Introduction to Pakistan

FACT FILE: Total Area: Land Area: Coastline: Climate: Terrain: Key Environment al Concerns: 803,940 square kilometers 778,720 square kilometers 1,046 kilometers Mostly hot, dry desert. Temperate in the northwest; arctic in the north. Flat Indus plain in the east. Mountains in the north and northwest. Balochistan plateau in the west Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff. Limited natural fresh water resources. A majority of the population does not have access to potable water. Deforestation, soil erosion, and desertification

Photo Credit: www.MountainZone.com

Pakistan, officially Islamic Republic of Pakistan, republic in South Asia, marking the area where South Asia

converges with Southwest Asia and Central Asia. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad; Karachi is the countrys largest city. The area of present-day Pakistan was the cradle of the earliest known civilization of South Asia, the Indus Valley civilization (2500?-1700 bc). The territory was part of the Mughal Empire from 1526 until the 1700s, when it came under British rule. Pakistan gained independence in August 1947. It initially comprised two parts, West Pakistan and East Pakistan, which were separated by about 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of territory within India. West Pakistan consisted of the provinces of Sind, Baluchistan, muslim Punjab, North West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P), including all the princely states lying within the boundaries of West Pakistan. In December 1971 East Pakistan seceded and became the independent republic of Bangladesh. The present state of Pakistan is proving itself an independent and economically viable unit. Its economy has been changing from predominantly agricultural to a diversifies industrial complexion

Background:
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan.

Geo graphy :: PA KISTAN

Lo ca ti on : So uthern Asi a, bo rder in g the Arabi an Sea, betw een I ndia on the eas t and Iran an d Afghani stan on th e west and C hi na in the north Geo graphi c co ordi na te s : 30 00 N, 70 00 E Map re fe re nces : As ia Area : t ota l: 796, 095 s q km cou nt ry comparis on to t he wo rl d: 36 la nd: 770, 875 s q km wat er: 25, 220 s q km Area - com pa ra tiv e : s li gh tl y l es s than tw ice the s ize of Cali fornia La nd bou ndarie s : t ota l: 6, 774 km borde r co un trie s: Afghani stan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km Coa stl in e : 1,046 km Marit ime cl aims : t erri to ri al sea : 12 nm con ti gu ou s zon e: 24 n m e xclu siv e e co nom ic zo ne : 200 nm con ti ne nt al s hel f: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental m argi n Cl ima te : mos tl y h ot, dry des er t; tem perate i n northwest; arcti c in north

fl at I ndus pl ai n in eas t; mou ntai ns in north and northw es t; Balochis tan plateau i n w es t

Section 2: Geography

Pakistan is situated between the latitudes 23 and 36

El ev ati on extrem es :

lo between the Indian Ocean 0 and 75 East. North and we st po in t: longitudes of 61m h It has an ighe st 796,095K2 (M t. kilometersus ten) 8,611 m area of po in t: square Go dwi n-A (kms). India is on its eastern border, the Peoples Republic of China lies ra lthe north east. Afghanistan is situated on Na tu to res ou rces : its northwestern boundary line while Iran shares border l an d, extens ive n atur al gas r es er ves, lim ited petrol eum, poor qual ity coal, with Pakistan in the pper , s al t, lim es to ne i ro n or e, co southwest. In north only a 24 km long Wakhan border of Afghanistan separates it from the Tajikistan. Jammu and Kashmr is a disputed La nd us e : territory located between Pakistan and India. Pakistan controlsa ra bl e la of the territory as Azad (Free) a portion nd: 24.44% Kashmrperma ne nt cro ps : 0. 84% and the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA), while India controls a portion as the o th er: 74. 72% (2005) state of Jammu and Kashmr. Irri ga te d lan d : Pakistan extends some 1,700 kilometres northward to the origins of the sq km among the mountains of the 198,700 Indus (2008) Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram. Many of their To ta l re ne wa bl e wa te r re sou rces : peaks exceed 8,000 metres including K-2, at 8,611 metres, 233.8 cu km (2003) the world. Pakistan has a the second highest in coastline hwat er wi th drawal (dom es tic/i ndus tria l/a gricul tura l) : Fres of about 1,046 kilometres with 22,820 square kilometres of territorial waters and t ota Economic Zone of about 196,600 an Exclusive l: 169. 39 cu km/yr (2% /2%/96%)square per capita: 1, 072 cu kilometres in the Arabian Sea. m/yr (2000) The land mass of Pakistan originated in the continent of Gondwanaland which is thought to have broken off Na tu ra l h azards : from Africa, drifted across the Indian Ocean, and joined mainland Asia some 50 million years ago. With the creationfr equent ear th qubetween Gondwanaland andes peci al ly iAsia, Indo-Malayan life-forms are thought of a land-bridge akes , occasi on al ly s evere south-east n north and wes t; fl oo di ng al on g th e In du s after h eavy rai ns (July and A ugus t) to have invaded the evolving sub-continent, and these now predominate in Pakistan eastof the river Indus. The north and west of the country is dominated by Palaearctic forms. Some Ethiopian forms have become En vi ro in the south-western part. About 20 million years ago, the gradual drying and retreat of the established nm en t - curre nt issu es : w ater pol lu ti on from r aw s ew age, i ndus trial was tes, and million years ago gave rise to the Sea of Tethys created the Indus lowlands, and a violent upheaval 13agricul tural runoff; l imi ted n atur al fresh water r es ou rces ; last ending populati on does not gave Himalayas. A series of Pleistocene ice-ages, the mos t of thejust 10,000 years ago, have rise to some acces s to potable water; defo unique floral and faunal associations. restation; s oi l erosi on; des erti fi cati on References and Credits: at io na l agre em ents : En vi ro nm en t - in te rn Pakistan," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2004 party to : B io di vers 1997-2004 Microsoft Corporation. Kyoto Protocol , http://encarta.msn.com ity, C lim ate C hange, Cl im ate Change-All Rights Reserved. Des er Biodiversity ti fi catioPlan danger ed Speci es , E nvironmental Modif ication, Hazardous Wide Fund for Action n, En for Pakistan 2000 by Government of Pakistan, World W as tes, Law of the Sea, Mari ne Dum pi ng, O zone Layer Protection, Shi p Nature, PakistanWetl an ds Pol lu ti on , and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pakistan gn ed, but no t rat ifie d: Mari ne Life C onservation si First National Report on the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, LEAD Geo graphy - n ot e : Pakistan, Ministry of Environment and Local Government Pakistan and UNEP con tr ol s K hyber Pas s an d Bol an Pas s, traditional i nvas ion routes Ahmad COUNTRY REPORT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN PAKISTAN, Ejaz betw eenConservation C en tr al Asi a and the For Nature - Pakistan Director, World Wide Fund Indian Su bconti nent BIODIVERSTIY CONSERVATION IN PAKISTAN : AN OVERVIEW, Muhammad Ajmal Director (Industries & Ozone) Ministry of Environment, Urban Affairs, Forestry and Wildlife C/O Pakistan National, Commission for UNESCO Pakistan at a Glance, The World Resource Institute

Section 3: Natural Regions

Pakistan has great extremes of elevation, reaching the highest point at the Himalayan peak of K2 (also
known as Mount Godwin Austen) in the north and the lowest point at the Arabian Sea coast in the south. The Indus River flows the length of Pakistan from north to south. The Indus and its tributaries form a wide river valley with fertile plains in Punjab and Sind (Sindh) provinces. Pakistan is mountainous in the north and west. Earthquakes are frequent, and occasionally severe, in the northern and western areas. Much of Pakistan is a dry, sun-scorched region. To the west of the Indus are the rugged dry mountains of the Sulaiman Range, which merge with the treeless Kirthar Range in the south. Farther west are the arid regions of the Baluchistan Plateau and the Kharan Basin. A series of mostly barren low mountains and hills predominate in the western border areas. The Thar Desert straddles the border with India in the southeast. The country also possesses a variety of wetlands, with the glacial lakes of the Himalayas, the mudflats of the Indus Valley plains, and the extensive coastal mangroves of the Indus River delta. The wetland areas cover an estimated area of 7.8 million hectares (19.3 million acres).

Pakistan has some of the worlds highest cold areas and numerous intermediate stages. Thus, within a relatively small area, it has the equivalent of many of the worlds most important climatic and vegetation zones or biomes. Moving from permanent snow and cold desert habitats, through alpine, mountain temperate forests and tropical deciduous forests to the alpine dry steppes, the arid subtropical/desert habitats, thorn forest, the reverain plains of the Indus and its tributaries and finally a rich mangrove and associated systems along the coast.

Map showing extremes of elevation Map Credit: WWF-Pakistan

Section 4: Rivers

The Indus River is the lifeline of Pakistan. Without the Indus and its tributaries, the land would have turned
into a barren desert long ago. The Indus originates in Tibet from the glacial streams of the Himalayas and enters Pakistan in the northeast. It runs generally southwestward the entire length of Pakistan, about 2,900 km (1,800 mi), and empties into the Arabian Sea. The Indus and its tributaries provide water to twothirds of Pakistan. The principal tributaries of the Indus are the Sutlej, Beas, Chenab, Ravi, and Jhelum rivers. In southwestern Punjab Province these rivers merge to form the Panjnad (Five Rivers), which then merges with the Indus to form a mighty river. As the Indus approaches the Arabian Sea, it spreads out to form a delta. Much of the delta is marshy and swampy. It includes 225,000 hectares (556,000 acres) of mangrove forests and swamps. To the west of the delta is the seaport of Karchi; to the east the delta fans into the salt marshes known as the Rann of Kutch.

Map showing river Indus and its tributaries Map Credit: Pakistan Water Gateway (http://www.waterinfo.net.pk)

Section 5: Coastline

The coastline of Pakistan extends 1,050 km (650 mi), 250 km falling in Sind province and 800 km in

Balochistan. It borders the productive NE Arabian Sea famous for its upwelling phenomenon. Its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of 196,600 sq.km. and the territorial waters cover an area of 24,000 km2. The continental shelf of the Sindh coast extends to a distance of 150 km whereas that of Balochistan only measures 15-40 km. The prevailing ocean current direction is clockwise during the southwest monsoon season and anti-clockwise during the northeast monsoon season. The salinity value is generally 36 ppt. Tides are neither very high nor very low, but intermediate; the mean average height is about 10-11 feet. Tides are higher on the eastern side and their velocity is generally between 1-2 knots but may increase to 4 knots in narrow creeks. The Makran Coast Range forms a narrow strip of mountains along about 75 percent of the total coast length, or about 800 km (500 mi). These steep mountains rise to an elevation of up to 1,500 m (5,000 ft). Most of the coast is underdeveloped, with deserted beaches and only a few fishing villages. The coast is rugged and tectonic in origin as evidenced by the uplifted terraces, headlands and fluted beds. The mud volcanoes present along the shores further support this. The coastline is mostly bare desert with unique landforms such as sandy beaches, mud flats, rocky cliffs, headlands, bays, deltas, etc. Brief descriptions of these are given in the following section. Habitat Types along Pakistan's Coastline: Beaches Sandy beaches are common along Balochistan's shores but rare in Sindh. Well-known beaches in Pakistan include Somniani, Hingol River, Ormara, Pasni, and Gawadar in Balochistan, and Clifton and Hawks Bay in Sindh.

Cliffs and Headlands Rocky shores and cliffs are prevalent in Balochistan. They are generally composed of conglomerates of soft mudstone and sandstone, which are highly susceptible to erosion. Headlands are prominent in Jiwani, Pisukan, Gawadar Rasjaddi and Ormara, and are intervened by low-lying places comprised of alluvial deposits. Irregular cliffs present at Ras Malan are a result of tectonic activity. Several deep-seated faults are also evident. The Sindh coast on the other hand, is very poor in rocky shores. Buleji, Manora Rocky Ledge, Cape Monze, and a few other small sites are present in the extreme western part of the province. The steep cliffs at Cape Monze are a trajectory of Mor and Kirthar Ranges, and are composed of hard limestone. Bays and lagoons Bays and lagoons are protected bodies of water surrounded by land having an opening into the sea. In bays, the opening is wide, whereas in lagoons it is very narrow. There are no bays or lagoons along the Sindh coast, but several along the Balochistan coast, such as Gawadar Bay, Ormara Bay and Somniani Bay. Sandy coasts in a curvilinear pattern fringe the first three mentioned bays, which are slowly being destroyed by erosion. There are only two lagoons in the country, both of which are also located in Balochistan. These are the lagoons of Kalmat Khor and Miani Hor, which harbor dense mangrove vegetation on the insides. Mud Flats Mud flats are gently sloping, unconsolidated inter-tidal parts of estuaries, and are always occupied by marsh vegetation. Tidal flats are the same except that they lack vegetation. The entire Indus Delta and most of the Sindh coast is comprised of mud flats with mangrove vegetation. Mud flats are nonexistent in Balochistan except in Gawadar Bay, Kalmat Khor and Miani Hor lagoons. Mud Volcanoes Mud volcanoes are conical hills or mountains with a crater on top through which they gently emit liquid, mud and gas. They are commonly associated with petroleum deposits, hence their presence indicates high petroleum potential along the Makran coast. Mud volcanoes generally emit muddy and saline water, but occasionally large masses of rock are violently blown hundreds of feet into the air. The gases that are discharged include methane, ethane and traces of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Mud volcanoes are a common occurrence in Balochistan but are not found in Sindh. Estuaries Estuaries are coastal embankments that receive substantial freshwater runoff from land, and experience open tidal circulation with the ocean. In other words, estuaries are the mouths of rivers opening into the sea. There are three major estuaries in Pakistan, the largest one being the Indus estuary on the Sindh coast. The other two are the Hingol and Dasht estuaries both located in Balochistan. Deltas Deltas are an accumulation of sediments at the mouths of rivers where they empty into basins. Deltas consist of three major parts: the delta plain, delta front and prodelta. There are several small deltas at the mouths of seasonal rivers in Balochistan. However, one of the largest deltas in the world, the Indus Delta, is located at the mouth of the Indus River and covers almost the entire coast of Sindh. It forms a remarkably uniform landform with large extensive mud flats being intervened by narrow creeks, which are remnants of old, Indus tributaries. The western part of the delta between Phitti Creek and Karachi Harbor is now abandoned, although at one time the Indus River used to flow close to Karachi.

Map showing coastline of Pakistan Map Credit: Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan

Section 6: Mountain Ranges, Peaks and Passes

Pakistan has within its borders some of the worlds highest and most spectacular mountains. Some of the

famous mountain ranges of Pakistan are Himalayas, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Sulaiman, Toba Kakar, Kirthar and Salt range. The Northern and Western Highlands produced by the mountain building movement extended from the Makran Coast in the south to the Pamir Plateau in the extreme north. The Northern and Western Highlands cover most of Balochistan, NWFP, Northern Areas (Gilgit Agency) and parts of the Punjab. These can be further divided into five physiographic entities: Mountainous North Koh-e-Safaid and Waziristan Hills Sulaiman and Kirthar Mountains Balochistan Plateau Potowar Plateau and the Salt Ranges Mountainous North In the northern part of the country, the Hindu Kush mountains converge with the Karakoram Range, a part of the Himalayan mountain system. These ranges have a large number of peaks ranging from 6000 to 8611 meters above the sea level. Pakistan has the densest concentration of high mountains in the world: five peaks over 8,000 meters (26,000 feet) and 101 peaks over 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) above sea level within a radius of 180 kilometers (112 miles). Thirteen of the worlds 30 tallest peaks are in Pakistan. The tallest include K2 (also known as Mount Godwin Austen), the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 m (28,251 ft), in the Karakoram Range; Nanga Parbat (8,125 m/26,657 ft) in the Himalayas; and Tirich Mir (7,690 m/25,230 ft) in the Hindu Kush. The Mountainous North covers the northern parts of Pakistan and comprises parallel mountain ranges intervened by narrow and deep river valleys. East of the Indus River, the mountain ranges in general run from east to west. To its west - from north to south - run the following important mountain ranges: The Himalayas The Karakorams The Hindu Kush The western most parts of the Himalayas fall in Pakistan. The sub-Himalayas - the southern most ranges do not rise to great heights (600 - 1200 masl). The Lesser Himalayas lie to the north of the sub-Himalayas and rise to 1,800 - 4,600 masl. The Great Himalayas are located north of the Lesser Himalayas. They attain snowy heights (of more than 4,600 m). The Karakoram Ranges in the extreme north rise to an average height of 6,100 m. Mount Goodwin Austin (K-2) - the second highest peak in the world - is 8,610 m and located in the Karakorams. The Hindu Kush Mountains take off the western side of the Pamir Plateau that is located to the west of the Karakorams. These mountains take a southerly turn and rise to snowy heights. Some of the peaks rise to great heights like Noshaq (7,369 m), and Tirich Mir (7,690 m). Koh-e-Safaid and Waziristan Hills The Koh-e-Safaid Ranges have an east-west trend and rise to an average height of 3,600m. They are commonly covered with snow. Sikeram, the highest peak in Koh-e-Safaid Ranges rises to 4,760 m. Similarly, the elevation of Waziristan Hills ranges from 1,500 and 3,000 m. Sulaiman and Kirthar Mountains The Sulaiman-Kirthar Mountain Ranges extending from south of Gomal River, lie between Balochistan Plateau and the Indus Plains. On reaching the Murre-Bugti Hills, they turn northward and extend up to Quetta. Further south, they meet the Kirthar Mountains, which merge in to the Kohistan area of Sindh. The Sulaiman Mountains rise to an average height of 600 m that decreases southward. Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487 m) and Takatu (3,470m) are the highest peaks of the Sulaiman Ranges. Balochistan Plateau The Balochistan Plateau is located west of the Sulaiman-Kirthar Mountains. Its western part is dominated by a number of sub-parallel ranges: the Makran Coast Range (600 m), and the Central Makran Range (900 - 1200 m). The highest peak Ras Koh, attains a height of 3010 m. Potowar Plateau and the Salt Ranges The Potwar Plateau and the Salt Range region are located to the south of the mountainous north and lie between the Indus river on the west and the Jhelum river on the east. Its northern boundary is formed

by the Kala Chitta Ranges and the Margalla Hills and the southern boundary by the Salt Ranges. The Kala Chitta Range rises to an average height of 450 - 900 m and extends for about 72 km. The main Potwar Plateau extends north of the Salt Range. It is an undulating area 300 - 600 m high. The Salt Ranges have a steep face towards the south and slope gently in to the Potwar Plateau in the north. They extend from Jhelum River up to Kalabagh where they cross the Indus river and enter the Bannu district and rise to an average height of 750 - 900 m. Sakesar Peak (1,527 m) is the highest point of the Salt Ranges. Mountain Passes Many mountain passes cross Pakistans borders with Afghanistan and China. Passes crossing over the mountains bordering Afghanistan include the Khyber, Bolan, Khojak, Kurram, Tochi, Gomal and Karakoram passes. The most well-known and well-traveled is the 56 kilometer long Khyber Pass in the northwest. It links Peshawar in Pakistan with Jalalabad in Afghanistan, where it connects to a route leading to the Afghan capital of Kabul. It is the widest and lowest of all the mountain passes, reaching a maximum elevation of 1,072 m (3,517 ft). The route of the Bolan Pass links Quetta in Baluchistan Province with Kandahar in Afghanistan; it also serves as a vital link within Pakistan between Sind and Baluchistan provinces. Historically, the Khyber and Bolan passes were used as the primary routes for invaders to enter India from Central Asia, including the armies of Alexander the Great. The Tochi pass connects Ghazni in Afghanistan with Bannu in Pakistan and the Gomal pass provides an easy access from Afghanistan to Dera Ismail Khan in Pakistan and the Punjab. Also historically significant is Karakoram Pass, on the border with China. For centuries it was part of the trading routes known as the Silk Road, which linked China and other parts of Asia with Europe.

Map showing major mountain ranges of Pakistan Map Credit: UNEP Environment Assessment Programme for Asia and the Pacific (http://www.rrcap.unep.org)

Section 7: Forests of Pakistan

The forests of Pakistan reflect great physiographic, climatic and edaphic contrasts in the country. Pakistan
is an oblong stretch of land between the Arabian sea and Karakoram mountains, lying diagonally between 24 N and 37 N latitudes and 61 E and 75 E longitudes, and covering an area of 87.98 million hectares. Topographically, the country has a continuous massive mountainous tract in the north, the west and southwest and a large fertile plain, the Indus plain. The northern mountain system, comprising the Karakoram, the great Himalayas, and the Hindu-Kush, has enormous mass of snow and glaciers and 100 peaks of over

5,400 m. in elevation. K-2 (8,563 m.) is the second highest peak in the world. The mountain system occupies one third of this part of the country. The western mountain ranges, not so high as in the north, comprise the Sufed Koh and the Sulaiman while the south-western ranges forming a high, dry and cold Balochistan plateau. Characteristically, the mountain slopes are steep, even precipitous, making fragile watershed areas and associated forest vegetation extremely important from hydrological point of view. The valleys are narrow. The mountains are continuously undergoing natural process of erosion. The nature of climate with high intensity rainfall in summer and of soil in the northern regions render these mountains prone to landslides. The Indus plain consists of two features; the alluvial plain and sand-dunal deserts. The country is drained by five rivers; namely, Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Of these Indus arising in snow covered northern mountain ranges flows towards south through the Punjab and Sindh plains into a wide delta before entering Arabian sea. Other rivers join it on the way, together feeding one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. The great river system of Indus in Pakistan derives a part of their water supply from sources which lie in the highlands beyond the Himalayas and the western mountains, and part from countless valleys which lie hidden within the mountain folds. Much of the silt of the alluvial plain is from natural geological erosion of mountains in the north brought down by rivers. Thal desert lies between the rivers Indus and Jhelum, while Cholistan and Thar deserts occur on the south-east of the country. A great variety of parent rock types occur in Pakistan, which exert considerable influence on the properties of the soil. The rocks found in Pakistan can be classified into three major groups, viz. the igneous rocks, the sedimentary rocks and the metamorphic rocks. In the Himalayan regions, the common rock types are metamorphic which are gneisses, schists, slates and phyllites with some quartzite and marble. In the northern part of Indus plain, between Sargodha and Shahkot small outcrops of phyllites and quartzites occur. Granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, dolerite and peridotite are more common types of igneous rocks, which occur in Dir, Swat, Chitral, Gilgit, Zhob, Chagai, Las Bela and Nagarpark. Forest area of Pakistan reported in different official documents has varied over the years with administrative and political changes in country as well as with changes in methods of reporting data. Different government departments have been publishing different forest statistics since 1947 when Pakistan was created as an independent country. Most recently, data of land use including forest area have been reported by Forestry Sector Master Plan (FSMP) Project in 1993, with the help of Landsat Satellite Thematic Mapper Images at a scale of 1:250,000 covering the whole of Pakistan. The total area of forests in Pakistan is 4.224 million ha which is 4.8% of the total land area. However, it may be mentioned here that the farmland trees and linear planting along roadsides, canalsides and railway sides covering an estimated area of 466,000 ha and 16,000 ha respectively do not constitute forests within the context of legal, ecological or silvicultural/management definition of forests. The situation is also similar, but to a lesser extent, in the case of miscellaneous plantations over an area of 155,000 ha. If the area of these three categories of plantations is excluded from total forest area of 4.224 million ha, then the latter is reduced to 3.587 million ha which is approximately 4.1 % of the total area. Of the four forest cover percentage groups (> 70%, 40-69%, 10-39%, 0-9%), Pakistan lies in the last category: 0-9%. Between 1981 and 1990, there had been a 4.3% decrease in forest areas of the Tropical Asia and Oceania, which Pakistan is a part of. During the same period, a 0.6% deforestation had been occurring each year. This is an alarming situation and needs to be stalled and then reversed, if possible. As recognition of the multiple values of forests has grown, so have concerns for their disappearance. In Pakistan, subtropical, temperate, riverain and mangrove forests are being lost because of questionable land use practices and the ever-increasing demand for timber and firewood. As a result, more responsible management approaches are being demanded that can accommodate complex economic and ecological needs. Designation of selected forestlands as national parks, area for agro-forestry practices and the development of plantations and afforestation practices are needs of the hour. Total Forest Area under the control of the Forest Departments (including Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas) is 4.26 million hectares. The per capita forest area is only 0.037 ha compared to the world average of ONE ha. Main reason for this is that more than 70% land area of Pakistan is Arid and semi-Arid with annual rainfall of 250-500 mm: too low and erratic to sustain natural vegetation and to plan afforestation/regeneration programmes. Forest Areas and Rangelands (in ha.)

FN PSB NAT C12- 1 231 I - 18- 2- 2 R- 525 - - 2 S 1311 611 C- - 3- - - 3 M2- - - - - 2

L 24- - - - 6 P 1- - - - - 1 R1247 216 T 1311 351

The following forest types are found in Pakistan: Littoral and Swamp forests Tropical dry deciduous forests Tropical thorn forests Sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests Sub-tropical pine forests Himalayan moist temperate forests Himalayan dry temperate forests Sub-alpine forests Alpine scrub Littoral and Swamp forests These are more or less gregarious forests of low height which occur in the Arabian sea around the coast of Karachi and Pasni in Balochistan. The main species is Avicennia marina (99%). Other species like Rhizophora have disappeared over a period of time due to heavy cutting. According to latest estimates, these forest cover an area of 207,000 ha. Tropical dry deciduous forests These are forests of low or moderate height consisting almost entirely of deciduous species. Their canopy is typically light though it may appear fairly dense and complete during the short rainy season. This type does not occur extensively in Pakistan but there are limited areas in the Rawalpindi foothills carrying this vegetation type, all much adversely affected by close proximity to habitation or cultivation. It is closely similar both in floristic composition and in structure to that developed freely in the adjoining parts of North West India. The chief tree species are Lannea (Kamlai, Kembal) Bombax ceiba (Semal), Sterculia, Flacourtia (Kakoh, Kangu), Mallotus (Kamila, Raiuni) and Acacia catechu (Kath). Common shrubs are Adhatoda (Bankar, Basuti, Bansha), Gymnosporia (Putaki) and Indigofera (Kathi, Kainthi). Tropical thorn forests These are low, open and pronouncedly xerophytic forests in which thorny leguminous species predominate. This type occupies the whole of the Indus plain except the driest parts. The major tree species are Prosopis cineraria (Jhand), Capparis decidua (Karir, Karil), Zizyphus mauritiana (Ber), Tamarix aphylla (Farash) and Salvadora oleoides (Pilu, wan). Among them are a large number of shrubs of all sizes. The tree forest climax is very frequently degraded to a very open, low thorny scrub of Euphorbia (Thor), Zizyphus (Ber), etc. owing to the universally heavy incidence of grazing and other biotic factors. Edaphic variants, especially connected with degree of salinity, shallowness over rock, etc., often occur. A characteristic pioneer vegetation is developed on inland sand dunes and the semi-deserts of the areas of least rainfall. On the basis of climax vegetation, the whole Indus basin plain with the exception of parts of the districts of Sialkot, Gujrat and Jehlum, consists of tropical thorn forests. Prior to development of irrigation, agriculture and urbanization, the area extended from the foothills of the Himalayas and low-hills in the south-west Punjab plains and Balochistan to the Arabian sea. The climax species of these forests are Salvadora oleoides, Capparis decidua, Tamarix aphylla and Prosopis cineraria, which grow on a wide range of soil textures, from flat deep alluvial soils to heavy clays, loams and sandy loams. The climate varies from semiarid (250 to 750 mm rainfall) to arid (less than 250 mm rainfall). The summer temperature in this tract is as high as 50C. Earlier, these forests merged with riverain forests along the river banks and with scrub forests in the low hills in the north and north-western regions of Pakistan. Together these forests provided an ideal habitat to the wildlife of the area which seasonally migrated according to their needs; during cold winter from the lower hills towards the plains in search of food and shelter, from the flood plains towards the dry areas during floods and towards the rivers during the summer drought. This is no longer the situation. Riverain forests now grow in the forms of disjunct patches over an area of 173,000 ha. Irrigated agriculture is carried over 18.668 million ha. and irrigated tree plantations over an area of 103,000 ha in this tract. Sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests These are xerophtic forests of thorny and small-leafed evergreen species. This type occurs on the foothills and lower slopes of the Himalayas, the Salt Range, Kalachitta and the Sulaiman Range. The typical species are; Olea cuspidata (Kau) and Acacia modesta (Phulai), the two species occurring mixed or pure, and the

shrub Dodonaea (Sanatta) which is particularly abundant in the most degraded areas. Total area of these forests is estimated to be 1,191,000 ha. Sub-tropical pine forests These are open inflammable pine forests sometimes with, but often without, a dry evergreen shrub layer and little or no underwood. This type consists of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forests found between 900 m and 1700 m elevation in the Western Himalayas within the range of the south-west summer monsoon. It is the only pine of these forests though there is a small overlap with Pinus wallichiana (Kail, Biar) at the upper limit. Himalayan moist temperate forests The evergreen forests of conifers, locally with some admixture of oak and deciduous broad-leaved trees fall in this category. Their undergrowth is rarely dense, and consists of both evergreen and deciduous species. These forests occur between 1500 m and 3000 m elevation in the Western Himalayas except where the rainfall falls below about 1000 mm in the inner ranges, especially in the extreme north-west. These forests are divided into a lower and an upper zone, in each of which definite species of conifers and/or oaks dominate. In the lower zone, Cedrus deodara (Deodar, diar), Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow (Partal) are the main conifer species in order of increasing altitude, with Quercus incana (rin, rinj) at lower altitudes and Q. dilatata above 2130 m. In the upper zone Abies pindrow and Q. semecarpifolia are the dominant tree species. There may be pockets of deciduous broad-leaved trees, mainly edaphically conditioned, in both the zones. Alder (Alnus species) colonizes new gravels and sometimes kail does the same. Degradation forms take the shape of scrub growth and in the higher reaches, parklands and pastures are subjected to heavy grazing. Himalayan dry temperate forests These are open evergreen forest with open scrub undergrowth. Both coniferous and broad-leaved species are present. This type occurs on the inner ranges throughout their length and are mainly represented in the north-west. Dry zone deodar, Pinus gerardiana (Chalghoza) and/or Quercus ilex are the main species. Higher up, blue pine communities occur and in the driest inner tracts, forests of blue pine, Juniperus macropoda (Abhal, Shupa, Shur) and some Picea smithiana (e.g. in Gilgit) are found locally. Sub-alpine forests Evergreen conifers and mainly evergreen broad-leaved trees occur in relatively low open canopy, usually with a deciduous shrubby undergrowth of Viburnum (Guch), Salix (Willow, Bed), etc. The type occurs throughout the Himalayas from about 3,350 m to the timber limit. Abies spectabilis and Betula utilis (Birch, Bhuj) are the typical tree species. High level blue pine may occur on landslips and as a secondary sere on burnt areas or abandoned clearings. Rhododendrons (Bras, Chahan) occur in the understorey but do not form extensive communities as they do in the central and eastern Himalaya. Dwarf junipers are often abundant. Alpine scrub Under this type are included shrub formations 1 m to 2 m high extending 150 m or more above the subalpine forests. The characteristic genera are Salix, Lonicera (Phut), Berberis (Sumbul, Sumblue), Cotoneaster with Juniperus and occasionally Rhododendron or Ephedra (Asmania).

Map showing Forest area of Pakistan Map Credit: UNEP Environment Assessment Programme for Asia and the Pacific (http://www.rrcap.unep.org)

Section 9: Climate

Depending on the topography, there is an extreme variation in the temperature of Pakistan. The country

is essentially arid except for the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the sub-mountainous tract where the annual rainfall varies between 760 and 1270 mm. This area has humid sub-Tropical climate. In the extreme north - because of great heights - Highland climate prevails. The controlling factors of the climate are: 1. The sub-Tropical location of Pakistan that tends to keep the temperature high, particularly in summer. 2. The oceanic influence of the Arabian Sea that keeps down the temperature contrast between summer and winter at the coast. 3. Higher altitudes in the west and north that keep the temperature down throughout the year. 4. The Monsoon winds that bring rainfall in summer. 5. The Western Depression originating from the Mediterranean region and entering Pakistan from the west that brings rainfall in winter. These cyclones make a long land journey and are thus robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan. 6. A temperature inversion layer at a low elevation of about 1,500 m in the south during the summer, that does not allow the moisture-laden air to rise and condensation to take place. Temperature Pakistan can be divided into four broad temperature regions: 1. Hot summer and mild winter: 32o C or more in summer and 10 to 21o C in winter. 2. Warm summer and mild winter: 21 - 32oC in summer and 10 to 21oC in winter. 3. Warm summer and cool winter: 21 - 32oC in summer and 0 - 10oC in winter. 4. Mild summer and cool/cold winter: Summer temperature between 10 and 21oC and winter temperature between 0 and 10oC.

Maps showing maximum and minimum temperature regimes Map Credit: UNEP Environment Assessment Programme for Asia and the Pacific (http://www.rrcap.unep.org) Rainfall The major part of Pakistan experiences dry climate. Humid conditions prevail but over a small area in the north. The whole of Sindh, most of Balochistan, the major part of the Punjab and central parts of Northern Areas receive less than 250 mm of rainfall in a year. Northern Sindh, southern Punjab, north-western Balochistan and the central parts of Northern Areas receive less than 125 mm of rainfall. True humid

conditions appear after the rainfall increases to 750 mm in plains and 625 mm in highlands. There are two sources of rainfall in Pakistan: the Monsoon and the Western Depression. The former takes place from July to September and the latter, December to March.

Map showing precipitation regime Map Credit: UNEP Environment Assessment Programme for Asia and the Pacific (http://www.rrcap.unep.org) References and Credits: Pakistan," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2004 http://encarta.msn.com 1997-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. UNEP Environment Assessment Programme for Asia and the Pacific Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan 2000 by Government of Pakistan, World Wide Fund for Nature, Pakistan and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pakistan First National Report on the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, LEAD Pakistan, Ministry of Environment and Local Government Pakistan and UNEP COUNTRY REPORT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN PAKISTAN, Ejaz Ahmad Conservation Director, World Wide Fund For Nature - Pakistan BIODIVERSTIY CONSERVATION IN PAKISTAN : AN OVERVIEW, Muhammad Ajmal Director (Industries & Ozone) Ministry of Environment, Urban Affairs, Forestry and Wildlife C/O Pakistan National, Commission for UNESCO Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan United States Geological Survey Pakistan at a Glance, The World Resource Institute