method the trainee has direct personal responsibility. Facts About Learning And Development: Learning if it is adopted to the real needs is enforced it creates a long-term impact. The technique of on the job training is very useful in the case of leaning and Development in teaching skills at the work place or the desk or in the laboratory.

78

 The focus is mainly on imparting practical inputs in order to convert it into a more fruitful training.

Characteristics And Principles Of Learning And Development:

It requires purposeful activity. It is a Problem solving process. Learning and development go hand in hand. Friendly competition stimulates learning and development.. Early Successes increases the chances for effective learning and

d3evelopment. Benefits Of On The Job Training In Order To Highlight The Relevance Of Learning And Development: The trainee learns effectively as he experiences the same problem, which he will be facing on the job. Learns to locate the fault and corrects error. Confidence in speed and senses of productiveness, and gets positive and reinforcive support. Benefits Of Job Rotation Method In Order To Highlight The Relevance Of Learning And Development. It is a effective method to develop small number of people in various jobs by rotation. 79

 It is mainly used for management development methods where managers are exposed to handle the situation of other departments. Such a exposure gives you the opportunity of acting in a service role with increased knowledge and sensitivity.

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PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Survival, Growth and Effective existence of an organization require a succession of people to fill various important jobs. Personal Development planning focuses on for main steps Individual Needs Vision linked with needs. Action plan to achieve the vision. Results focusing on maintaining the change. Following are the points to highlight Personal Development Planning: To first of all identify individuals interest, skills and potential. To identify life goals and career goals. To develop a written plan (including schedule to achieve individual goals) Seeking and obtaining the best first. Communicating to management the individual career plan. To seek Counseling from the manager and from the HR organization. To evaluate the internal and external opportunities. To making known yourself and your accomplishments. 81

Advantages Of Personal Development Planning It helps the individual to have the knowledge of various career opportunities. To select the career which is suitable to ones life style. To satisfy individuals esteem needs. To improve the individual employees performance on the job. To increase the level of Job Satisfaction.

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TRAINING
Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an individual for dong a particular job. In the present scenario training is increasingly viewed as a means of fostering the growth of the individual employee but as an integrated part of organizational growth. Definition Of Training: Dale S.Beach defines training as ---the organized procedure by which people learn knowledge and \or skill for definite purpose. It is the training that bridges the gap between Job requirements and employees present specifications.

Objectives Of Training

The primary purpose of training is to establish a sound relationship between the worker and his job the optimum man task relationship. To upgrade skills and prevent obsolescence. To develop healthy and constructive attitude To prepare employees for future assignments The Focus Of Training Is On Three Broad Objectives: To bring about attitudinal change. To bring about quality to be the very top of agenda.

83

 To savagely cut waste.

Importance And Benefits Of Training:

Training is important to develop the employees and make them suitable for the job . Training constitutes significant part of management control. Benefits of training to following. Organization Level: It leads to improve profitability It improves the job knowledge, skills and morale of the work force It helps in organizational development and preparation of guidelines for work It enhances quality of work and appropriate climate for growth It supports in improving organizational communication Individual Level: It help in encouraging and achiving self development It provides a sense of growth in learning It increases job satisfaction and recognisition It helps the individual in effective problem solving

A Model Training Program Should Encompass The Following Points: Management overall responsibility right from planning stage to successful implementation. The companies approach to the training function which would include guidance for design and execution as well as dissemination of relevant information to all employees.

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 Provision for annual or periodic surveys in order to ensure that training is need based and development oriented. Identification of priority area since resources are always scarce and programs must be prioritized according to felt needs.

Identification Of Training Needs Organizational Analysis: - It involves a study of entire organization in terms of analysis of objectives, utilization of resource, environmental scanning and organizational climate analysis. Task/Role Analysis: - It involves a careful study of jobs within in an organization in a further effort to define specific content of training. It requires systematic collection of data about the job, role or position and what type of behavior, skill, and knowledge the job holder must have to perform certain specified tasks. Manpower Analysis:- It is conducted through appropriate observation, supervisory evaluation. This analysis is undertaken to know about the specific areas in which training is needed

Training Techniques

Job instruction training Coaching Programmed learning Job rotation 85

 Lecture Conference Laboratory training Role Playing

Case study In basket

86

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Management Development is a systematic process of growth and development by which managers develop their abilities to manage. Management Development is concerned with improving the performance of the managers by giving them opportunities for growth and development.

Techniques Of Management Development There are mainly two techniques of management development, one is the formal training and the other is through the on the job experience.

Important Techniques Of Management Development

On-The-Job Technique
Coaching Job Under Multiple

Off-The-Job Technique

Case method

Incident

Role-playing

In basket

Business

Sensitivity

Simulation

Grid training

Conference

Lectures

87

On The Job Techniques 1 Coaching: In coaching the trainee is place under a particular supervisor who acts as an instructor and teaches job knowledge and skills to the trainee. 2. Job Rotation: The transferring of executive s from job to job and from department to department in a systematic manner is called job rotation. 2. Under Study: An under study is as person who is in training to assure at a future time, the full responsibility of the position currently held by his superior. 3 Multiple Management: Multiple management is a system in which permanent advisory committees of managers study problems of the company and make recommendations to higher management. Off-The Job Technique 10. The Case Study: Cases are prepared on the basis of actual business situations that happened in various organizations. 11. Incident Method: This method was developed by Paul Pigors. It aims to develop the trainee in the area of intellectual ability, practical judgment and social awareness. 12. Role Playing: A problem situation is simulated by asking the participants to assume the role of particular person in the situation. 13. In Basket Method: The trainees are first given background information about a simulated company, its products, key personnel, various memoranda and all data pertaining to the firm. The trainee has to understand all of this and make notes of it.

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14. Sensitivity Training: The main objective of sensitivity training is the Development of awareness of and sensitivity of behavioural patterns of oneself and others. 15. Simulation: Under this technique the situation is duplicated in such a way that it carries a closer resemblance to the actual job situation. 16. Managerial grid: It is a six-phase programme lasting from three to five years. It stats with upgrading managerial skills, continues to group improvement, improves inter group relations, goes into corporate planning, develops implementation method and ends with an evaluation phase. 17. Conference: A conference is a meeting of several people to discuss thee subject of common interest. 18. Lectures: It is the simplest technique. The lacquerer organizes the material and gives it to a group of trainees in the form of talks.

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CONCEPTS AND AREAS OF MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMME

General administration Q 1: How to decide overall company strategy? Q 2: How to evaluate capital expenditure proposals? Q 3: How to improve the flow of information needed to control the organization? Q4 : How to launch a new project? Marketing & Sales Q 1: How to forecast demand? Q 2: How to generate new product ideas? Q 3: How to launch a new product? Q 4: How to determine the profitability of a product or product line? Q 5: How to improve product design? Production Q 1: How to remove factory bottleneck? Q 2: How to improve product quality and reliability? Q 3: How to cope with complex mixes? Such as several factories, delivery to many customers, or several products from many raw materials available from many different sources, or several products profitability made by several process, etc. Q 4: How to cut labour cost? Q 5: How to improve labour relations? Human Resource Q 1: How to improve training methods? Q 2: How to bring order and equality into wages and salary schemes? Q 3: How to recruit the right number of the right type of people?

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Purchasing Q 1: How to check quality and reliability of raw materials? Q 2: How to cut down the cost of purchasing an holding stocks? Research Q 1: How to reduce the time taken to complete research?

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CAREER MANAGEMENT
Career Management: A career is all the jobs that are held during ones working life. Edwin B. Flippo defines career as a sequence of separate but related work activities that provides continuity and, order and meaning in a persons life. Career management focuses on career goals and it is the process of designing and implementing goals, plans and strategies to enable the organization to satisfy employee needs while allowing individuals to achieve their career goals. Following are the key ingredients for career management, which focuses on the process of implementing organizational career planning. Top management support. Coordination of other human resource activities. Involvement of superiors. Use of human resource managers as consultants. Periodic skill assessment. Realistic feedback about career progress. Equal access and open enrollment. Focus on psychological success rather than advancement. Flexibility for individual needs.

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 Climate setting for career development. Small Pilot Programmes. Periodic programme assessment. Career management involves both organizational actions and individuals initiatives to ensure that when the career plans developed by the organizational requirements and individuals aspirations undergo unanticipated changes, they are managed appropriately on a continuing basis.

There are three major categories to undertake career management. To select a field of employment and employer: - One cannot manage his career unless one has a long-range objective and the first point is to think in terms of where you ultimately want to be. Other important point is to view your potential employer and position in terms of long-range career goals. To know where you are: - To be aware of the opportunities available to you in the current position and to carefully and honestly posses current performance. Plan your exit: - To leave the current organization on good terms and not under questionable circumstances. Career management is complementary to management development and it is concerned with planning and shaping the path, which people take in their career progression within the organization. The underlying assumption of career management is that, in the context of management succession, the organization should be alert to provide able people with training, guidance and encouragement to enabler them to fulfill their potential. 93

HR APPROACHES TO IMPROVING COMPETENCIES

Following are the approaches, which help in improving competencies among the employee of the organization. 5. Incentives. The term in incentives means an inducement, which rouses of, stimulates one to action in a desired action. An incentive has a motivational power, and may be broadly grouped into (a) Financial incentives: - Common use of money as incentive are in form of wages and salaries, bonus, retirement benefits, medical reimbursement, etc. money plays a significant role in satisfying physiological and security/ social needs. (b) Non-Financial Incentive: - the following non financial incentives could be effectively usedi. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Appreciation of work Done Competition Knowledge of result Workers participation In Management: Opportunity for Growth Suggestion System Job Enrichment

6. Management By Objectives (MBO): - Management by Objective can simply be defined as a programme that encompasses specific goals, anticipatively set for an explicit time period, with feed back on goal progress. 7. Training: - Training is a process of learning a sequence of programmed behavior. It is application of knowledge. It gives people an awareness of the rules and procedures to guide their behavior. It is used to teach the employee the most efficient and effective ways of performing their job. Also used for better quality of their working. 94

8. Off the job techniques: - Many Techniques could be very effectively used for the purpose and these are: e) The Case Study f) Role Play g) In-Basket Method h) Sensitivity Training

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Human Resource Management

Unit IV Performance Appraisal

Once the employee has been selected, trained & motivated. , He is then appraised for his performance .Performance appraisal is the step where the management finds out how effective it has been at hiring and placing employees .If any problems are identified steps are taken to communicate with the employees & to remedy them. Definitions It is defined as a process of evaluating the performance of a job in terms of its requirement. According to Heyel It is process of evaluating the performance & qualifications of the employees in terms of requirement of the job for which he is employed for purposes of administration including placement, selection for promotions providing financial rewards & other actions which require differential treatment among the members of the group as distinguished from actions affecting all members equally. Process of estimating or judging the value, excellence, qualities or status of some object, person or thing.
The Evaluation Process The process of performance appraisal follows a set pattern, which is periodically appraised by his superiors. The process of evaluation begins with establishment of performance standards .At the time of designing a job & formulating a job description performance standards are usually developed for the position. These standards set should not be vague but should be clear .The next thing is that these standards should be communicated to the employees for the employees left to themselves & for making communication effective feedback is necessary from the subordinate to the manager.

The third step is measurement of the performance, to determine the actual performance is that, it is necessary to acquire information about it .The sources used for measuring the performance can be through personal observation, statistical reports etc .The fourth step is the comparison of the actual performance with the standards. The next step is the results of are

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discussed periodically with the employees, where plus points & weak points are discussed .The final step is initiation of corrective action where necessary.
Establish performance standards

Communicate performance expectations to employees

Measure actual performance

Compare actual performance with standards

Discuss the appraisal with employee

If necessary, initiate corrective action

Methods of Performance Appraisal

Traditional methods:
1. Straight Ranking Method: It is oldest & simplest method of

performance appraisal by which the man & his performance is considered as entity by the rater .The whole man is compared to with the whole man .The relative position of each man is tested in terms of his numerical rank .It may also be done by ranking a person on his job performance against that of another member of competitive group placing him as number
2. Paired Comparison Technique :In this each employee is compared

every trait all other persons in pairs one at a time .In this judgments is simpler than the ordinary ranking method.

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3. Man-to-Man Comparison Method: This technique was used by the

USA army during the First World War. In this method certain factors are selected for the purpose of analysis (such as leadership, dependability & imitative) the scale of man is also created for each selector.
4. Grading Method: In this method the rater considers certain features

& marks the carefully according to a scale. They select the features like analytical ability, cooperativeness, dependability, self-expression, job knowledge, judgment, leadership & organizing ability etc.
5. Graphic Method:

This is the most commonly used method of performance Appraisal .In it one of the each person is rated on a continuous scale. These factors are employee characteristics & employee contribution which includes qualities such as initiative, leadership, cooperativeness, dependability, industry, attitude attempts to correct a raters tendency to give consistently high or consistently low ratings to all the employees. This method uses objective reporting & minimum subjective ratings.

6. Forced Choice Description method: in this ranking method it

7. Free Essay Method: Under this supervisor make s a free form, open

ended appraisal of an employee in his own words & puts down his impression about the employee .He take into account of these factors like relationship with fellow supervisors, job knowledge & potential, employee characteristics & attitudes, physical conditions, development needs for future. MODERN METHODS
1. Management By Objectives: It is potentially a powerful philosophy

of managing and an effective way of operationalising the evaluation process. It is defined as a process whereby the superior & subordinates managers of an organization jointly identify its common goals, define each individuals major areas responsibility in terms of results expected of him & use these measures as guides for operating the unit & assessing the contributions of each of its members.
2. Assessment Center method: The assessment center concept was 98

initially applied to military situations in the Germany army in the 1930 .The purpose of this method was and is to test candidates in a social situations using a number of assessors & a variety of procedures. The most important feature of the assessment centre is job related simulations. These simulations involve characteristics that Managers feel are important to the job success. The evaluators observe & evaluate participants as they perform activities commonly found in these higher levels of jobs.

3. 360 degree performance appraisal: The appraisal may be any

person who has thorough knowledge about the job done by contents to be appraised, standards of contents & who observes the employee while performing a job .He should asses the performance without bias .The appraiser are supervisors, peers, subordinates employees themselves users of service. Performance appraisal by all the parties is called 360-degree appraisal.
4. Human Asset Accounting method: The human asset accounting

method refers to activity devoted to attaching money estimates to the value of a firms internal human organization & its external customer goodwill .If a well trained employee leaves a firm the human organization is worthless& if they join the company the human assets are increased.
5. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales: This a new appraisal

technique which has been recently developed .It provides better results as compare to other techniques .The BARS is usually consist of five steps.
(a) Generate critical incidents: Person with knowledge of the job

to be appraised are asked to describe specific illustrations of effective performance behaviour (b) Develop performance Dimensions: These people then cluster the incidents into small set of performance dimensions. Each cluster must be defined. (c) Reallocate Incidents: Any group of people who also the job then reallocate the original critical incidents. They are given clusters definitions & critical& asked to redefine each incident to the dimension
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(d) Scale of Incidents: The second group is generally asked to rate

the behaviour described in the incident as to how effectively or ineffectively it represents performance on the appropriate dimensions. (e) Develop Final Instrument: Subsets of incidents are used as behaviour anchors for the performance dimensions.

IMPORTANCE OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance appraisal provides systematic judgment to back up salary increases, transfers, demotion or terminations They are means of telling subordinates how he is doing & suggesting needed changes in the behaviour attitudes, skills, and job knowledge. They let him know where he stands with the boss. The superior uses them as a base for coaching & counseling the individual. It provides adequate feedback to each individual for his or her performance. It plays a vital role in identifying training & development needs & to evaluate the effectiveness of training & development programmes. 360 DEGREE FEEDBACK Introduction This attempt to update the traditional employee appraisal process is one of the fashionable techniques of the mid 1990s, fitting in with other newts tools called team management, employee empowerment and total quality management. In 360 degree feedback the appraisal should may be done by any person who has thorough knowledge about the job done by the contents to be appraised, standards of contents & who observes the employee while performing the job .The appraiser should be capable of deciding what is important & what is relatively less important. He should assess the performance without bias .The appraisers are supervisors, peers, subordinates employees themselves users of services & consultant. Performance appraisal by all these parties is called 360-degree feedback.

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Definition 360-degree feedback, as the term implies, brings together formal appraisals from everybody that the person being assessed comes into contact with line managers, subordinates, colleagues, peers, and even outsiders such as clients. Another name for it is multi-source feedback and a variant is upward feedback, in which subordinates appraise their supervisors performance. Though it is frequently intimidating or dispiriting for the person concerned, some studies indicate that such feedback can be helpful in changing behaviour and improving performance. However, others suggest that the technique shows little or no improvement over more traditional methods and has the disadvantage that results need skilled interpretation. They say 360-degree feedback should be regarded as an organizational process rather than a mechanical tool. FEATURES OF 360-DEGREE FEEDBACK

360-degree feedback is an assessment process used to improve managerial effectiveness by providing the manager with a more complete assessment of their effectiveness, and their performance and development needs. The process involves obtaining feedback from the manager's key contacts, normally: o The manager him/herself o Subordinates o Peers o Manager o Customers o Suppliers Feedback is normally gathered by means of a questionnaire, which asks participants to rate the individual according to observed behaviors - usually managerial or business-specific competencies. The 360-degree process will not suit all companies. You should assess how well it would fit with your current culture before launching a scheme and a pilot scheme is worth building into your programme. Communicating the scheme, it's purpose and benefits to all those involved will be a key factor in reducing the participants' fears and gaining their commitment to any new scheme.

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Presenting the results of the appraisal to managers in a constructive way is critical to the success of the process. All feedback, positive and critical, should be presented, with the aim of highlighting and acting on areas for development. Results can be aggregated to give you some feedback on organizational strengths and weaknesses in relation to your business objectives and training strategy.

A -- What is a 360 assessment? It's a full-circle overview of a person's performance on the job. Instead of a single evaluation from the boss, a person receives feedback from many workplace sources. Sometimes 360s are called multi-source or multi-rater assessments. The boss still gives input, but peers and direct reports (people who report to the participant) also get involved in the evaluation process. The person participating in a 360 gets to rate his or her performance, too. Applying their individual observations and experiences, everyone involved brings different perspectives to the assessment. For participants, the feedback from multiple work associates is highly motivating. Used as a springboard for professional growth, the assessment can make a powerful impact on an individual's career and a company's success. The 360 assessment process is designed as an ongoing process that can be used at key intervals, usually annually, to monitor the progress of professional growth.
B -- How does the Checkpoint 360 system work?

The participant and his or her boss, peers and direct reports fill in surveys. Responses of the peers and direct reports are kept entirely anonymous.
1.

The standard Checkpoint survey has 70 items and takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It covers competencies in the areas of Communications, Leadership, Adaptability, Relationships, Task Management, Production, Development of Others and Personal Development. 2. Results from all of the surveys are compiled in a confidential feedback report. Graphs and charts relate the data in a detailed, easy-to102

understand format. The report presents a balanced picture of perceptions about a person's skills. Participants use the information from the feedback report to establish goals and ongoing action plans, aimed at better utilizing their strong points and improving their weaker skills. They can use the 360 process before and after training opportunities to measure their effectiveness and measure gains.
3. C -- Why should a company implement a 360 process?

The process leads to better job performance, as participants use the 360 to sharpen their skills. As a consequence, productivity in the workplace increases, and a company enjoys more success. Groups have found that the 360 process is an excellent method for establishing specific training needs. When a business has a clear objective to accomplish or a specific mission to carry out, a 360 assessment can be a valuable tool. It can help everyone to focus on skills consistent with the company's goals and to target their development plans to fit the direction the business is taking. If a business is struggling in a particular area, a 360 system can help identify the skills requiring attention. Participants can then make the chances necessary to remove obstacles to success.
D -- What are the advantages of a 360 feedback system?

Everybody involved in the process benefits: Participants get a fairer, well-rounded impression of how their work is viewed by others. Applying this valuable information, they can take steps to continuously improve their effectiveness on the job. Bosses get an overall perspective about a person's skills and, consequently, develop a more accurate, on-target training plan for each individual. Peers and Direct Reports get an opportunity to share concerns, which helps them contribute to constructive changes in their work environment. At the same time, they can confirm positive behaviors that do not need attention.

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Team members can use the information to identify and prioritize team development needs. The process can improve their teamwork, increasing their ability to solve problems together. The organization can develop appropriate skills to consistently reflect company values. Continuous progress can be achieved through periodic reevaluations using the 360 system.

E -- How do companies use the 360 results?

Most businesses initially use the 360 feedback for employee development. Some begin by using it for development planning and then expand to use the 360 system for appraisal and pay decisions. Later, they may also use it in promotion and succession planning. When the initial use is for development only, everyone has a chance to become familiar with the process and make any necessary adjustments. It also allows time to build trust in the value of the 360. For uses other than development, specific legal guidelines must be followed.

When implementing a 360 system, its use must be taken into account. For instance, companies will need to have a policy about who sees the 360 survey results. When the feedback will be used solely for development, the participant might be the only person to see the report. If the results will be used for performance management, both the participant and his or her boss will review the report.

Employee Compensation
One of the most difficult functions of HRM is that of determining rates of monetary compensation. Not only it is one of the most complex duties, but it is also one of the most significant to both the organisation and the employees. Wage & salary refers to the establishment & implementation of the sound policies & practices of the employees compensation . It includes such as such areas as job evaluation , surveys of wage & salary, analysis of relevant organizational problems ,development & maintenance of wage structure, profit sharing & incentives etc. The basic purpose of wage & salary administration is to establish & maintain an equitable wage & salary
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structure .The secondary objectives to establishment & maintenance of an equitable labour cost structure .The compensation is mainly concerned with the financial aspects of the needs ,motivation & rewards. Managers Must analyse the needs of the employees so that reward can be designed to satisfy some needs.
Definition: Compensation:

Compensation may be defined as money received in the performance of work , plus many kinds of benefits & services that organization provides their employees . Money is included under direct compensation while benefits come under Indirect Compensation. may consist of life ,accident & health insurance ,employers contribution to retirement ,pay for vacation or illness . Wages: Wages are defined as the remuneration paid for the services of labour in production, periodically to an employees /worker. These are generally refers to hourly rate or daily rate paid to such groups as production & maintenance employees (Blue Collar). Salary: Salary on the other hand refers weekly or monthly rates paid to the weekly or monthly rates paid to clerical, administrative & professional employees (White collar workers) AIMS OF COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT As far as the organisation is concerned, employee compensation programs are designed to do three things: To attract capable employees to the organisation To motivate them toward superior performance, and To retain their services over an extended period of time. The aims of wage and salary administration are numerous and sometimes conflict with each other. The main objectives of wage and salary administration are:

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1. To acquire qualified competent personnel: Candidates decide upon their career in a particular organisation mostly on the basis of the maount of remuneration the organisation offers. So the organisation should aim at payment of salaries at that level, where they can attract competent and qualified people. 2. To secure internal and external equity: Internal equity does mean payment of similar wages for similar job within the organisation. External equity implies payment of similar wages to similar jobs in comparable organisations. 3. To retain present employees: The organisation must keep the wage level at the competitive level, in order to prevent such quits. 4. To ensure desired behaviour: Good compensation reinforce desired bahaviour like performance, loyalty, accepting new responsibilities and changes etc. 5. Control costs: To keep labour and administrative costs in line with the ability of the organisation to pay. 6. Comply with Legal regulations: A sound wage and salary system considers the legal challengers imposed by government and ensures the employers compliance. 7. To pay according to the content and difficulty of the job and in tune with the effort and merit of employees. 8. To facilitate pay roll administration of budgeting and wage and salary control. 9. To simplify collective bargaining procedures and negotiations. 10.To promote organisation feasibility. PRINICPLES Of WAGE & SALARY ADMINISTRATION There are several principles of wage and salary plans, policies and practices. The important of them are: 1. There should be definite plan to ensure that differences in pay for jobs are based upon difference in job requirements. 2. The general level of wages and salaries should be reasonably in line with that prevailing in the labour market. 3. Wage and salary plans and policies should be sufficiently flexible. 4. Job evaluation must be done scientifically. 5. Wage and salary administration plans must always be consistent with overall organisational plans and programmes.

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6. Wage and salary administration plans and programmes should be in conformity with the social and economic objectives of the country like attainment of equality in income distribution and controlling inflationary trends. 7. Wage and salary administraion plans and programmes should be responsive to the changing local and national conditions. 8. These plans should be simplify and expedite other administrative processes. ELEMENTS/INGREDIENTS OF A GOOD WAGE PLAN Basic elements of good wage plan are as follows: 1.Should be easily understandable; 2.Easy Computation; 3.Capable of motivating Employees; 4. Should provide remuneration as soon as employees have made efforts; 5.Should be relatively stable;
FACTORS AFFECTING WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATION IN AN ORGANISATION

The organization ability to pay: The first important factor which determines the pay rate is the as the companies with good sales & high profits have the ability to pay higher wages to the employees as compare to any other small scale company .
1. 2. Supply & Demand Force of labour : The labour market

conditions or supply & demand forces at the national ,regional & local levels because if the demand for certain skills is high & supply is low the price to be paid for these skills will be high & similarly if demand for skill is low & supply of manpower is more than salary paid will be low . Prevailing Market Rate: The next factor is the prevailing market rate or known as going market rate or comparable wage .It includes the competition demand ,then the government laws & judicial decision ,trade union encourages this practice so that people have equal pay ,equal work.
3.

The Cost of living: The Cost of living is the usually regarded as automatic minimum pay criterion & it is based on the increase or
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decrease in an acceptable cost of living index .When the cost of living increases ,workers & trade union demands adjusted wages. The Living wages : It means that the wages paid should be adequate to enable employees to maintain himself & his family at a reasonable level of existence .
5.

Productivity : It is the another criteria measured in the terms of output per man hour . Technological improvement, better organization & management the development of better methods of production by labour & management ,greater skill by labour are responsible for the increase in productivity . 7. Trade Union Bargaining Power : The trade unions play an important role ,generally the stronger & powerful the trade union, the higher wages, As a strike or threat of strike is the most powerful weapon used by them .
6.

Job Requirements : The more difficult a job is more higher is the wages. As the jobs are graded according to the relative skill ,effort ,responsibility & job condition required .
8.

Managerial Attitudes : The managerial attitudes plays an imp role like top management desires to improve or maintain morale & to attract high caliber employees to reduce turnover& to provide high living standard .
9.

Psychological & Social Factors: These determine in a significant measure how hard a person will work for the compensation received or what pressure he will exert for his hike in compensation .Wages as a measure of success in life ,people may feel secure or have an inferiority complex .
10. WAGE CONCEPTS Minimum Wage: must provide not merely for the bare sustenance of life but for the preservation of the efficiency of the workers by providing some measure of education, medical requirements and amenities. This is the wage established according to the provisions of the law.

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Living Wage: It represents a standard of living, which provides not merely for bare physical sustenance but decency, protection against illness, requirements of essential social needs and some insurance against important misfortunes; Fair Wage: The wage, which is decided according to the productive contribution of the work done by him. COMPONENTS OF THE COMPENSATION SYSTEM Jobs offered by an organization vary in terms of their values. Job value is ascertained by job evaluation. Jon evaluation is a systematic method of appraising the value of each job in relation to other jobs in an organization. We have already discussed the job evaluation method of in the previous chapter on job evaluation. Once all the jobs are assigned values, then these are placed in a grade, or say, a rate per job. These grades are arranged in an hierarchical order starting with lower to higher jobs. Thus, job and salary structure consist of the various salary grades and their different levels of single jobs or group of jobs. Basic Wage/Salary; Dearness Allowance; House Rent Allowance; City Compensatory Allowance; Conveyance Allowance; Leave Travel Concession; Education Subsidy; Bonus (Profit bonus /Incentive Bonus); Medical; Provident Fund; Pension; Overtime; Fringe benefits; Social security benefits. In case of executives, various reimbursements are also made as part of their salaries. These are: Company leased accommodation; Servant salary reimbursement; Company maintained car; Driver salary reimbursement; House maintenance reimbursement; Children education; Scholarship to the children; 109

Electricity, water, gas charges reimbursement; Insurance premium; Hospitalization; Office maintenance at residence; Household furniture and appliances; Holiday homes; Interest free loans for house building & many more.

In short, the main objective of wage and salary administration is to establish and maintain an equitable wage and salary system to obtain, retain, and motivate people to required skill in an organization. The whole administration of wage and salary payment is based upon three principles, namely, external equity, internal equity and individual equity.

Job Evaluation

Introduction

Job evaluation is the output provided by job analysis. As seen earlier, job analysis describes the duties of a job, authority relationships, skills required, conditions of work, and additional relevant information. Job evaluation on the other hand, uses the information in job analysis to evaluate each jobvaluing its components and ascertaining relative job worth. It involves, in other words, a formal and systematic comparison of job relative to another, so that a wage or salary hierarchy results. So it is a process by which job in an organization are evaluated. If job values are not properly studied, it is very likely that jobs would not be properly priced, i.e., high valued jobs may receive less pay than low valued jobs. When employee realizes that this is happening, they become dissatisfied. They may leave the organization, reduce their efforts or perhaps adopt other modes of behavior detrimental to the organization. Definition- Bureau of labour statistics, USA Job evaluation is evaluation or rating of jobs to determine their position in job hierarchy. The evaluation may be achieved through assignment of points or use of some other systematic method of essential job requirement such as skills, experience and responsibility.

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According to Kimball and Kimball Job evaluation is an effort to determine the relative value of every job in a plant to determine what the fair basic wage for a job should be. According to Wendell French Job evaluation is the process of determining the relative worth of the various jobs within the organization, so that different wages may be paid to jobs of different worth.
Objectives of Job Evaluation

To secure and maintain complete, accurate and impersonal description of each distinct job; Provides standard procedure for determining the relative worth of each job For promotion and transfer To ensure wages are paid to all qualified employees for like work; To consider fair and accurate consideration of all employees for advancement and transfer; To provide information for work organization, employees selection, placement, training and numerous other similar problem;
Procedure for Job Evaluation

Step 1: Analyze & prepare job description- this require a preparation of job discription and also a analysis of job requirement for successive performance. Step 2: Select and prepare job evaluation plan- Means job must be broken into small components i.e it should involve the selection of factors, elements needed for the performance of all jobs for which money is paid, determining their value and preparing return instructions for evaluation. Step 3:Classify Jobs: This Requires grouping for arranging jobs in a correct sequence in terms of value to the firm and relating them to money terms in order to ascertain their relative value.
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Step 4:Install the programme: This involves explaining it to employees and putting it into operations. Step 5:Maintain the programme: Jobs cannot continue without updating new jobs and job changing in obedience to changing conditions and situations. ADVANTAGES OF JOB EVALUATION a. Job evaluation is a logical and, to some extent, an objective method of ranking jobs relative to one another. It may help in removing inequalities in existing wage structures and in maintaining sound and consistent wage differentials in a plant or industry. b. In case of new jobs, the method often facilitates fitting them into existing wage structure. c. The method may lead to greater uniformity in wage rates, thus simplifying wage administration. d. The method helps in removing grievances, arising out of relative wages; and improves labour management relations and workers morale. e. The information collected in the process of job description and analysis be also used for the improvement of selection, transfer and promotion procedure on basis of comparative job requirements. f. The method replaces many accidental

LIMITATIONS OF JOB EVALUATION

These are: 1) Though many ways of applying the job evaluation techniques are available, rapid changes in technology and in the supply and demand of particular skills have given rise to the problem of adjustment. These need to be probed. 2) Substantial differences exist between job factors and the factors emphasized in the market. These differences are wider in cases in which the average ay offered by a company is lower than the

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3)

4)

5) 6)

prevalent in other companies in the same industry or in the same geographical area. A job evaluation frequently favours groups different from those, which are favoured from the market. Kerr and Fisher observes, the jobs which tends to rate high as compared with the market those of janitor, nurse and typist, while craft rates are relatively low. Weaker groups are better served by an evaluation plan than by the market; the former places the emphasis not on force but on equity. Job factors fluctuate because of changes in production, technology, information system, and division of factors and such other factors. Therefore the evaluation of the job today is made on the basis of job factors and does not reflect the time job factor in future. Job evaluation takes a long time to install, requires specialized technical personnel, and may be costly. A large number of jobs are called red circle jobs. Some of these may be getting more and other less than the rate determined by job evaluation. JOB EVALUATION METHODS / SYSTEMS

There are four basic, traditional system of job evaluation: (1) The ranking system, (2) The grading or job classification system; (3) The point system; (4) The factor comparison system. The first two systems are popularly known as non-analytical or non-quantitative or summary systems, because they utilize non-quantitative methods of listing jobs in order to difficulty and are, therefore, simple. The last two systems are called the analytical or quantitative systems, because they use quantitative techniques in listing the jobs.

1) THE RANKING SYSTEM

Mechanism: Under this system, all jobs are arranged or in order of their importance from the simplest to the hardest, or in the reverse order, each successive job being higher or lower than the previous job in the sequence. It is not necessary to have job description

Generally speaking, the following five steps are involved in the system: Step 1: Preparation of job description, particularly when the ranking of the job is done by different individuals and there is a disagreement among them.
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Step 2: Selection of raters, jobs may be usually ranked by department or in clusters. This eliminates needs for directly comparing factory jobs and clerical jobs. Most organization uses a committee of raters. Step 3: Selection of rates and key jobs, usually a series of key jobs or benchmark jobs (10 to 20 jobs, which include all major departments and functions) are first rated; then the other jobs are roughly compared with these key job to establish a rough rating. Step 4 : Ranking of all jobs. Each job is than compared in details with other similar job to establish its exact rank in the scale. For this each rater must be given a set of index card, each of which contains a brief description of jobs. These jobs are than ranked from lowest to highest or from highest to lowest are ranked first and than the next highest and next lowest and so forth until all the cards have been ranked. Step 5: Preparation of job classification from the rating: The total ranking is divided into an appropriate number of groups or classifications, usually 8 to 12. All the jobs within a single group or classification receive the same wage or range of rates. Merits of Ranking Method of Job Evaluation: 1. The system is simple, easily understood, and easy to explain to employees. Therefore, it is suitable for small organizations with clearly defined jobs. 2. It is far less expensive to put into effect than other systems, and requires little effort for maintenance. 3. It requires less time, fewer forms and less work, unless it is carried to a detailed point used by company. Demerits: 1. As there is no standard for an analysis of the whole job position different bases of comparison between rates occur. The process is initially based on judgment and tends to be influenced by a variety of personal biases. 2. The system merely produces a a job order and does not indicate yo what extent it is more important than the one below it. 3. Specific job requirements are not normally analysed separately.
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2) JOB CLASSIFICATION OR GRADING METHOD Under this system, a number of pre-determined grades or classifications are first established by a committee and than the various jobs are assigned within each grade or class. Grade descriptions are the result of basic job information which is basically arrived from the job analysis. After formulating and studying job description and job specifications, jobs are grouped into classes or grades which represent different pay levels ranging from low to high. Steps: The following 5 steps are generally involved: 1. The preparation of job descriptions, which gives us basic job information usually derived from a job analysis. 2. The preparation of job descriptions, so that different levels or grades of job may be identified. 3. Selection of grades and key jobs. About 10 to 20 jobs are selected, which include all the major department and functions and cover all the grades. 4. Grading the key jobs. Key jobs are assigned to an appropriate grade levels and their relationship to each other studied. 5. Classification of all jobs. Jobs are classified by grade definitions. All the job in the same grade receive the same wage or range of rates. For example, menials may be put into one class, clerks in another, junior officers in other class, and the top executive in high class. 1. 2. Merits: This method is simple to operate and understand, for it does not take much time or require technical help. The use of fully described job classes meets the need for employing systematic criteria in ordering jobs to their importance. Since many workers think of job in, or related to, cluster or groups, this method makes it easier for them to understand rankings. If an organization consists of 500 people holding to different jobs, the jobs might be broken up into perhaps 5 classes, arranged in order of importance from high to low, and described class by class. The grouping of jobs into classifications makes pay determination problems administratively easier to handle. Pay grades are determined for, and assigned to, all the job classifications.
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3. 4.

5. It is used in important government and operates efficiently, but it is rarely used in an industry. Demerits 1. Although it represents an advance in accuracy over the ranking method, it still leaves much to be desired much because personal evaluations by executives establish the major classes, and determine into which classes each job should be placed. 2. Since no detailed analysis of a job is done, the judgment in respect of a whole range of jobs may produce an incorrect classification. 3. It is relatively difficult to write a grade description. The system become difficult to operate as the number of job increases. 4. It is difficult to know how much of a jobs rank is influenced by a man on the job. 5. The system is rather rigid and unsuitable for a large organization or for very varied work. 3) THE POINT SYSTEM This method is the most widely used type of job evaluation type. It requires a identifying number of compensable factors and than determining degree to which each of these factor is present in the job. Once the degree to which each factor is determined, the corresponding number of points of each factor are added and an overall point value is obtained. Steps : This system requires a detailed examination of the jobs. The Steps in these method followed are: Step 1: The jobs have to be determined first which are to be evaluated. They are usually clustered. The jobs, which require (1) similar activities, (2) the same workers characteristic or traits and work on the same kind of materials (say wood or metal are placed in the same cluster or family). Step 2: For the purpose, a pre-determined number of factor are arbitrarily selected by raters. The number of factors used varies a great deal from company to company. The common factors are: Education and training; experience; physical skills and effort; planning for the supervision of others; external contacts, internal contacts; confidential information and working conditions.
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Step 3: The next step is to break down each factors into degrees or levels, and to assign a point value each level or degree. Step 4: Determination of relative values or weighs to assign each factor. For each job or cluster of jobs some factors are more important than others. For example for executives, the mental requirements factor would carry more weight than physical requirements. The opposite might be true of factory jobs. Step 5: The next step is to assign money values to points. For this purpose, points are added to give the total value of a job; its value of a job is translated into terms of money with a pre-determined formula. 4) THE FACTOR COMPARISON METHOD Under this system, jobs are evaluated by means of standard yardstick of value. It entails deciding which jobs have more of compensable factors than others. The evaluation committee selects some key or benchmark jobs for which they are clearly understood job description and counterparts in other organizations and for which the pay rates are such as agreed upon and are acceptable to both management and table. Steps involved: Step 1: Clear-cut job descriptions are written and job specifications are preferably in terms of compensable factors. The people specifications are generally provided with a set of definitions which have been used in each of the compnsable factor selected. Step 2: Selecting of key jobs: Such jobs are those jobs which represent the job under study; and for which pay is determined to be standard or reference points and for which there is no controversy between management and the employees. Step 3: Ranking of key jobs: Several different members of the job evaluation committee rank the key job on each of five factors (mental requirements, physical requirements, skill requirements and working conditions). Step 4: Valuing the factors: The basic pay for each key job is allocated to each factor.

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Step 5: Comparing all job with each jobs: All the other jobs are than compared with the key jobs, factor by factor, to determine their relative importance and position in the scale of jobs. Step 6: Establishing the monetary units value for all jobs: monetary values are assigned to each factory of every key job. Merits: 1. It is a systematic, quantifiable method for which detailed step by step instructions are available. 2. Jobs are compared to other job to determine a relative value. 3. It is a fairly easy system to explain to employees 4. There are no limits to the value, which may be assigned to each factor. 5. The plan does not require a translation from points to money. 6. The reliability and validity of the system are greater than the same statistical measures obtained from group standardized job analysis plans. Demerits: 1. It is costly to install, and somewhat difficult to operate for any one who is not acquainted with the general nature of the job evaluation techniques. 2. Wage level change from time to time, and there minor inconsistencies may be brings in order to bring all the job in alignment. 3. Money rates, when used as a basis of rating, tend to influence the actual rate more than the abstract rate. 4. The system is complex and cannot be explained to, and understood by every day non-supervisory organizational employees. Once a job is evaluated, or say ranked, the next step is to convert this measurement in to salary bracket. In other words, it implies simply breaking up the total salary structure in to sun divisions corresponding to the number of classes of job arrived at through job evaluation. However, several other factors also need to be looked in to before a right type of salary structure is evolved.

Establishing Pay Equity

People have no basic or instinctive need for money, a commodity that is important only if it can satisfy other needs. Organizations frequently

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overestimate the value workers place on monetary rewards. The equity theories can help explain employees reaction to compensation system. EQUITY: Employees wanted to be treated fairly. Equity is the balance between the inputs an individual brings to a job and the outcome he or she receives from the it. An employee input includes experience, education, special skills, effort and time worked. Outcomes include pay benefits, achievement, recognition and any other rewards. Individuals use a complex process to determine what is fair. Inputs are continually compared with outcomes-the individuals special skills and efforts are weighed against the pay and recognitions given by the organization. However inputs and outputs are in different units, and are hard to compare to each other directly.
However, inputs and outcomes are in different units, and are hard to compare to each other directly. Thus, equity theory suggests that individuals determine whether they are being fairly treated by comparing their own input/outcome ratio to the input/outcome ratio of someone else. This other person may be in the same job or in other jobs, in the company or outside the company, in the same industry or outside the industry sense of inequity arises when the comparison process uncovers an imbalance between inputs and outcomes of the employees compared with others.

Equity Theory My rewards (outcomes) = My contributions (Inputs) My rewards My contributions < Others Rewards = Others Contribution Others Rewards = Others Contribution Equity Inequity (under-reward)

Action to Restore Equity from Under-Reward Equity: 1. Person could ask for a raise. 2. Persons could reduce contribution (work harder). 3. Person could try to get other to increase contribution (work harder).

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4. Last resorts: Quit or choose another comparison other. My rewards My contributions > Others Rewards Others Contribution = Inequity (over-reward)

Action to Restore Equity from Over-Reward Equity 1. Person could increase contributions (work harder or longer, cultivate additional skills). 2. Persons could ask for a pay cut. 3. Person could attempt to get other a raise. 4. Person could attempt to get other to reduce his or her contribution. 5. Last resorts: Quit the job or choose another comparison other. DESIGNING EQUITABLE COMPENSATION SYSTEM Internal Equity: It refers to the relationships among jobs within a single organization. Internal equity exists when the pay differentials between different jobs within the organization and perceived as fair - neither too large nor too small. External Equity: It refers to the comparisons of similar jobs in different organizations (for example, the pay received by presidents of various electrical manufacturing firms. Individual Equity: It refers to comparisons among individuals in the same job with the same organization There are accepted procedures for establishing internal, external and individual with an organization.

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METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING INTERNAL EQUITY Job Evaluation methods: The major purpose of job evaluation is to determine the relative worth of the jobs within an organization. A systematic comparison can define an internal job hierarchy that ranks jobs in terms of their relative contribution to the organizational objectives. The five most frequently used job evaluation methods are 1. Job ranking 2. Job grading or classification 3. The point method 4. Factor comparison (Already explained)
Establishing External Equity Methods of Establishing External Equity: 1. Wage and Salary surveys: - to establish a competitively priced wage

structure, organizations typically rely on wage and salary survey data collected from other organizations. The survey process involves identifying the jobs to be included, selecting the organizations to be surveyed, and then actually collecting the data. The data then must be interpreted so that wage rates can be set within the context of the organizations pay policy.
2. Identifying Key Jobs: - in practice, employers do not seek market

data on all jobs. Instead, they gather survey information only for key jobs, which generally have the following characteristics: a.) The job content is relatively stable over time. b.) The jobs occur frequently, both in the organization and in the surveyed organizations. c.) The jobs can be defined quite precisely. d.) The jobs are performed in a similar manner in most organizations. Key jobs should span the range of position to be included in the Wage structure. For example, it would not be desirable to identify
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Only entry-level positions as key jobs. Jobs at the middle and upper levels also need to be included. Moreover, jobs need to be carefully defined.
3. Selecting Organizations to Survey:-Identifying organizations to

survey can be important. Organizations to covered in a wage survey typically include those that Employ workers with the same skills. Are within geographic distances that would make employees willing to commute or relocate, and Are in the same or similar industry. However, the considerations that go into selecting a set of organizations to be surveyed vary for different jobs.
4. Collecting Data: - rather than running their own wage survey, many

organizations obtain the results of surveys undertaken by industry associations, professional associations, government agencies, or consulting firms. Numerous annual surveys cover a wide choice of job families and industries. At local levels, chapters of Society for Human Resource Management or Chambers of Commerce often undertake surveys for their membership. For a company that wants to collect and analyze its own data, it is important to obtain information on the characteristics of the responding organization, as well as on both direct and indirect compensation. The organizational information is needed to judge the comparability of the competitor in terms of size, products, and financial condition. It is also crucial to know the types and amounts of benefits offered as well as incentives and hourly pay. Of the three summary measures, the median is the most useful in setting wage ranges. The mean can easily become distorted if a few workers are paid at extreme rates. The median is not the subject to such distortion. 5. Pay Level Policy: - once an organization has completed an internal job evaluation and obtained wage survey data, it needs to translate this information into pay rates for each class of jobs. This process involves appropriate interpretation of survey results, the merging of the job evaluation with the survey data, and consideration of the organizations pay level policy.

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Establishing Individual Equity

As mentioned earlier, jobs evaluated as having nearly the same value are usually combined into a single wage grade. A single wage may be selected for each grade and paid to every person whose job falls in the grade. More commonly, however, a range of pay rates is set for each grade. When a range is set, the issue of individual equity becomes salient, and the organization must have a system for determining where in the range the compensation of each employee should be. Steps in designing Individual Equity: Designing pay ranges: The range associated with a pay grade sets the upper and lower bonds of possible compensation for individuals whose jobs fall in the grade. Setting Individual pay: Individual equity requires that rewards to employees be allocated fairly across individuals performing the same jobs. The two commonly used approaches to determine how workers are placed and progress through the pay ranges are seniority and merit. A newer method bases increments on the number of skills mastered. In short, equity concern centers on setting the pay of individuals within a wage grade. Typical bases for this decision include seniority, merit, and skill. Merit pay system has the potential to motivate high performance, but they are difficult to administer in a way that employees perceive as fair. EMPLOYEES BENEFITS & SERVICES Management is concerned with attracting & keeping employees, whose performance meets at least minimum levels of acceptability ,& at keeping absenteeism & turnover to tolerable levels .The provision of benefits & services are important in maintaining the employees & reducing the turnover & absenteeism low . The financial incentives are paid to specific employees whose performance whose work is above standard. On the other hand the employees benefits & services are provided to all the employees based on their membership in the organization.

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According to the Employee Federation of India has defined Fringe Benefits Fringe Benefits includes payments for non working time ,profits & bonus ,legally sanctioned payments on social security schemes ,workers compensation ,welfare & contribution made by the workers under such voluntary schemes for the post retirement ,medical ,educational ,cultural & recreational needs of the workmen. According to the Cockman Those benefits which are provided by the employer to or for the benefit of the employees & which are not in the form of wages ,salaries & time related payements. Features of Fringe Benefits 1) Wages are directly related to the work done & paid regularly usually weekly monthly & benefits which a worker enjoys in addition to the wages or salary he receives. 2) Benefits are not given to workers for any specific jobs they have performed but are offered to them to stimulate their interest in their work & to make their job more attractive & productive for them. 3) Fringe represents a labour cost for the employer , it is basically an expenditure incurred 4) Fringe is never a direct reward geared to the output, effort for merit of an employees not on the basis of hard work or long hours of work but on the basis of length of services ,his sickness ,sex the hazard of life . 5) The fringe benefit is enjoyed by all . 6) Fringe benefit must constitute a positive cost to the employer & should be incurred to finance an employee benefit. OBJECTIVES OF FRINGE BENEFITS To create & improve sound industrial relations. To Boost up employee morale To motivate the employees by identifying & satisfying their unsatisfied needs. To provide qualitative work environment To protect health & safety of the employees

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 To promote employees welfare by providing welfare measures like recreation facilities. COVERAGE/SCOPE OF BENEFITS 1) Employee Security Payments: (a) Employers Contribution stipulated in legal enactment: old age, survivor, disability health (b) Payments under the workmens compensation Act. (c) Supplemental unemployment benefits (d) Accident insurance (e) Pensions (f) Contribution to the saving plans & health & welfare benefits. 2) Payment for the time not worked: (a) Rest Period: Among the office jobs the breaks popularly known as rest break or coffee break are allowed during the day to the workers (b) Holidays: Holidays which includes Christmas ,New Years, Holi ,Diwali on which the employees have to be paid & they do not have to work. (c) Vacation : Paid vacations vary from 15 days to 1month in a year . (d) Sick Leave : This is provided to the employees when is out on illness (e) Severance Pay : This provides one time payment to an employee when he is terminated (f) Leave of Absence: These are generally educational leave provided to managers or management trainees during training period . (g) Pension Programmes (h) Insurance ( C) Bonus & Awards :These consist of financial amenities & advantages as holidays ,over time & shift premium ,attendance bonus, Diwali bonus etc. EMPLOYEES SERVICES
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In addition to the above fringe benefits, organization provides a wealth of service that employees find desirable .These services are usually provided by the organization at no cost to the employees .These services are provided at the discretion of the management & are generally are concern to trade union. These services mainly include: 1) Services related to the type of work performed, including subsidies for the purchase & upkeep clothing, uniforms 2) Eating facilities cafeteria, lunch rooms, canteens, lunch rooms 3) Transportation facilities including parking & bus services 4) Childcare facilities, comprising nurseries, day care centers for children. 5) Housing services including company owned housing projects. 6) Financial & legal services including sponsoring of loan funds. 7) Recreational social & cultural programmes including athletics, beauty, social clubs , parties ,picnics . 8) Educational services 9) Medical services 10) Flexitime
POTENTIAL APPRAISAL Evaluating what a person can perform or do is called potential appraisal or evaluation. Potential refers to the abilities present but not currently utilized. It is a latent capacity in a person to discharge a responsibility.

People are like icebergs. What you see above the surface (performance) is only a small part. A large part of the attributes needed to perform excellently in future job, which I call potential is not immediately visible. It is hidden below surface. Potential represents latent capacities and qualities in a person, which manifest while performing the job. WHY POTENTIAL EVALUATION? The objectives of potential evaluation are to:

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1. Promote an employee to higher levels of jobs involving higher order or responsibility, which the employee can effectively discharge without being over burden and stretched. 2. Assist the organization to allocate jobs among employees as per their capabilities so that organizational responsibilities are discharged effectively. A potential employee is characterized by the following attributes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ability to foresee future opportunities. Consistency in approach and performance. Responsive to condition whatever comes in the way. Person with high level of integrity. Broader vision and micro perception. HOW TO EVALUATE EMPLOYEE POTENTIAL? The potential of employees can be evaluated by following the following steps: 1. Determination of role dimension: the process of potential evaluation starts with determining the role dimension of the employee whose potential is to be evaluated. Job description and job specification help determine the role dimensions. The former provides information about the responsibilities involved in a job, while the later provides information on attributes the jobholder should possess. 2. Determination of mechanism: having determined the role dimension a mechanism to evaluate these attributes in an employee is evolved. Obviously, the mechanism should be appropriate to appraise the potential of employee by a designated appraiser. 3. Linking potential with other elements: in order to evaluate potential in a meaningful manner, other elements of human recourse management such as feedback, counseling, training, job rotation, etc. should also be lined with it. PAY FOR PERFORMANCE Pay for performance system involves rewarding the employees according to their performance, or results achieved or contribution to organizations performance as individuals or as a part of a group. It
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involves a shift in focus from remuneration models based on the worth of jobs and employee skills to their performance. Designing a performance linked reward systems is conditioned by a variety of factors such as the nature of business, type of technology, the attitude of unions and human resource management strategies of the organization. This system reduces labour cost, result in increase in real wages and motivate performance. They provide a method of absorbing cost escalation on account of pay increases and thus help in sustaining competitiveness of the organization. Forms and Choice of Performance Linked Reward System There are several types of Performance linked reward schemes. Generally these are designed to share with or distribute to employees as individuals groups or a collectivity productivity gains, profit improvement or financial results of enterprise performance. Such schemes fall into the broad categories: 1. Schemes based on individual or small group performance including piece rates, traditional merit pay and sales commission. 2. Incentive schemes which may relate pay to profits on the basis of pre determined formula. 3. Bonus schemes based on contribution to productivity and profitability according to a predetermined formula with gains sometimes distributed among the individual employees on the basis of merit rating. 4. Productivity bargaining. 5. Employee strike options plan (ESOP) 6. Competency based pay. 1. Merit Incentive Pay The merit incentive pay scheme provides another method of recognizing and rewarding differential performance. This method could particularly be suitable for office staff. The scheme essentially involves the following steps: a) The determination of result oriented merit rating procedures, b) The identification of job and their relative importance c) The formulation of scale of reward and d) The communication of the basis of monetary reward.

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Under a system of merit increments, there is no prompt relationship between reward and effort. The quantum of reward at a point of time will be considered inadequate. Additional cost on the form of enhanced allowances is built for the company on permanent basis. Employees continue to benefit from their best performance even if it remains below standard in the future. Employees getting merit awards cannot visualize a proportionate relationship between their performance and rewards. The basis of determining the quantum cannot be explained to employees who are not given such awards. This may evoke jealousy and friction and may thus jeopardize cooperation and goodwill. 2.Incentive schemes Output based incentive scheme are appropriate where tasks are repetitive and measurable These involve the following steps: 1. Selecting the objectives 2. Determining the parameters of performance in accordance with the objective 3. Determining the norms or base values or benchmark values for each parameter 4. Determining performance reward relationship 5. Fixing the relative importance of the selected parameters that is, their weightings. 6. Designing information and procedure formats. 7. Determining the maximum payable incentive amount (incentive opportunity) and payment period. 8. Formulating a communication and review scheme These are, however, not suitable for technology and service activities, which require information sharing problem solving and team work. Productivity gain or profit sharing or employee stock option plan (ESOP) may be suitable types for such activities 3. Group incentive and productivity gain sharing. Under the productivity gain sharing schemes productivity gains are shared in accordance to an agreed pre-determined formula. Profit sharing gives a share of profit. Sometimes, the quantum of bonus is determined
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on the basis of profit as well as productivity improvements according to pre determined benchmark value for each of them.
Productivity bargaining

Productivity bargaining can provide yet another method of improving productivity and linking wage increase to such improvements. Productivity bargaining, however dose not mean an incentive scheme or wage increase in return for assurance and promise from union in return for achieving production targets. This method implies: a) A detailed analysis of the firms operations b) The identification of cost reduction possibilities c) Estimation of savings in cost d) The development of a system of indexing wages increase with cost reduction actually realized over time. The climate for productivity bargaining has never been more favorable than now it is for managements to take initiative and build this approach in their collective bargaining relationship with unions. Long-term incentive (ESOP)
Long term incentive in the form of employee stock options schemes are operated both to improve long-term incentives and to reduce fixed cost. ESOP envisages employee participation in and ownership of company equity. This plan is intended to provide an incentive to the employees to improve the all round performance and growth of the company and share its prosperity. The plan usually involves allotments of equity shares according to laid down procedure and subject to governmental regulations, laws and rules. The employees benefit in the form of enhanced market value of his share and capital gains, which in turn depend on company and employee performance .several software and high tech organization such as infosys have conceived and designed such plans .
Competency based pay

The competency is a critical determinant of performance. Therefore there is an increasing interest in offering monetary incentive for acquiring competencies required for higher performance on the present job or the next

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job. Such competency may for instance include values, attitude and behavioral characteristics, which influence performance. In designing a performance linked reward scheme, choice of an appropriate scheme should be considered as critical. The choice will be determined by a Varity of factors such as nature of the organization, the nature of technology, the nature of profits the nature of markets, the human resource strategy and business objective. For reviewing an incentive scheme and designing an appropriate scheme.

ISSUES AND TRENDS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Level of education Trade union Organization culture Package of monetary and non monetary incentives Rewarding good performance Performance pay and performance management Caveats

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Questions for Discussions 1. What do you mean by Performance Appraisal? Discuss the three purposes Performance Appraisal can meet. 2. Discuss the various steps involved in Performance Appraisal system? 3. Performance Appraisal is not merely for appraisal but is for accomplishment and improvement of performance. Discuss. 4. Discuss a 360-degree appraisal with its merits and demerits. 5. What do you mean by fringe benefits? What is the rationale behind offering benefits to the employees? 6. Appreciate the need for and significance of Fringe Benefits.
7. What is meant by remuneration /compensation? What are the basic objectives and principles of wage and salary administration? 8. What do you mean by wage structure? Outline the components of wage and salary administration. 9. Explain wage determination process in detail.

10.What is Job Evaluation? What are the objectives of Job Evaluation? 11.Discuss the advantages of Job Evaluation? Does job evaluation have any limitations? What are these? 12.Briefly explain the various methods of Job Evaluation. 13.Job Evaluation is the ranking of job not the job holder. Discuss. 14.What are the three elements of compensation equity? Why is each important? 15.What does equity theory says about the way individuals evaluate and respond to their pay level?

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