Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies From 1971-2010

An

Undergraduate

Thesis

presented

to

the

Faculty of College of Education University of Rizal Rizal System

Angono,

In The

Partial

Fulfillment for the

of Degree

Requirements of

Bachelor

Secondary in English

Education

Major

Francisco, Gega,

Joanne M.

A.

Rachel Arwil

Guleng,

Angelin

E.

March 2013
APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled RITUALS AND PRACTICES OF WITCHCRAFT IN THE SELECTED FOREIGN MOVIES , has been prepared and submitted by Joanne A. Francisco, Rachel M. Gega and Arwil Angelin E. Guleng in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English, which is hereby recommend for acceptance approval. Mrs. Norma F. Elvia Adviser Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English by Examination Committee with the rating of _______. _____________ Member _______________ Chairman _____________ Member

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English. Ms. Wahinee M. Cruzada UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, URSA

_____________ Date

_____________ Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This piece of work would not have been possible without the help of the following research-oriented persons who

showed patience and gave guidance for the accomplishment of this endeavor: Dr. Olivia F. De Leon, President of the University of Rizal System; Dr. Gloria P. Sarabia, Cluster 3 Chancellor for

uplifting the quality of education in URS; Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud, University of Rizal System

Angono Campus Dean, for showing concern and support to all faculty and students; Ms. Wahinee M. Cruzada, UTW Instructor and to our

thesis adviser Mrs. Norma Elvia for their patience, advises and for sharing their time for the improvement of this

research; The respondents namely Mrs. Rhoda Seo and Mrs. Janette Ojascastro who willingly entertain the researchers despite of their busy schedules and activities;

The

Libraries

that

the

researchers

visited,

The

National Library and the University of Rizal System Angono Library; Our beloved parents who served as inspiration and

support to us in conducting this whole research; Above all, to Almighty God who gave them perseverance, wisdom and strength to finish this study.

J.A.F R.M.G A.A.E.G

DEDICATION
I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to the following persons for giving their endless support and whatever help they give. To my beloved parents, Purisima and Danilo

Francisco for giving me a wholeheartedly support and guidance in everything I do, for the deep understanding and for giving me a chance to pursue my care that they give to me. To my friends especially my two group mates for giving their worthy effort in order to overcome and successfully finish our study, for the patient even in worst time that we made together and all the precious moments with them. To all my teachers whom I owe a lot in whatever knowledge and wit they impart, especially to our thesis instructor Ms. Wahinne Cruzada for giving us guidance in our study. And to Almighty God for giving guidance, strength and wisdom to everyday and giving me an opportunity to live in this world with all his special gifts. They serve as my inspiration to overcome adversities and all the hard times in my life and also to finish this study.. JOANNE (rEd LiMe) dreams and for the endless love and

Dedication

I sincerely dedicate this piece of art to my parents Dom and Merly who have been fully supportive and for showing so much love, inspiration and advises to me.

To my friends and to my thesis partners, thanks much for your patience and thanks much for being understanding always.

And most especially, thanks much to HIM who gave me hope and guidance to fully accomplish everything I do.

cheL =)

Dedication
The students wishes his profound gratitude and sincere thanks to those persons who aided in the accomplishment of this compilation.

First to the blessed power of our Almighty God, whom I used for finishing this compilation of our Thesis, to our adviser teacher who gained my knowledge Maam Achie, And to our beloved teacher Ms. Wahinee M. Cruzada, who gave her full efforts and love to gave the education we deserve. To all of the school staffs and teachers who are always open in sharing their knowl;edge and experiences. To the valuable suggestions and unselfish cooperations of all my friends and classmates who aided about this work. And at last to the unending support and love of my beloved parents, who hand and hand support my financial studies and needs.

pAuwiL^^ =)

ABSTRACT Title: RITUALS AND PRACTICES OF WITCHCRAFT IN THE SELECTED FOREIGN FILMS

Researchers: Joanne A. Francisco Rachel M. Gega Arwil Angelin E. Guleng Course and Academic Year: Bachelor of Secondary Education, 2009-2013. Area of Specialization: English Adviser: Mrs. Norma Elvia This study sought to analyze the Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in the Selected Foreign Movies

which are The Craft, Season of the witch, The Sorcerers Apprentice and Macbeth. It sought to analyze how the

rituals and practices were shown in the movies. It also sought to discover how the story was structured using

Levy-Strauss Approach. The formalist approach emphasized the characters description. Using the Mythological

Approach the researchers were able to identify the motifs and archetypes that was revealed in every movie. The

researchers used the qualitative method of research with formalist, structural and mythological approach in the

content analysis. The researchers supplemented the

analysis with observation and interview. The researchers chose their respondents based on their background and

specialization

and

also

their

appropriate

knowledge

to

contribute how the researchers justified the findings.

TABLE PRELIMINARIES

OF

CONTENTS PAGE

Title

page sheet

i ii iii v viii contents x xii xiii

Approval

Acknowledgement Dedication Abstract Table List List of of of

tables figures

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Theoretical Conceptual Statement Importance Scope and Framework Paradigm of of the the Problem Study 1 26 46 47 47 49 50 Literature and Studies 60

Delimitation of Terms

Definition Review of

Related

Chapter 2 METHOD OF THE STUDY Instrument Critical Criteria and Techniques and Employed 69 70 72

Approaches of the

Selection of the

Literary works

Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

75

INTERPRETATION OF DATA Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES A. B. C. Request Letters Sample Questionnaire and Unstructured Interview Film Summary 123 116

ROUTING SLIP CURRICULUM VITAE Joanne A. Francisco Rachel M. Gega Arwil Angelin E. Guleng

LIST OF TABLES

Table
1.

Page Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected

76 Foreign Witchcraft Films

2.

Binary Opposition of the characters in the

90 Selected Foreign Witchcraft Films.

3.

Motifs and Archetypes in the Selected

99 Witchcraft Films. 4. 106 Psychonalysis. Characters Individuation using Freudian

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Conceptual Paradigm Page 45

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context

applied broadly

symbolic and mean

record

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written that other

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such

portable

exclusion perceive

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or digital

people and

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some

critics

classification crossed

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and

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is

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ephemeral fiction art

literary merit

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style

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purpose, from

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romance age of and are

middle

onwards

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manufactured tracts. learn

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philosophical important separating fiction and to the

literature main

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different

of literature several genres

nonfiction. that fall

literature

under

the

nonfiction

category.

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sits from

in

direct the

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to

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both are

fiction in list

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literature genre with

explained

detail is a

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resource

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short

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speculative, written

interpretative. of another the

account

persons of

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gives by

history

persons

life, in the

told form

that

person.

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written is

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persons

life. oral

Speech

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of speaking; ones

communication; emotions delivered by in

express and

thoughts

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sounds, of an

gesture. Generally or

address genre dealing of

discourse. Finally, of Nonfiction. an actual, offers This

there is

general text genre

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with

real-life or

literature

opinions

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on

facts

and essays,

reality. speech,

This and

includes narrative and is

biographies, history, nonfiction.

Nonfiction from and those drama

opposes fiction which

fiction genres of

distinguished like will poetry discuss. In

literature section

is

the

next

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is

the

genre is

of

literature art in

thats subject the way it in

compositions

dramatic genre for are is

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This

stories

composed

usually and emotion Poetry

theatrical expressed and an of or

performance, through rhythmic emotional poetry spoken. pleasure thoughts. with is

dialogue writing response

action.

is verse evokes The art

imagery the

that

reader.

rhythmical genre

composition, is

written for or mental settings

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of literature

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beautiful, is or the other which

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strange

worldly invites of

characters; reality. amusing excitement

fiction is

suspension what

Humor or

the faculty

perceiving of fun,

comical. which

Fiction full to

fancy, genre

meant

entertain. This

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can A

actually Fable is

be a

seen story

and

contained within supernatural form truth. that of In are or

genres.

about in the

or extraordinary narration Fables, legendary wonder that animal and

people

Usually a as

demonstrates often speak

useful humans

supernatural are a kind are for is a

tales. of about

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tales the

folktale fairies

fable. other

Sometimes

stories usually

magical creatures, Science of potential Science that Short not is

children. story based or of other on impact

Fiction science, one

either of the

actual genres or on

imagined. literature planets. that While is a

fiction is set in is to Fiction and is stories, that is but A

the future fiction support is a to of any

Story able

such briefness subplots. that life. of

Realistic happen songs, folk Folklore held, beliefs.

story real

can

actually are of

true

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myths, and handed of and

proverbs down

was a

by word that

mouth.

genre

literature based on is

is widely

false

unsubstantiated a story with

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Fiction

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characters

and

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historical

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painful

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literature

frightfully in both Tale is which the a

terrifying, or evoke and story who do while a

revolting.

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feeling the

of dread A Tall

characters humorous heroes

reader. blatant

with the

exaggerations, with story Legend an that is

swaggering here of

impossible is a

nonchalance of fact a

Legend or folk

sometimes based on

national but also Mystery

hero.

includes imaginative is of a a genre crime is of or

material. fiction the secret is that deals of

with

the solution

unraveling or a

secrets.

Anything that or unknown

kept

remains type of

unexplained legend in or

while Mythology narrative. events, phenomena actions as to of that a

traditional on and

This is that by the of

often

based

part

historical natural to of the

reveals human its gods. a particular person. plot, symbolism;

behavior

often pertaining A people Fiction or in body that

myths, relating is

particular novels with

Verse

full-length

subplots, Fiction in of

themes, verse the is

with major and one is of the usually

minor genres of

characters. literature in blank

which

narrative

presented

verse

form. One of most inconsiderable to men all in literature is

Witchcraft, witchcraft anarchist ancient of no and and

according

philosophers, a book by of lane having is a

famous literary is a

medieval it nor is

treated as superstition upon may most in

curious

history, existence of

since dead day, it

bearing were for of

present gather part

field and

folklore weeds

one the

strange of

flower and from is that were

noxious

eternal and which

terrible chapter biased blazed

history

humanity of and view

although divergent forth peace with and

points

virulence salvation deceptions, credulous

ferocity there

threatened gross fraud explain

in mankind, legerdemain, which

superstitions, perhaps away trifle by

phantasy, to or face

is impossible hysteria in

hallucination, infallible any the appeal

autosuggestion of is of reason and

accepting truth and

authority to the is and

authority waste

useless for time for

examining

evidences idle

just

all allegation

seems

ridiculous.

Often was to of a product

been of

surficially middle of ages

believed of

that

witchcraft century a up

thirteen was in

the beginning which

eighteen cults

century out

period and

diabolic in

spread

Europe of in

flaunted cases with

terrific proportions, from the fifth teen in

number century England reality keenest name in

typical France be

comparing the

seventeen denied most the

century enduring

cannot

undoubtedly ages most were

throughout the intelligences, who had heard during were book Rome had

brilliant and

minds, noblest

learned

scholars and

the evidence the reign of and in

firmly

believed

witchcraft, and charmers popular in

Triumvirate

astrologers were

vanished of but issued spells

all sorcerers Greek

punished

and Latin even

were

discovered

publicly edicts

burned,

all pagan forbidding visiting

emperors gothic

absolutely and

theory, with

confiscating death.

gremoires

necromancers

Studying analyzing

Literature and desire

has

been

always

expected must facts

in

genres

comprehension in discovering of their

follow must which

through, students always is depend

on the to.

capacity

thinking

according

CHED Memorandum order No.59 and the series of 1996 grounded the study of Literary Tertiary Institutions and focusing on new General Education of Curriculum. In accordance with the pertinent provisions of Republic Act 772, otherwise known as the HIGHER EDUCATION CURRICULLUM To make same responsive to the demand of the next millennium, a new GEC is hereby adopted and promulgated by the commission to be required and implemented as part of BACCALAUREATE DEGREE Programs in all Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines.

Thus, only to

the

researchers academic readers

opted

to

this but

study also

not to

fulfill

requirements to by it enhance reading is

encourage students discovering of literary In

their

interest , types non-

new learnings pieces whether addition it

different fiction or

fiction, of serve own The to

may help all

to

their

progress Literature our

understanding as

among

things which

the highest that words

and of

deepest our

expression of

reality

language which medium

established. are for related further Five to

researchers the topic, towards

used literary film is use

genre a and by

guide

comparison are

observation. its relevant in

witchcraft the the study

movies thus;

selected film

foreign and would in the

is used

observing

prevalent

rituals it

practice be

of Witchcraft. to know that

However, the the

important

Film industry initiative making of

Philippines

began

through Filipinos

Foreign

Entrepreneurs; Swiss

started

movies

in 1999. Two

Entrepreneurs

introduced with recent only

film

shows

in with

Manila

as early

as

1897

regaling events that but

audiences and the

documentary in

films showing Europe, films by not along the

natural arrival

calamities of the

silent

with America year but

colonialism these to

movie

market were

created still

1903. But they of

film hold

clips the

novelties attention they made they were a made close

failed their when

audiences fact that

because

novelty two

and the

foreigners, film it to in clear their This film, film the the goes Father

American Entrepreneurs Rizals execution, need

1912 that

about the

Jose

Filipinos

for material

hearts. heralded credit to of and the of making being of the first Filipino make a

first whom

Filipino to historians by to the stray

Jose Nepumuceno, Philippine producers on

dub as few the

Movies dared social

1930s from issue.

film artist guidelines

and commented

political

Thus, Foreign Plays and dances had elements common to filmsscripts, sets, lighting, costumes, production,

direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, and scores. They preceded film by thousands of years. Much terminology later used in film theory and criticism applied, such as mise en

scne. Moving visual images and sounds were not recorded for replaying as in film. According when camera camera his near Light from people to Wikipedia to have history used an of film starts of The in

tend

early

type

obscura obscura of

(which meanes was Optics 1600

darken

chamber). by Alhazen

further described (1021), by and

Book the is

was later

perfected

year

Giambattista a small onto a

Della Porta. hole or lens or

inverted and

through projected a a

outside,

surface

screen,

creating from but

projected

moving quality

image, film a

indistinguishable to an audience,

projected high it is not

preserved in

recording. In Treatise Human causes 1739 and Nature 1748, and for David An the Hume published concerning and sense images in the von

of Human

Enquiry

Understanding, arguing of ideas to the on with

associations in some

visual images, of drums invention Austria,

forerunners were 1830s Stampfer

language revolving

film. Moving and by disks Simon

produced with

independent in

(Stroboscope)

Joseph

Plateau

(Phenakistoscope) (zoetrope) In in

in

Belgium

and

William

Horner

Britain. 1877, under the sponsorship successfully in fast of Leland

Stanford, Eadweard a a horse series place

Muybridge

photographed motion using

named "Sallie Gardner" of on with 24 stereoscopic June 11 the press whether off along

cameras. Palo The

The Alto

experiment farm in was had The the a

took

at the

California meant all to four

present. a the a

exercise horse ever at once. to by

determine legs

running ground track was the cover

lifted

cameras

were

arranged each

parallel controlled horse's the

horse's, and trip They taken wire were by

camera

shutter by to

which was 21 the of a

triggered

hooves. 20 at feet one

inches apart horse

stride, taking

pictures

thousandth

second. Garden Scene The filmed 1888, second by the first known film, on

Roundhay celluloid film Roundhay October England surviving

recorded.

experimental Le West the

Garden Scene, 14, and 1888 UK

Louis

Prince

in Roundhay, is picture. now

Leeds, known as

Yorkshire, earliest

motion

June patent camera. ten film. British March, Thomas motion report no. It

21,1889, 10131

William for his

Friese-Greene 'chrono of

was

issued

photographic' taking up to

was apparently per on second

capable using

photographs A report

perforated published

celluloid in On the 18 to a

the camera News sent

was

Photographic Friese-Greene Edison, picture was whose

on February 28, 1890. a clipping of had the the

story

laboratory known in a rate as

been developing

system

Kinetoscope. The on in April 1890

reprinted gave

Scientific public

American

19. Friese-Greene but the low

demonstration with an of the

frame

combined to the make work many that

device's

apparent unreliability As Marey late known first K. L. Alva a result

failed of

impression. Etienne-Jules in the are the W.

and Eadweard 19th

Muybridge,

researchers films as

century realized were a a

they but was

today to

practical

possibility, apparatus

design

fully successful under

Dickson, Edison.

working His fully

the direction

of

Thomas the

developed in 1891 on

camera, called and took

Kinetograph, of Kodak

was

patented

a series Eastman to a

instantaneous photographic

photographs emulsion

standard on

coated

transparent this the work

celluloid strip were first

35mm

wide. public

The in

results 1893,

of

shown in also This

using and a be it by

viewing the box, by

apparatus Kinetoscope. and one only person

designed by was

Dickson,

called large viewed through

contained within the images looking the to into

permitted at a

time

a peephole, a coin. and and

after It was left his

starting not the a way

machine

inserting in this

commercial free for

success Charles

form, Jenkins first Louis

Francis with 1894. the

projector, the Phantoscope, before an audience in June the and of in

showing and

The

Auguste

Lumire took,

perfected printed, show Paris

Cinmatographe, projected projected film.

an

apparatus gave to this of an

that their

They

first in

pictures

audience the

December 1895 After developed other widths the its

date,

Edison as did

company various film years per

own form Some

projector, used

inventors. and

of these

different a few

projection speeds, wide Edison speed The film of

but after and the the

35-mm

16-frames

second became

projection standard. was

Lumire Cinmatographe important and American Biograph

other

competitor

the

American

Mutoscope

Company, which after he

used

new

camera Company. 1893

designed

by

Dickson

left the At the

Edison

Chicago gave a

World's of

Columbian on the that of show the the his Hall

Exposition, Muybridge the Science of

series

lectures in for arm to

Animal built

Locomotion specially

Zoopraxographical purpose in He the

Hall,

"Midway his

Plaisance" zoopraxiscope public,

exposition.

used to a

moving pictures the

paying film

making

first commercial William

theater. Dickson, is of chief engineer with the strip of a

Kennedy

Laurie

with

the Edison of a

Laboratories, form

credited a the

invention containing method of

a practicable sequence of

celluloid basis moving

images,

photographing blocks were

and projecting thinly plates.

images. removed they were

Celluloid with coated

sliced, then After this,

heated with In a

pressure

photosensitive at the to on this

gelatin

emulsion. Fair, Thomas

1893

Chicago the

World's two

Edison

introduced based

public

pioneering Kinetograph and the which a

inventions the first

innovation; picture a

the

practical The

moving was

camera in

Kinetoscope.

latter

cabinet

continuous by an

loop

of

Dickson's was

celluloid

film

(powered by an lens. piece. film "Black

electric lamp

motor) and seen

backlitght a

incandescent The spectator

through

magnifying an eye

viewed

the image

through

Kinetoscopeparlours snippets Maria" sequences Fred Ott's acrobats,

were by

supplied with Dickson, like

fifty-foot

photographed studio

in Edison's

(pronounced both and hall

"ma-RYE-ah"). These incidents, acts, and soon however, the such such as as

recorded Sneeze, music

mundane

entertainment performers parlors Edison,

boxing spread never other

demonstrations. successfully attempted side on and of to the

Kinetoscope to patent Europe. these

instruments on they relied

Atlantic, experiments This such as

since and

so greatly Britain of

previous Europe.

innovations the

from

enabled the

development devised maker

imitations, electrician Paul and

camera

by British Robert W.

and his

scientific instrument Birt Acres.

partner

Charles moving pictures the first

Francis to large

Jenkins, groups

wanting of

to

display invented his to

people,

patented called

film

projector. was

In 1894, the first

invention,

the Phantoscope,

project in Lyon, the

motion France,

picture. Auguste a

At about and

the

same

time,

Louis Lumire camera, time were and

invented and

cinematograph, films

portable of the

printer, seen t

projector. The via temporary or

mostly raveling A film

storefront acts a

spaces

exhibitors could present everyday slapstick. be a

as

in vaudeville long

programs. would

under single a

minute scene,

and

usually of

authentic event, a

or staged, sporting

life,

public was But was

event or flat,

There

camera the enough the

movement, of a

and

stagey compositions. moving photographs industry in

novelty for end

realistically picture century,

motion of the

to mushroom

before

countries

around the songs

world. were a notable in late exception to

Illustrated this trend that

began late this

in as

1894 the

vaudeville 1930s to the

houses in film music were

and persisted as theaters. video, paired through way, In live with

early precursor or

performance hand-colored and was

sound recordings glass slides devices. through

projected In a this series the

stereopticons narrative whose

similar illustrated were

song

of slides

changes

simultaneous

with

narrative development. songs were was highly for

The

main sheet

purpose music

of

illustrated and into the they the birth filler

to encourage

sales, reaching with

successful with a single

sales

millions of film,

song. Later, songs and were during 1895 to

illustrated films

used as reel

material

preceding Film

changes. The the first cinema

history of

from

1906. show

eleven years moving from

motion to

pictures an films

a novelty

established represent

large-scale a movement made films

entertainment from by films one

industry. The consisting with long by a of

one shot,

completely

person minutes were

few

assistants, towards of

several which

consisting large

several shots, in something

made

companies

like industrial Film exhibition of

conditions. business film took in 1906. The place on first April 14, built. intended not "The gain Jazz commercial 1894 at it

the first Kinetoscope was a clear sound

parlor

ever

However, to

that Edison film

originally would

create

system, which the it

worldwide Singer" money

recognition in was 1927. to be

until In 1896

release of became

clear

that more picture

made

by

showing

motion

films with

projector in

to

large

audience peep-show successful States,

than

exhibiting

them

Edison's However,

Kinetoscope the most

machines. motion the picture largest Mutoscope peepW.K.L. 1895. frame for the the

company production company. show Dickson His was

in

the until

United 1900,

with

was

the up

American to made company and

This

was films he used

initially set using left the

exploit by in each sheets called from

type after

designs Edison wide onto

equipment printed

70 mm.

film, paper

separately into The

insertion Mutoscope. periphery in

their viewing image rotating Besides the sheets drum,

machine, stood out and

of

flipped they

into view also made

succession.

the

Mutoscope, which made

a projector a continuous negatives. There the United long-term Vitagraph, studios 1905. in From

called

Biograph, print

could from

project the same

positive

film

were States,

numerous and in of

other of new

smaller them

producers established

in a

some the

presence one

century. producers, its

American built in in

these and

minor expanded

Brooklyn, 1896

operations litigation

there

was continuous

the basic

United

States that

over made

the motion

patents covering

the

mechanisms By

pictures possible. was the and largest this films

1898

Georges films

Mlis in was

producer point

of fiction

France, almost were

from

onwards trick

his output

entirely very of

featuring in all

effects, which The

successful his from longer 1899 a

markets. which (while long),

special popularity several other other 1900

films, onwards minute longer

were most led

minutes long films were to

still only

makers Charles

start

producing film with films. in War the I.

film. From under Zecca Path

Path

began brand,

production Ferdinand By 1905, a

the to

Path-Frres actually film

hired was the it

make

the

largest retained

company

world, Lon shown methods item on

position began

until World films but were

Gaumont as of the a

film. Initially

mostly main as or an by took the

novelty special exhibition programmes in in

venues,

the

quickly became of

either

variety theatres, theatres, towns.

traveling around practice

showman fairs the the

tent

which they It to much became sell per

the for

country

producing exhibitors,

companies at so

prints foot,

out right to

regardless were 15

of cents a

the subject. a foot in

Typical United

prices States,

initially and one

in the

shilling which subjects per foot.

foot being

Britain. produced cost a few 2 of

Hand-coloured the 3 most times such

films, popular as as much the did with

were

before There

1900, were and

to

producers, Company, them

American Mutoscope not their sell

Biograph but

which solely

their films,

exploited The

own

exhibition units. theatre which there showing was were

first films

successful was The

permanent

nothing but opened

Nickelodeon, By this date long least States of

in Pittsburgh enough films a

in 1905. several

finally to fill

minutes for at

available half an

programme running exhibitors and in the a

hour, Other

United couple

quickly followed there were The

suit,

within of

years in

thousands

these

nickelodeons to of a

operation. boom 1906 in the

American situation led and exhibition painting a

worldwide from in his first of

production Georges

films

onward

Mlis

backdrop

studio. film their kind cameras tripod of were or fastened directly with

The to only the head the

other

support,

crudest

levelling

devices

provided,

in the

the

manner

of the The

still-camera

tripod

heads were hence

of thus the a of from in

period.

earliest film during the the

cameras shot, and

effectively first camera these the 1896, shot camera on was a

fixed

movements a moving film shot of

were

result The

of mounting known

vehicle. by a

first

Lumire leaving a

cameraman Jerusalem of under the

back platform and from by

train were

1898 there

number listed " in

films the sales

moving heading of the in

trains. Although of time, front "panoramas those of a to

general catalogues forward

films railway as

shot

straight were

from

engine

usually specifically

referred

"phantom

rides".

The standard pattern for early film studios was provided by the studio which Georges Mlis had built in 1897. This had after a glass roof of and large three glass for walls still

constructed

the

model

studios

photography, and it was fitted with thin cotton cloths that could be stretched below the roof to diffuse the direct ray of the sun on sunny days. Unique minute recorded long films parts Filmic made effects by acts the of among Edison variety all the one which for

company, performers

of the

their among

Kinetoscope those

viewing to in was

machines. Europe 1895, and on

This with was magic at

film the seen shows the from

was first by in

exported machines who

Kinetoscope Georges

Mlis,

putting in of

his Theatre After making and

Robert-Houdin imitations Robert

Paris

time. Edison, dun

other films he

Lumire, dame film

Paul,

made Escamotage Vanishing to vanish

chez shows

Robert-Houdin a woman motion being

(The made

Lady). This by using Edison single of

the same film. shot

stop

technique

as

the made the

earlier many

After this, films using other

Georges this trick basic set

Mlis over of

next

couple for the G.A. effect

years. The

techniques exposure done by of

trick film Smith was velvet rethe

cinematography in the camera, in July 1898 done the

involves which

double was first UK. the

in the by draping action

The

ghost

simply after

set in shot, actor at

black

main the

had with

been the

and then playing

exposing ghost

negative through the or

going

the

actions which was

the

appropriate within a

point. Likewise, circular vignette over rather a

vision, matte, in the

appeared

similarly to with

superimposed the scene, in

black area than over a

backdrop the set

part of

detail

it, which again

so

that

nothing quite later Mlis in a

appeared through Smith used

the

image,

seemed a year

solid. in

this technique

Santa

Claus. superimposition (The later with on a of

Georges dark background the and Demons) then

first la

used

Cavernemaudite of months

Cave in

made

couple it one He

1898,

elaborated in the

further shot then

multiple de ttes further other

superimpositions (The Troublesome in

in lHomme did

Heads). numerous technique

it with

variations special was

subsequent that the this G.A.

films. The

effect

Smith initiated of selfthe an the first Topsy, Awkward a

reverse

motion

and He did while

quality by

motivating

images.

repeating it tail The with of

action a second inverted second films Turvy Sign camera, negative made and

time,

filming the

and then to that this

joining of the

first.

using The

device Sign sign

were Tipsy, The

Awkward showed the a

Painter. painter of

Painter in

lettering the

sign, and footage on the

reverse

printing print,

same

appended sign

to the

standard

the

painting

vanished

under the

painter's

brush.

Cecil printing backwards which do the he

Hepworth

took

this of so

technique the

further,

by

the

negative frame,

forwards a

motion print in To the

frame by original built

producing exactly

action was a special a

reversed. which

this

printer in projector through a

negative into giving be the a

running gate of

through a

was projected special came lens to an

camera

same-size

image.

This

arrangement and

called a

projection printer,

eventually

optical printer. Narrative shot The it was first was led of film are of made the in up life of of more than one

by films these in

Jesus in

Christ. and the of

was made the

France by the a

1897, of town

followed play This the

same year in

film

passion Horitz. outside in with

staged was

yearly by

Czech

filmed

Americans world a and

for exhibition was presented film, but

German-speaking venues, not scenes as

special

continuous

the separate a the

interspersed lives of the choral

with

lantern to about

slides, increase 90

lecture, and running time

numbers, to

spectacle

minutes.

Real action moving it, can Do!, an be in

film from dated 1898.

continuity, one to shot Robert

which

means

showing to

into

another

joined Come this

W. Paul's shot of

Along, film, other shot

made old

In the an

first

couple outside inside what through do

art exhibition the door.

follows

people showed of in

The second further films

they

inside. The in

development continued George Kiss from the the a a in a

action 1899.

continuity In the

multi-shot part

latter in

of that made a

year, The shot

Albert the

Smith, Tunnel. ride

working This at

Brighton, with at

started the and

phantom goes on a into

point

which with of from

train action railway woman, when

a tunnel,

continued interior

set

representing the a man to of steals the the

carriage, and the then train

where cuts comes

a kiss phantom

back out

ride shot

tunnel.

Theoretical Framework Examining witchcraft, subject, disorder of the detail case epileptic of bloody as history of

elucidating cataleptic,

such and

hysterical mind malice of

obscure denounced

that

not

exactly

diagnosed,

private

enemies,

political grounds,

victims

idlest

superstitions and half

and craze had by

malignity, cranks, been

silly the

bodies,

eccentrics provocative huge number

underlying in a of

phenomena of and cases

really

present the

acknowledging contracts, a

reality

witchcraft self

diabolic

imposture morbid growth

trickery,

deception

and hypnotism, portentous

imagination, of spiritism

accomplishing within physical natural

wishes,

generation and and

furnishes are

as extraordinary phenomena simply inexplicable by of any the

psychical normal are

views to

declare be

that

some by

manifestation intervention. One of art property sculpture such of the a that of

ascribed

satanic

the

central trying of a

concerns to art

in

the

philosophy single a

involves all

establish share. by

what

works

What

unites

by Rodin they can

and both

painting be

Jackson in the

Pollock category from when and

included became

artworks? beginning new and

This question of

more

taxing onwards media

the twentieth range

century of

bewildering

styles, never

artistic aims pushed back boundaries as Prior mean to this time art was

before. to

generally taken sculpture,

representational

painting,

theatre,

literature development photography, within the and

and of as

music. new

The art as arts

new forms

century such as

saw

both the and

cinema

well

revolutionary such as

developments art this trying which calling define by

traditional

conceptual prior to

atonal music.

Theories run

developed

period understandably to were into them. those any pick out the

into

difficulty of aim

when works of to

essential with theory the

features express

often designed question the But

which has out

sought

this challenge to have pick

provoked those to be of

responses

determined work must

properties art, and

which one

in order has

contemporary One Crowley dominates the who

response of the claims

been that

Formalism. is Sharon

greatest that James

opponents

current-traditionalism Williams says that in on

composition.

current-traditional narration, categories .

classroom, and

focus

remains

description, divided

exposition, like

exposition and often as will

into

definition is not

compare/contrast thought many ask a to fit

Critical in with

thinking

current-traditionalism, composition assignments book report.

current-traditionalist student to write a

Patricia emphasizes grammar, practice modes very thought

Bizzels states that current-traditionalism writing and What prescriptivism follows is in the

expository usage, of

andstyle . to

applying

ones

composition ones

rhetorical in a is the

and outlines, formulaic to

situating

writing

setting.

Current-traditionalism of students them and into in

stifle

the creativity by confining

composition such oppose as

classroom

genres

description, argumentation,

narration and that it a to is

current-traditionalism, to is define too writing

claiming using

impossible scope. mold It their

such

narrow try to

difficult for into

students

writing

the typical

prewrite,

write,

revise

pattern,

since

writing is not so mechanical or according to to to a learn to end: Knoblauch and

rigid a task . Instructors, Brannon, claiming but often that in adhere order beginning

production to

recipe,

write, students is, find a claim that is

start

from

that

topic state a thesis etc. . The a current-traditional often billed instructors composition as are from approach in

authors the theory,

classroom when

employing simply a

process having

really write

their

students

mechanistic,

analytical

standpoint

without allowing any room for creativity.

By was coming offered

the into

early its

1960 own

Structuralism and some to

as

movement that life it that

believed human of

a single

unified

approach A

would embraced heavily that system parole, reveal system, but even It in a of

all discipline. by cultural

method

inquiry, especially kinship than these general variable universal mind. unit with rather by with when in that a use for the

influenced Claude

anthropology, studied

Levi-Strauss who interested

myth,

and in the

rituals,

in Language

rather

particular structures signifying rules

phenomena and rules

primarily as of the

regard

systems govern

as

cultural as

the deep as rooted to

that

these of

in changing identify study the

structures smallest modes meaning

human

attempts a view work to

meaningful

and

their how

of combination is created

understanding the

than

interpreting

actual are

meaning not what role of

conveyed concerned happens literature principle in

particular consumption people social human change of

text ,structuralist of

literature about read is made about a the

actually

relation. It culture in is

methodological up of systems in

which the

element as

produces change structural or

others,

language

model. The in

search texts,

universal

functions

actions

explanation structural to our be.

of

how

meaning of

is

possible meaning,

and it

the has

post lead in can is to only be

denial

objective there who

the belief minds In

that

are permanent we view are of and

structure what we

that determine the sense on ether science human the these

this

structuralism

simply human to

based mind,

application principle

of structuralist can be applied system seen. a can

texts, to

,research mind remain

method, to to be

expanded

Structuralism claims level of objectivity and in many

preserve that

certain into were

its analysis of

turn who

post-structuralism previously

the thinkers are to De

considered

structuralist sought

now labeled apply Saussure the to

Post-structuralist. Levi-Strauss structural anthropology. considered seen of as linguistics of At the the time

Ferdinand the family object

anthropologically to analysis, but

fundamental as and a

primarily wife and

self-contained children. all that

unit consisting Nephews, cousins, treated as a

husband, uncles

their

aunts,

grandparents argued

were

secondary . Levi-Strauss to Saussure linguistic

however, families

related acquire with one

value,

determinate

identities

only through

relations

another.

Levi-Strauss putting on the

inverted the

the classical

views

of

anthropology, and insisting of

secondary family members the relations

first

analyzing units it is a

between units and the

instead literary field all of

themselves. In apply nascent they

humanistic in

studies,

most effectively discipline that use language

narratology

studies

narratives, novels and

whether and new

myths and relief

legends, cultures analyze

accounts,

histories,

psychological features values

studies, and deep in

narratologists of the over of

the systematic

functions

narratives. Structuralism surface Marx phenomena; Freud

structures the views

it parallels

part

and

both concerned with and from and modern largely

underlying

causes, forces, and

unconscious shifting choice, furthers portraying consequence control

motivations away

transpersonal

attention like the a of

human consciousness

Marxism ongoing self

Freudianism, Structuralism diminishment as a of individual construct and nether social as a

impersonal and life or of

system,

individual of their

the codes mental

conventions linguistic the

existence, result of

experience or

demotions is widely

person as

subject

structuralism

regarded

Anti Humanistic.

Thus, relates maybe

in

literary text genre model of of

theory, to a a

structuralist larger

criticism which

literary

structure, of

particular a

range

intellectual structure motifs. in for Today

connections, or a

universal

narrative or

system

recurrent that there

patterns must why be it a

Structuralism every text,

argues which readers is

structure easier text.

explains to

experienced structuralism

interpret than

less and

popular

approaches There has and the of

such as are many been

post-structuralism reasons criticized deterministic people to for for

deconstructions. Structuralism historical

this. being

often for

favoring of

structural forces act. was but By seen the the

over end

ability the

century school rather

structuralism of than thought,

historically movements that

important spawned,

structuralism

itself, began

commanded in

attention. and spread and

Structuralism to anthropology, fields. Its a

linguistics literary

philosophy, founder was

criticism De

other

Ferdinand who wanted

Saussure to move his he

(1851-1913), beyond field the in the

Swiss linguist

historical

interest that

dominated work

twentieth century.

Although the

published historical 1906 and

during tradition, 1911

his he set

lifetime left the analysis concept

was

entirely lectures for of

in

behind

between a new

the

scene

synchronic, Structuralism and human most the

structural rejected and is the

language. freedom way that

of human on the

choice

focused

instead

behavior important 1949

determined by work the on

various this

structures. The was Leviof their both

initial

score

Strauss kinship. time in

volume

Elementary known Jacobson

Structures during by

Levi-Strauss had New York

WWII and was as well

influenced as the

Jacobsons

structuralism tradition. to

American

anthropological

According Structuralism word depends

Ferdinand that in the the

De meaning total

Saussure, of system each of

is principle on its

place

language,

though

limited

to literate. (1963) in the or as goal poetic to Expand terms of is to of it by its

Roland characterizing reconstructive activity an of object whether in

Barthers

structuralism activity, reflexive a way the

structuralist reconstruct rule is

such of

manifest thereby The structure

functioning

object.

therefore is a

actually

simulacrum

of

the

object but since which

it the

directed

interested

simulacrum, appear

initiated invisible natural

objects make or object. Jean Marie and only it if

something

remained in the

one prefers

unintelligible

Benoist. if it a

In display formal it

an the set is

analysis content of

is as

structural, a and argue given of and make a model;

if if

can isolate

elements to the

relation without content, text or

interms entering it any is

of which upon not of

possible of

the significance concerned system with the rather the of the

content

kind

it analyzes system which the leading with

explores the of

the

structure

underlying one defines

content its

possible, the form

principle

content

the underlying

structure. Levi-Strauss biology as said as that other in that Anthropology, disciplines, certain content we view ways as are that and

Claude psychology and the and well human which as

well to

mind structured determine its the the

operate of

nature of that are

regardless culture we

discipline a

working, theres

living in,

in

mans

innate,

genetically transmitted

determined one

mechanism that premises among

act though

as

structuring force view is

is

underlying

this

far from

reaching

consensus C.S

structuralist

thinker. Saussures labeled structural semiology study ,

Peirce sketched in 1961 within came to

(American as

Philosopher). similar science

contemporary Semiotics anthropology semiotics analyze roles from of

Levi-Strauss the domain a

situated or field

designate from to jargon

that

sign folk

system,

to fashion, phonological medicine At the

from the system, to the when the

narrative of

those and

codes

architecture and

convention

of myth

literature. was critical 19th

moment to

structuralist discipline particularly first second 19nth

methodology of in semiotics France. In

expanding reaction century appeared

occurred the the these

theory, during

scholarly half century often of of

theories myth the 19th myth

century, as a myth 20th

in general failed as a

framed

or obsolete primitive theory of of

thought, counterpart

interpreting modern science. century to

century

myth rejected myth

the

19th

theories see

opposition as to

and science but an

tended outdated

myth

almost science

anything

counterpart

consequently, for

modern

are

not obliged claims that

to myth

abandon is

myth

science. One of real

theory

distorted according elaborated in those

accounts to upon this

historical

events

EUHEMERUS, repeatedly

theory, story

tellers

historical gained that

accounts until the status began as

this

figures some for

accounts propose

of gods, allegories that

theories natural

myth

phenomena, from forces, the

some

thinkers

believed of

myth resulted and

personification to this

inanimate objects that as gods, persons, natural rise ritual rituals that first to this

according natural to

thinker such them as

ancient air

worshipped

phenomena described view

fire,

gradually coming thought mere act

as

mythopoeia not as as

tended to thus,

things

object of

they described thus the tied giving myth to claims

events myths. theory,

personal According

gods, to is

the most to the the

existence extreme explain biblical Battle Mircae function of

of myth form this

in myth

its arose by of

theory

rituals, scholar,

this the

claims was

forward

manuscript illustration from that to the epic of

kurukshetra argued is

Hindu Mahabharata the foremost and that

Eliade of Myth

one

established behavior

the

myth

may

also

provide of

religious

by

telling

or

reenacting myths themselves mythical divine. from age There and it

member the thereby are

traditional and

societies return to to

detach the the

present

bringing

themselves between In

difference

mythological mythological mythological are

criticism criticism, stories included reactions

archetypal

criticism. to

has references

famous these

in in

works the

of literature, hopes all of

references a is also behavior fears, we have

getting it it is

universal similar to

from

readers, because underlie peoples ideas. of

psychological with the myth and

approach that of

concerned lastly, values the are many

things

human hopes, Then all, images as

are symbolic other

philosophical criticism, first

archetypal similar different and as the

archetypes found in

ideas, myths, last

motifs normally of

and

defined

universal symbols are images circles, hero, motifs such the the or of is

example

archetypes and

water,

sun,

colors

numbers, desert, the the

serpent, earth pattern

the garden, the

tree,

mother, and

soul mate,

trickster, the

degree. Aside and archetypal

from

difference here now

mythological using the

criticism,

mythological

and archetypal

criticism.

Unlike

the the

most

traditional of and the

form of criticism author and

that

focuses

on

history

the piece on

itself, of on this to of one it

mythological the the gods, piece

archetypal and

focuses other

the history mentions for means studies Next since

goddesses that only type in

allusions The the

mythology. was

reason proper the

approach is use this

recently

of criticism

through

anthropology, is many to are

psychology skeptical towards are the people

and cultural to the

history.

this approach occult.

appears is that

lean there of

The last

reason the and

also objects are

much in more

confusion the actual

over myths in

definitions the

fact that

interested

concrete

ideas. Similarly, type of speech This Levi-Strauss through theory identified a Myths as a be how be so that rather same units each

which

language to tales

could

discovered. seemingly similar theres that

attempted

explain could believed a myth, of the

fantastical across not one were he

and arbitrary

culture. authentic all to

Levi-Strauss version of

they

manifestations apply the

language, of

sought the

fundamental broke

myth, namely

mythene.

Levi-Strauss

of

the

versions

of

myth of a

down

into

series

of

a a had

sentences, function discovered mythenes

consisting and a

relationship He

between he

subject, he a

believed that the consist by relations of

when was

examined myth

between but

that

nothing

binary oppositions. believed these that the

Influenced human minds and

Hegel,

Levi-Strauss in the these

think

fundamentally in

binary

oppositions

their

unification and that

thesis, antithesis, synthesis are what make

and

triad,

meaning possible. Levi-Strauss On one sees basic paradox stories myth in are seems of He

Furthermore, the study of myth.

hand; The

mythical of

fantastic and

unpredictable. On are the

content

completely arbitrary. different proposed thought myths unique cultures that and in but

other hand,

the myths similar.

surprisingly laws

universal resolved this

must govern

mythical

seeming each it

paradox, producing myth is law reduced and to may just of seem one human

different he

cultures, that

propose of

particular thought. kind of In

instance studying to some

universal try to

myth he kind

arbitrary attain a

data

of order

level

at

which the

kind

of of

necessity becomes liberty. mythical of

apparent,

underlying

illusions to from

According always toward of and progresses

Levi-Strauss the In or

thought

awareness other words,

oppositions consist hand those

their resolution. that opposed elements Euhemerus

myths

element other

contradict or the

each

other

that mediate was he one of

resolve most as over

oppositions.

important account many is

pre-modern mythologist, of actual historical this by say is view

interpreted

myth

events, of myths in the

distorted and their (229d)

retellings criticized Socrates one who

origin in

Plato that

Phaedrus

which of not

this

approach curious

is the

province

Vehemently

and

laborious ,and

entirely

happy. Taylor Interpreted for natural natural myth as an attempt unable man at to

E.B

literal explanation conceive to

phenomena; laws, early

of impersonal

tried to

explain

natural phenomena object all

by

attributing to all

souls

inanimate ideas, scholars not

gradually progressing scholars not view. even

scientific 19th century

agreed

with

this

Max language, he lack of language: in that also such

Muller

Called

myth

as

disease due in

of to

a the

speculated

that and

myth neuter of

arose gender

abstract nouns

ancient necessary the gods. idea He

Anthropomorphic figure language taken

speech, to

literally leading were

natural support

phenomena

conscious being, theory of myth

allegorical of

began as

allegorical

description Erazer

nature. myths were as a misinterpretation based begin laws, and when on the with he in

James of magical mistaken unfounded realize favor rise

saw

rituals of

which

themselves law, mans

idea

natural of impersonal laws

belief that

magical work

these

dont

transfer thus man

of to

impersonal religious formerly

controlling nature myths, magical theses meanwhile ritual as his

giving continuos

practicing habit

through of

force

of

reinterpreting he

reenactment true from

mythical through through asserted

events, now science, religion that

discovers myth

nature magic

makes to human

obsolete Jung

science.Carl share forces, the

(1873-1961) innate

certain which he

unconscious Jung from

psychological believed that

called

archetypes, myths

similarities between the

different universal

cultures archetypes.

reveal

the

existence

of

these

Joseph different orders that the to four

Campbell of

believed

that that

there there

were are

two myths in have with

mythology of

are Metaphorical Human do

Spiritual there are He

potentiality myths defines that myth

being and that specific

with

societies such as

different functions and

mystical,

cosmological,

sociological Claude patterns more in

pedagogical. believed that myths those reflect patterns pairs of or

Levi-Strauss the mind and

interpreted

as fixed

mental

structures than as

specifically unconscious

opposite (good / evil) urges. William begin performing related reason by to for

feelings

Robertson rituals after

Smith for some

thought reason

that that the for the myth. has

People is not

myth, a

they try

forgotten to

original ritual rituals

ritual ,they a myth events

account that

inventing

and claiming described

commemorates

the

in that movement

However, and

The Psychoanalytic in many

expanded its one

diversified

direction

over

hundred practices school

year

in

history the

,contemporary by

theory the

and various and Freud

examine of

contribution made explain the

thoughts between the

similarities theory of

differences as Freudian

contemporary

independent,

kleinian, object and Lacanian

relations, analysis, that over

interpersonal, Freud was because going the of the back and

self psychological fount of the of

psychoanalysis his thought and

flawed style,

clarity into the

remains because

of

psychoanalytical early in a years way a

imperative single become movement been

its text

in the possible as

master

was

still

that

increasingly has both by

problematic, expanded and

the psychoanalytic but also each of not

diversified and schism,

challenged

controversy

the differing just

psychoanalytic orientation of

approaches but a

represent

a theoretical and

tradition, and the

style,

affiliation that the

set

common acquired

values in

assumptions course of

analysis is

training.

PROCESS Gathering Content Focus Group Data

Analysis Interview

Informal

Observation

OUTPUT THEORIES AND APPROACHES Structuralism Mythological Psychoanalysis INPUT Macbeth, The Craft, Sleepy hollow, Sorcerers Apprentice and Season of The Witch Binary Opposition Motifs and Archetypes Id, ego, superego

PROCESS Gathering Content Focus Group Data

Analysis Interview

Informal

Observation

Figure

1.

Rituals

and Practices Movies

of

Witchcraft 1971-2010

in

Selected

Foreign

From

The Conceptual Paradigm The that the to will Conceptual researchers a study as Paradigm will be illustrates able the to the do in process order It

conduct serve and

regarding

selected

topic.

a guide of

in conducting Witchcraft From

a research of in the . which of Sleepy film Selected

Rituals Foreign

Practices

Witchcraft

Movies

1971-2010 Input

Conceptual used as a

Paradigm literary which

contains genre

consist Craft,

Foreign Hollow,

Witchcraft

Film

are

The

Sorcerers Witch. order

Apprentice,

Macbeth that

and

Season

of

The in

Researchers to trace and the gather

choose

following films and

different facts be for

rituals the

practices

to justify

case

study. analyze and

Researchers the content, conduct the an will

will

able on a

to gather data, group in

focus

interview to

Informal data

Interview and the to topic,

order

support the the

gathered

further this

justify serve and as

scenarios process consist

regarding of of the

research. Theories Binary and

approaches in and

Levi-Strauss

Opposition Archetypes

Structuralism, Mythological Freudian Psychoanalysis.

Motifs

Statement of the Problem This rituals by study aims of to identify the is prevalent curious and

and practices of

witchcraft Formalism,

which

lane

history,

Structuralism

Mythological approach. Specifically questions: 1. What are the rituals in the and practices films? of witchcraft it sought to answer the following

that were portrayed

selected

2.

Using

Levis-Straus in terms the

in of

Structuralism Binary

how

do

the

Characters 3. revealed 4.

differ are the

Opposition? and archetypes

What in

different films?

motifs

selected

How are the characters individuated using Freuds id,

ego and superego? Importance of the Study In realize any sort order to clearly horror understand and human corn the after most heart and seek and kernel fully dismay evil of

the shuddering of

commerce between are the

beings and

spirits, witchcraft, to upon

which exiled why

throughout tomorrow by of the

whole

of Christendom, was written pens of

appreciate the

tomorrow learned and

subject holiest

Europe, why grave peasant, were in of

pontiffs discreet

wisest

judges, and alike Why cold and

philosopher and careless one mind Spain at man novel in

scholars, divine, of

king all

and earnest

the in

persecution

sorcery. in

Catholic and

and

Puritan Scotland, Rome, to stamp

Geneva

Genial sought

unhesitatingly out the

perseveringly

plague

with of

the fire. In

most

terrible

of

all

penalties,

the

cautery

order

that

by and

misreading foolishly were

of think

history monk

we and mad been

should

not superficially layman for and as and

magistry, fanatics presented impertinent doctrine of too acute often

lawyers

mere too, not

tigers, often be

such traduced, to

have they, it will

whole

briefly the

recapitulate of darkness, but and and

the facts which

orthodox nowadays to the in

powers

forgotten or mind

ignored,

medieval

were fearfully that to into to the with clear

prominently candid

view. Yet we

supposing

minds

proceed to

carefully inquire

investigate this the

accumulated of a of

evidence, number of

circumstances the of

typical in

cases with

compare trials

trials 17th

15th century in England. Shall of fantastic stratum cannot refuses

France

century

we and

not

find

that

amid

obvious certain the sceptic

accretions very solid this

superfluous detail traced throughout The

to be be to in

whole,

reason denied,

notoriously critical will

believed of the

in witchcraft, evidence

but

sanely

examination

at the

witch

trial

show is

that founded and

vast upon

amount a

of

vulgar modern

incredulity of the and are

complete worthwhile more common

misconception quite to

facts, correct

it of

may be the

review that

some

objections their fatuous whole is not

loosely and which are

repeatedly urged as

maintained the the which

many

points and yet of

proving

absurdity system, capable

demonstrable there is not

impossibility of one phenomena simple.

satisfactory

and

often

Scope and Delimitation This selected study is limited movie: only to the analysis of the the

Witchcraft

Sorcerers and

Apprentice, Season critical conduct and be of

Craft, Sleepy Witch. of and the

Hollow,

Macbeth will

The researchers movie and will to

perform data,

analysis interview accurate limited and In

gather acquired this

observation in the

reliable study will

findings, only in

addition identifying

motifs, in

binary oppositions and super ego.

Freudian a

psychoanalysis witchcraft

id, ego

selected

movie. of terms defined based on

Definition The following terms use in the study.

were

their

Anarchists. A person who rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power. Archetypes. dispositions basic that Are form or innate the universal from of psychic which the

substrate

symbols emerge.

representations According to Jung

unconscious are four and

experience universal Trickster to form

there

archetypes: Mother, (or Devil). such that

Rebirth, is of

Spirit, a a deal

"The archetype

tendency motif -

representations can vary a

representations without an losing

great

in detail are indeed "the to of such

their

basic

pattern. They for strongly with to the

instinctive of

trend". initiation

Thus is

example activated a rite next

Archetype provide a passage stages courtship, Binary language strictly It is

meaningful from one may stage include

transition of life

being

parented, for

initiation,

marriage

and preparation the two set

death. by which, in are

Opposition.

system theoretical

and thought, defined and the such

opposites one

off

against two up

another. exclusive left and

contrast between as on and off,

mutually and down,

terms,

right.

Binary

opposition which to a all binary of

is an sees language

important such

concept

of as In a

structuralism, fundamental structuralism, fundamental

distinctions and is thought. seen as

opposition human

organizer

philosophy, of

culture, and

and language. In the

community

Philosophers

scholars, most believe that, as Derrida put it, "unless a distinction can be made rigorous and precise it isn't

really a distinction." Content Analysis. A methodology in for studying defines the it content as "the of study social science

communication. Earl of recorded and human

Babbies

communications, such as books, analysis messages is that a summarizing,

paintings

law.Content analysis of

quantitative

relies on the scientific objectivity, inter

method (including a priority ability, is may not be are

attention to design,

subjectivity, generalis testing variables which the and

reliability, and the

validity, hypothesis

replicability, limited as measured created to or the

types

of in

that

context

messages

or presented.

Druids.

A druid

was

member and

of

the priestly other

class In Great parts of Celts

Britain,

Ireland,

possibly

Western Europe,

during

the

iron age.

Ego. The ego comprises of the organized part of the personality structure that includes defensive, perceptual, intellectual-cognitive, and executive functions. Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the

operations of the ego are conscious. Originally, Freud used the word ego to mean a sense of self, but later revised it to mean a set of psychic testing, functions control, intellectual such as judgment, defence, and

tolerance, synthesis memory.

reality of

planning,

information,

functioning,

Exorcism. is

the

religious

practice

of

evicting demons or other spiritual entities from a person or place which they on the are believed beliefs to of

have possessed. Depending

spiritual

the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions.

Films. Films specific culture,

are which

Cultural reflect is a

artifacts those

created

by and, an

cultures, to be

in turn, affect important art

them.

Film

considered source of for

form, and a

popular documentary of of

entertainment or propaganda give

powerful method The visual

citizens.

elements power

cinema

motion Some

pictures films by using

a universal have dubbing the

communication. worldwide that

become or

popular subtitles the

attractions the

translate

dialogue

into

language of

viewer. Id. The id is a part of the unconscious structure of personality, which attempts to reduce tension and gain

pleasure. It is composed of two different, competing groups of instincts--the desire for life and sex (controlled by the libido) and the desire for death and aggression. These competing instincts build up in the id, causing tension. The tension can only be relieved by reflex actions,

physical symptoms, or mental images. Initiation. is a rite of passage ceremony marking

entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense it can

also

signify

transformation

in

which

the

initiate

is

'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies might include Hindu diksha, Jewish bar or bat

Christian baptism or confirmation, mitzvah, acceptance into

a fraternal

organization, secret school

society or religious or recruit training.

order,

or graduation from

Invocation.As a supplication or prayer it implies to call upon God, calls a upon god or goddess, a person, etc. When God, a god, or goddess to ask a

person

for

something (protection, a favour, his/her spiritual presence in a ceremony, etc.) or simply for worship, this can be done in a pre-established form or with the invoker's own words or actions. An example of a pre-established text for an invocation is the Lord's Prayer. Mythological. of myths. study of For the study of myths, or to a is body the

example, comparative between

mythology from the of

connections whereas ancient

myths is

different body of

cultures, myths a from

Greek Mythology Greece. In the

study

folklore, how the

myth and

is a

sacred

narrative came to in

explaining be in their myths

world form.

humankind main

present usually

The

characters

are

supernaturals stories, myths

heroes, are

gods often to

and

humans. by or

As

sacred and

endorsed religion

rulers

priests and closely linked Motifs. element idea or Omen. A usually the

spirituality. thematic dominant

recurring arts )

salient a

( as in

especially

central theme. An omen (also called portent or presage) is

a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change.[1] Though the word "omen" is usually devoid of reference to the change's nature, hence being possibly either "good" or "bad", the term is more often used in a foreboding sense, as with the word

"ominous". Prophecy. is a process in which one or

more messages that have been communicated to a prophet are then communicated to others. Such messages or typically revelation as

involve divine inspiration, of conditioned events to

interpretation, come (cf. divine

knowledge)

well as testimonies or repeated revelations that the world is divine. The process of prophecy especially involves

reciprocal communication of the prophet with the (divine) source of the messages.

Potion. (from Latin potio "drink", from Greek poton "that which one

in

turn

derived is a

drinks")

consumable medicine or poison. In mythology and literature, a potion is usually made by a magician, sorcerer,

dragon, fairy or witch and has magical properties. It might be used to heal, bewitch or poison people. For example, love potions make a person fall in love (or become deeply infatuated) with another (the love potion figures

tragically into most versions of the tale of Tristan and Iseult, including Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und

Isolde); sleeping potions cause a person to fall asleep (in folklore, this can range from normal sleep to a deathlike trance); and elixirs heal/cure any wound/malady (as in C.S. Lewis' The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe). Goscinny and Uderzo's character Asterix the Gaul gained superhuman

strength from a magic potion brewed by the druid Getafix. Creation practice of potions of and different was kinds was a common with

of alchemy, as

commonly of

associated

witchcraft, Shakespeare.

in The

Tragedy

Macbeth byWilliam

Qualitative Research. in many different

method

of

inquiry

employed

academic

disciplines, research

traditionally and further

in the social sciences

but also in

contexts. Qualitative researchers depth understanding that govern such why where, of human

aim

to

gather and the

an

in-

behavior The of

reason method not but

behavior. and how when.

qualitative decision Hence, needed set

investigates the just focused what,

making, smaller than of It

statistics A

are more ritual for religion

often is a

large. actions, may of be a

Rituals. performed prescribed

mainly by a

their or by

value. the

tradition

community. The

term usually excludes actions

which are

arbitrarily chosen by the performers. Sorcery. assistance divining. evil The use of of Evil power gained to the for

or control

spirits

especially obtained

Use of magical powers that are

trough

spirits. Spellcasting. is the act of casting spells and is most

often

found

in &

variety

of

communities.

Within

the Dungeons

Dragons and

other fantasy is

roleplaying used also those

gaming communities, by druids, clerics, associated

spellcasting and wizards.

a skilloften is as

Spellcasting such

with occult communities,

practicing witchcraft. In addition, there is a long history of alleged spellcasting activities in most human societies,

such

as

forms

of curses, blessings, rain

dances,

or trinkets for protection. Spiritism. having of the a in common spirit and A the loose corpus of religion in the sense, the Union, faiths survival it is

general In a

belief

death.

stricter of

religion, beliefs to works in

and

practices

people based Formed to it

affiliated on the

the International of the Allan 19th

Spiritist and it

Kardeks century, the of

others. soon

in France other has a

spread where

countries,

but today number

only

country is

significant

adherents or rebirth

Brazil. human

Spiritism life after

teaches reincarnation death.

into

This basically distinguishes Spiritism the moral also Spiritist and doctrine,

from Spiritualism. According to reincarnation differences man's for moral his explains among the

intellectual the by path to

men. It

provides perfection his

and intellectual

amending in not be

mistakes lives.

and increasing For in this reason animals

knowledge does would

successive accept

Spiritism as this

rebirth

retrogressive. Structuralism. structural linguistic Structuralism of Ferdinand originated De Sausurre in and the the

subsequent schools linguistics likes in the of was

of

linguistics. serious and thus

Just

as

structural from the

facing

challenges fading in in

Noam Chomsky

importance in to in of of of

linguistics, structuralism second one half of of the the

appeared century popular with

academia and grew

20th most

become academic culture reasoning fields, criticism

approaches analysis mode range

fields and has

concerned The

the

society . been

structuralist in and a diverse psychology

applied physiology

including and of the

literary rejected focused thus,

structuralism . human way freedom that by

Structuralism and choice and

the concept instead on behavior,

human various

experience

and

is determined The

structures. for perfection. It

Superego.

super-ego

aims

comprises that organised part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the

individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticises and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and

actions. "The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of

guilt. For example, for having extra-marital affairs."

Witch. witchcraft. early league harm

From

Old

English it Europe and

is was

practitioner believed were powers

of in in to

Historically,

widely

modern Christian with people the devil

that used

witches their

and property.

Witchcraft. Witchcraft, in historical, anthropological, Religious, and mythological contexts, is of powers. Review of Related Literature and Studies Local Studies. stories of our about Filipinos or are it fond is of reading part the alleged use

witches

aswang

already

culture. are false

According many kinds

to the of

Filipino

Heritage the is self the

book,

there

aswang like Initao part of

segmenters, oldest

beasts, in the

hexers. Western or the

municipality it is the in

Misamis town of and the

Oriental,

municipal Libertad, the tagged

mother

the municipalities Lugait. witches of Initao in was

Naawan, as the people the in

Manticao land were of

Misamis

Oriental, this

many was

feared in the

going when

into Initao, the

start Initao

1950s

news about

witches

spread.

The most ancient the old

municipality places

of of

Initao Misamis a forest

was

the

same In

with the to who

of the times, people the war

Oriental. land since local

Initao was who lived

according birth,

in Initao to the

conveyed that the the first

information like natives of

historians, were

known Initao. in

as Bukidnons In the

inhabitants the under was other the the

the 6 th century, Mindanao piracy of the areas during most A to she

Initao had those Muslim

like

places Muslim prevalent Initao

fallen times

rulers, activity was not

ruler, and can victim in the of

thus

exempted. tongue while dish the

segmenter reach crouches internal the phlegm but the a

lengthen her sleeping roof, human,

thread on

like

the floor favorite in

her

is the womb and out, her the the roof the

organs which

fetuses and of

tubercular trait his

asthmatics this

spit is

most to

striking discard from self her one eyes,

creature

ability shoulders knees and

lower

members down and

from from on a

down, The

the hips segmenters

down.

alights

insinuates enters victim

tongue of the

through bodily

the shingles, openings mouth,

tongue sleeping

of the anus or

nostrils,

cars,

genitals.

Foreign Literature. witchcraft protohistoric during literary witches the was times middle

According

to over

Harry

E.

Wedeck, since climax common for local among

widespread but ages ages when

Europe the was names and

reached Latin medium

medium have a

hence, part

various from

vernacular

triminology, demographers, but for

Latin men seek

designation magic arts or

especially not from are for

themselves overpowering those from as that the

earthly magical

happiness arts and

curiosity, are

operation

concealed of

removed men most dark

and

separated such

habitations of lake,

appropriate and obscure face fathers a pact of and with in

borders houses.

forest,

deserted holy

( Father Thurston )In and the teaching of

the the of

scriptures, the and can

theologians the devil affairs

abstract of the

possibility diabolical be denied a morbid of this

interference imposture,

human

hardly

trickery, played

self

deception, part

hypnotism in legend

imagination kind.

important

According to Prof. A.J Clarck the witches of had a very and creditable they are knowledge known to

society of have the

of art

poisoning

freely

used far

aconite, from and the

deadly

nightshade of they

and

hemlock, being even the

so mere upon main

confession

witches are to proved be in

hysteria the most

hallucination

material

interpretation

hideous had every

and

horrible the of seeds sorcery

fact.( Eusebius ) The among and men magic and among had

evil

angels

sown kind

introduced

them. is so

According to Thomas Acquinas Witchcraft enduring, operation.( force an of it admits no remedy ) by any is

human the with

Giovanni power or of

Alberghini harming pact of all from

Witchcraft in a

others with

accordance

expressed

tacit part

demon. ( Albertus or of when phisythions experience they be

Magnus )A have and

great

philosopher marvelousness

believed marvels to

that came

natural

thing

brought is good is

light. ( Aristotle ) The evil evil, by as it the means the is science that the

operation is

sometimes unto magic maybe

good and or not to evil and

changed of

science it,

knowledge thereof, George sexes and

of maybe

evil

schewed

good

followed. Frank by Furt evil by

According to . John Sorcerers spells, of dire different curses

Godelmann, those foul

are

who

sending

spirits

potion to

prepared many bones

by

spirits,

for

witches to magic to

are from

wont the in

concoct and

things of

relate man

flesh mask faith spell magic

langed

and

use

them by

sorcery. ( St. Augustine )Miracles and pious by devotion, the evil not by

occur

simple and

incantations that is

composed or by

occult name

called most

more

destable

goetia )

dishonorable the air idea has

name and

theugria.( through the airly ground records

Shakespeare the fog

Elaborated filthy but to and

Hover upon the hard the a a

and

itself from

English realms of

imagination of

descend poetry the

painting

to whole

the of when seen

actuality are

throughout very few that air on

there

instances he had

witness witch or

definitely carried stick is of

asserted the and

through any kind and

mounted every

upon

broom

occasion to

there secure an

patent

obvious

exaggeration

effect. portentous generation and

According to Sir William Crookies the growth passed of spiritism, the which limits and inquiry within of a a

beyond

popular the whole

mountebank attention

movement and expert

challenged of the

serious scientific

and of

philosophical many

world,

furnishes

us both

with

examples and

extraordinary and these

phenomena, of

physical

psychical and any been

inspite are

the simply

most

meticulous by had of

accurate natural

investigation and normal in

inexplicable phenomena Phenomena of person, such into

means

such in

as The

classified

Researchers include with the

Spiritualism, bodies without of

they

movement human

heavy the as a

contact, human

any

levitation flowers,

beings of

apports stone

objct

coins,

piece room

conveyed any visible more

hermitically to carry

closed them,

without

agency less

luminous faces of and have the be and

appearances, forms. and

or

distinct

phantom In spite

continual most

most

deliberate and are whose such of the

trickery, this vouched authority

repeated and upon cannot

humiliating

exposure, which names Do

occur for

always

phenomena of said. the spirits

evidence gain from

manifestations departed or

proceed from

intelligences.

Chapter 2 METHODS OF THE STUDY This and the study content chapter introduces used the for method, the in instrument, of this with binary

techniques, literary

criteria and

selection

work a

application

criticism, method

utilized

qualitative applying the

research

analysis

Levi-Strauss

opposition

in

structuralism, mythological

motifs

and

archetypes and Freudian Psychoanalysis. Qualitative into peoples research is used to gain value and insight system, or

attitudes,

behaviors,

concerns, lifestyle and

motivations, were it

aspirations the

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involves data and cannot

method

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According of open (3)

to Patton(2002), three ended written kinds of

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research

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interviews document

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ethnography, many formal

semiotics used in or or

that are analysis quotations clinical

research

methodology. yields

qualitative entire program official and

inquiry

passages

from

organizational, memoranda and or

records; publication

correspondence; personal diaries;

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open-ended

written

responses

questionnaires

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survey. to Wikipedia, on the Qualitative individuals research lived

According methodology

focuses

experiences ideas, addition, behavior quality

as

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approach

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phenomenon this of

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Furthermore, characteristics that gives new

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Holsti making

content by

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interferences identifying Content

objectively

systematically of messages. the

specified is a

characteristic method the the film. that

analysis to and

enables

researchers observation

include of

open-interviews,

analysis

Instrument

and

Techniques

Used

The Craft,

researchers Hollow,

selected Season a

the of

movies Macbeth, The the Witch and of The data.

Sleepy

Sorcerers

Apprentice as

primary

source

Formalist approach, Levi-Strauss Mythological employed and motifs to and

binary

opposition and approach interviews This that is are and the

archetypes the findings, also done.

validate

naturalistic exact

observation of

were

application by of

the or

film

criticism

doesnt authority from

determined but instead

single a

selected of able

literary minded

group

people

different

backgrounds. The experts the researchers in conducted and informal

Interview. interview to and with

literature of

psychologist analysis

strengthen

reliability of the

the text.

data

interpretation Observation.

literary

The

researchers men

used and

the women

naturalistic inside and

observation outside the

of

teenagers,

community. Critical Approaches examined in Employed the the prevalent movies rituals Macbeth,

This and practices

study of

witchcraft

The

Craft,

Sleepy

Hollow,

Season

of

the

Witch

and

The

Sorcerers Apprentice. The opposition were and motifs the and archetypes, of the the binary

description the movie. used the

characters

analyzed The

through

researchers Mythological them

Levi-Strauss and and

Binary

Opposition,

Approach

Psychoanalytic to critically

approach to help analyzed the

understand

study. criticism scholarly second theories of half began in the of 19 th myth

Mythological century. appeared In or the The during first the

theories of the myth by 19th as

century. a failed

general, obsolete myth

these mode as a

framed

thought,

often

interpreting of modern

primitive

counterpart

science. According existence extreme to of form. myth This rituals. biblical to is the tied myth to ritual ritual that was theory, in its the most arouse put to

theory This

claims claims

myth first

explain by

forward Claude

scholars. believed

Also that

according myths

Levi-Strauss,

reflect

patterns as fixed

in

mind mantal

and

interpreted

those

patterns pairs

more of

structures evil than

specifically, as unconscious

opposite or urges.

good

or

feelings

On the it concept

the of

other human

hand, freedom

Structuralism and choice.

rejected Instead, is

focused on by

the various on The this

way

that

human The

behavior most

determined initial 1949 By

structures. score was

important

work

Claude

Levi-Strauss of kinship. was it life the the it. set

volume, the early on a would

Elementary

Structures as a

1960s its own

structuralism and some

movement that human Under without without are

coming offered that

believed to

single

unified all the

approach

embrace theories, and will

disciplines. world began end

Anthropological human race to

certainly

According forth culture be more in as

Claude Structural a system with the

Levi-Strauss, Anthropology of symbolic that of

theories which

considers to used

communication, others novels, Levicontrasted have

investigated narrowly in

methods

discussion and sense

political Strauss against

speeches, reasoning

sports makes best

movies. when

the theory

background and the

of idea

an of

earlier generations social function

social in

developed

different

ways.

The other is Psychoanalysis which has been used as a research tool into childhood development and has develop into a flexible, effective treatment for certain mental

disturbances. The predominant Psychoanalysis theory can be grouped into several theoretical schools although this

theoretical schools differ, most of them continue to stress the strong influence of unconscious elements affecting

peoples lives. Criteria for the Selection of the Foreign Films We collection around idea Also, and to a of all know poems that and The literature plays that is a

stories,

revolve have the

particular do a

topic.

researchers films

research

study have

about to

or

movies.

the

researchers of

identify Levi and

the Rituals binary and

Practices

witchcraft, motifs in the of

Strauss archetypes

Opposition,

mythological

characters individuation Craft, Sleepy Hollow, Sorcerers choose

movies the why

Macbeth, The Witch and The

Season

Apprentice. The movies for

reason the

the

researchers and

these

revelation of rituals

practices hysterical

of

witchcraft

which

is

considered

subject. The researchers found kind it of choose exciting movies Another the sort this and kind of study to the

because analyze theme

they these of

challenging revolve is to in

which reason

witchcraft. and to

clearly and

understand heartsick human and

realize to any

shuddering of

horror

dismay and

commerce are

between the core

beings kernel of In

evil

spirits

which

witchcraft. order that should cause by misreading not facts but with the history, and often medieval

the

researchers think or very

superficially nowadays the too

foolishly forgotten mind were

ignored

acute this show founded

fearfully

investigate will is

accumulated that vast a be the so

evidence, amount complete worthwhile more of

critical vulgar

examination incredulity of

upon may of and

misconception quiet to

facts and

and correct

it some

review

common

objections

that

are

loosely

repeatedly

maintained. Moreover, the researchers believe that the

Levi-Strauss

Binary

opposition, Mythological approach and

Psychoanalytic approach is in it and the movies to that further in order they

the have

best been

approach selected

to

use

because facts of

helps

analyze for

logically the

based

reason

comprehension

witchcraft. Furthermore, decided their to conduct works the researchers because interesting never be believes they and and found for in

this

study

literary

unique, can

knowledge any

discovery and

which

learned

schools

universities.

Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This content chapter presents and the critical of and qualitative Foreign

analysis

interpretation

Selected

Witchcraft Movies.

The researchers have chosen these movies to study and further analyze the Rituals and Practices, Levi-Strauss

Binary Opposition, the Motifs and Archetypes revealed and characters individuation in the Selected Foreign

Witchcraft Movies. The divided discussion into four. in The this first particular subdivision study has been the

identifies

Rituals and Practices of witchcraft. This was followed by the characters Binary Opposition or choices made by the character in the film. And finally, the last subdivision discussed the motifs and archetypes found in the foreign witchcraft films. To validate and strengthen the findings of the study interview and Informal observations were also part of the study to strengthen its claims.

Table 1 Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in the selected Films.

MOVIES

Rituals and Practices

Macbeth

Concocting a Potion by blending body parts of animals within the pot while casting a spell.

The Craft

Initiation of friendship and entering the circle, invoking the elements of earth, fire, air and water. Invocation of the guardians, Casting spell.

Sleepy Hollow

Exorcism and Spiritism Casting a spell

Season of the Witch

Exorcism and Spiritism

The Sorcerers Apprentice

Casting Spell, and Initiation, entering the Merlin Circle.

Table 1 Presents the Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in the selected foreign movies. Rituals and Practices of witchcraft A. Macbeth Settings: Inside the cave of the witches Macbeth decided to enter into the witch cave to ask about something that falls on his mind.

Witch1:

By the flicking of my thumbs, something wicky this way comes. (chuckled)

Macbeth: Come now you secret black in midnight hags.. What is to do? Witch1: A deed without your name

Witch2: (Begging ritual) turtle of the cold stone, days nights have dirty one(dropping frog on the pot Witch3: Sweatend venom, sleeping goat boild out bursted in charmed pot. (dropping something in the pot) Witch4: I have a toe of frog, whole bat and tongue of dog. Witch5: Blind worms sting, lizards l;eg and owls wings. Witch6: Nose of serpent, turtles lips sabath in the moon eclipse. Witch7: Snake in the colden boil and baked. Witch8: Liver of breast feming hue, gall of dog traslips of you. Macbeth:I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!! Witch1: Speak.. demand.. will answer. Witch1:( pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled the baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

After the ritual was done, witches gave Macbeth a drink bound with spell and Macbeth has look upon the pot then ask for something might happen about his throne. Theories of more general applicability include the

diffusionist, psychological, and sociological theories of various theories anthropologists are concerned and historians. accounting Diffusionist for the

with

distribution, either at present or in historical times, of beliefs and practices relating to witchcraft; e.g., viewing Pueblo witch beliefs as an amalgam of Spanish and Indian influences. Freud's emotions Psychological of in the one theories stem ultimately of affect an from (that in

doctrine repressed

displacement situation

find

outlet

another), as exemplified in the theory of Malinowski, who regarded magic (including sorcery) as institutionalized

"substitute activity" resorted to when urges for survival or for revenge are blocked by the inadequacies of

technology or (following Clyde K.M. Kluckhohn's development of the theory) are that limited can be by the ended closeness only of social great

relationships

with

difficulty. Sociological theories of witchcraft stem from Evans-Pritchard's work among the Azande and illuminate two fields, the sociology of knowledge (the social conditions

of knowledge and explanation) and the study of the micro political processes, already noted above. Although EvansPritchard's book was a study in the sociology of knowledge in a particular society, it contained several acute

insights into the links between social structure and belief that led other investigators to consider applying them in their studies of other societies. As a result there has emerged a body of theory that takes the relative frequency of accusations or supposed instances of witchcraft or

sorcery to be social strain gauges that reveal which roles and relationships in a social system are especially subject to tensions--tensions for which articulation and periodic discharge must be provided if the structure is to survive.

B. The Craft Nancy Bonnie Sarah Rochelle Setting: forest = uttering Earth, air, fire and water six times

Rochelle: It is better that you should rush upon this place and enter the circle with fear in your heart.. How do you enter?

Bonnie:

With perfect love and perfect trust. It is better that you should rush upon this place and enter the circle with fear in your heart.. How do you enter?

Nancy:

With perfect love and perfect trust. It is better that you should rush upon this place and enter the circle with fear in your heart.. How do you enter?

Sarah: Nancy:

With perfect love and perfect trust. Thats a girl.. as above and so below

Rochelle: I drink of my sisters and I ask for the ability to not hear those who hit me especially Chris Hucker.. I know its pathetic definitely pathetic. Bonnie: I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself the power to be beautiful outside as well as Nancy: Sarah: Nancy: I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself Thats all? Blessed be.. DVD 0:31:57 to 0:34:51

Nancy, Sarah, Bonnie and Rochelle travel and have some ritual inside the forest were they invoke the four elements of nature and have some initiation which is the union of their blood and utter their wishes for themselves. Invocation of the Spirit Nancy Bonnie

Sarah Rochelle Setting: Seashore

Nancy:

Hail to the Guardians of the watchtowers of the East. Powers of air and invention, hear me! hear us! Hail to the guardians of the watchtowers of the South. Powers of fire and feeling, hear us!

Bonnie:

Rochelle: Hail to the Guardians of the watchtowers of the West. Powers of water and intuition, hear us! Sarah: Hail to the Guardians of the watchtowers of the North by the powers of Mother and Earth, hear us! Aid us in our magical working on this maybe.. Savage of old, ruler of deep, guardian of the bitter sea, show us your power with prey of thee. We invoke thee, steels our words, send us your powers show us your courage, we invoke thee, we invoke thee. We invoke the power and spirit!!!

Nancy:

DVD 0:58:00 to 1:01:00

Nancy found the book while they are inside the witchcraft store entitled The Invocation of the spirits, the owner of the store which is also a witch ask her why she wants to invoke the spirits and warn her that it is too dangerous but nancy didnt care about it but instead pay the book in double prize. They start the ritual near seashore.

Possessive invocation may be attempted singly or, as is often the case in Wicca, in pairs - with one person doing the invocation (reciting the liturgy or prayers and acting as anchor), and the other person being invoked

(allowing themselves to become a vessel for the spirit or deity). The person successfully invoked may be moved to speak deity or or act in non-characteristic and they may ways, all acting or some as the

spirit;

lose

self-

awareness while doing so. A communication might also be given via imagery (a religious vision). They may also be led to recite a text in the manner of that deity, in which case the invocation is more akin to ritual drama. The

Wiccan Charge of the Goddess is an example of such a preestablished recitation. See also the ritual of Drawing Down the Moon. Some have performed invocation for the purpose of controlling or extracting favors from certain spirits or deities. These invocations usually involve a commandment or threat against the entity invoked. Invocation can refer to taking on the qualities of the being invoked, such as the allure of Aphrodite being or is the ferocity of Kali. up In this

instance

the

literally

called

from

within

oneself (as an archetype) or into oneself (as an external force), invoker. depending The on the personal belief system this of the of

main

difference

between

type

invocation and the possessive category described above is that the former may appear more controlled, with self-

identification and deity-identification mixed together. In practice, invocations may blend many or all of these

categories. See for example this Hymn to Astarte from the Songs of Bilitis, first attributed to a contemporary of Sappho (but actually written by Pierre Louys in the 1890s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation C. Sleepy Hollow Setting: Cave in the forest of Sleepy Hallow Ichabod Craine witness the ritual of the sorcerer by

entering into a cave with his boy servant exorcism takes place.
Ichabod: pardon for my Intrusion!!.. perhaps you could help us. Witch: Your from the hollow?

Ichabod: Yes.. in a way.. i would glad to say that I make assumption about your occupation..! your witch.. nothing to me of what have you are.. Witch: You!! Come with me, go out child whatever you hear keep away.

Ichabod: What? what may i hear that he must keep away from? Witch: Here I told him back.. i hear him, i sell the blood on him.

Ichabod: who? you? Well im here to fight him and make him stop. Witch: I can show you.

Ichabod: What your doing? Witch: Silence.. he comes now.. CD2 0:44:12 to 0:46:04

Sister of Katerinas stepmother was a exorcist and also a witch when Ichabod discover her in the cave she showed the itual done by putting first the chain in her both wrist after hat she start the ritual, she sprinkle something chopped in fired coal that makes it smoky then she

the head of a bat and pour its blood on the coal

while calling the spirit. Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek

, exorkismos - binding by oath) is the religious practice from a of evicting demons or or place other they spiritual are entities to of

person

which on the

believed beliefs

have possessed. Depending

spiritual

the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. Requested and performed exorcisms occurred rarely until the 1900s where the public saw a sharp rise due to was the a media 750% attention in exorcisms the were of

getting.

There

increase

number

exorcisms performed between the early 1960s and the mid1970s. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism Setting: Cave of Sleepy Hallow

Stepmother: Rise up once more..!! my dark avenger.. one more night!! Rise up with your sword..!! head for head!! Rise up my only horseman!!.. come now for Katrina.

CD2 0:31:23 to 0:31:28

Katerina was Kidnapped by her stepmother which is also a sorcerer and bring her into cave, while Katerina fall sleep her stepmother performs the ritual by cutting

Katerinas hair and burned it in fire while uttering words. The fundamental principles of Spiritism, enunciated

by Allan Kardec in his seminal work The Spirits Book, are: (i) A belief in the existence of spirits - non-physical beings that live in the invisible or spirit world - and (ii) the possibility of communication between these spirits and living people through mediumship. the terms There is a clear and

difference

between

"Spiritism"

"Spiritualism":Although there are many similarities between

the

two,

they

differ

in man's

some

fundamental toward

aspects, spiritual

particularly

regarding

quest

perfection and the manner by which the followers of each practice their beliefs.Spiritism teaches reincarnation or rebirth into human life after death. This basically

distinguishes Spiritism from Spiritualism. According to the Spiritist doctrine, reincarnation explains the moral and

intellectual differences among men. It also provides the path to man's moral and intellectual perfection by amending for his mistakes and increasing his knowledge in successive lives. For this reason Spiritism does not accept rebirth in animals as this would be is retrogressive. not a Finally, sect unlike but a

Spiritualism,

Spiritism

religious

philosophy or a way of life by which its followers live by. Its followers have no priests or ministers and do not

follow any religious rituals in their meetings. They also do not call their places of meetings as churches, and

instead call them by various names such as centers, society or association. Their activities consist mainly of studying the Spiritist doctrine, applying spiritual healing to the sick and organizing charitable missions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism D. Season of Witch

Settings: City of Villach Bridge

Priest:

You all been found guilty of witchcraft and consulting with the devil, if you would save your souls from perditions repent now and confess your sins.

Accused 1: I confess!! I confess!! Priest: Go on child!! did you sign a pack with Luciper?

Accused 1: Yes!.. i signed a pack, I confess!! Please!! I beg you have mercy. (crying) Accused 2: I made ointments for couple but its not witchcraft I swear.. (crying) Accused 3: Priest..! you gonna burn in hell. CD 0:01:32 to 0:02:00

3 women accused of practicing witchcraft, by that time those antichrist people or kingdom were punished. The three of them were killed in the bridge.

Settings: In the forest

Servant: Delsaq: How could you come upon this girl? She found just outside of my dorm, wondering, muttering strange words that no one could understand.

Servant: thats make her a witch? Delsaq: No!!.. its a sign, within the fourth night of her arrival the place get swept over.. and that was same for every time she passed. CD1 0:28:59 to 0:29:19

While travelling, the male servant asks a priest about the accused girl in a cage. Priest were explaining upon the arrival of the accused young lady which is anna. Setting: Monks printing place (Abbey)

Anna: Behman: Delsaq:

Have we here?.. This is the fair trial you promissed behman. Do you see??.. hold your own faith. (performing ritual) Let it be known to all here present and before god himself.. that this women stand accused of witchcraft.. that she is admitted to going up of played against mankind. But I must confessed, I have deceived you.. (insulting) Think you can save yourself by recanting that your wrong, speak the truth before god. The truth, do not beat me of the truth,,!! You!! Hipocrate!!! The century you and your elch have been burnrd, hanged, crucify anyone who stood in your way!! Delsaq the ritual. And you behman!! All you need was a child to save, someone to ease your pitfull guilt.. did you truly think that saving one ragged way for change anything?,, how many innocent who fall on beneath that blade.. (immitating) They are godless people, infidel they have sin against his only son jesus!!.. they must be punished!!! This is no witch.. (turning page in the book) Do not utter those words!! (while hysterically turning around into the cage) CD2 0:14:47 to 0:17:02

Anna: Delsaq: Anna:

Behman: Anna:

Delsaq: Anna:

Anna who is accused of practicing witchcraft brought into monks place to give fair trial. She looks

innocent so behman didnt judge her immediately the fact that she is possessed by the demon. Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek

, exorkismos - binding by oath) is the religious practice from a of evicting demons or or place other they spiritual are entities to of

person

which on the

believed beliefs

have possessed. Depending

spiritual

the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. Requested and performed exorcisms occurred rarely until the 1900s where the public saw a sharp rise due to was the a media 750% attention in exorcisms the were of

getting.

There

increase

number

exorcisms performed between the early 1960s and the mid1970s. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism E. Sorcerers Apprentice Settings: Daves Underground Laboratory

Dave: Well ahm I thought I had to use this while holding the book)

Dave prepared for the arrival of Becky so he did use the incantus book that Balthazar gave him in order to us he looked for some spell in the book to command all the

cleaning household. Then after that he take a bath. But then suddenly he cant control all the spell that he used so everything get messed up.

Theories of more general applicability include the infusionist, psychological, and sociological theories of various anthropologists are concerned and with historians. accounting Diffusionist for the

theories

distribution, either at present or in historical times, of beliefs and practices relating to witchcraft; e.g., viewing Pueblo witch beliefs as an amalgam of Spanish and Indian influences. Freud's emotions Psychological of in the one theories stem ultimately of affect an from (that in

doctrine repressed

displacement situation

find

outlet

another), as exemplified in the theory of Malinowski, who regarded magic (including sorcery) as institutionalized

"substitute activity" resorted to when urges for survival

or

for

revenge

are

blocked

by

the

inadequacies

of

technology or (following Clyde K.M. Kluckhohn's development of the theory) are that limited can be by the ended closeness only of social great

relationships

with

difficulty. Sociological theories of witchcraft stem from Evans-Pritchard's work among the Azande and illuminate two fields, the sociology of knowledge (the social conditions of knowledge and explanation) and the study of the micro political processes, already noted above. Although EvansPritchard's book was a study in the sociology of knowledge in a particular society, it contained several acute

insights into the links between social structure and belief that led other investigators to consider applying them in their studies of other societies. As a result there has emerged a body of theory that takes the relative frequency of accusations or supposed instances of witchcraft or

sorcery to be social strain gauges that reveal which roles and relationships in a social system are especially subject to tensions--tensions for which articulation and periodic discharge must be provided if the structure is to survive.

What the character do A.MACBETH Macbeth

Macbeth planned the assassination in order for him to take place as a king.
Macbeth: And to it done.. when his done quickly assassination could trembled the consequence and catch with his success, but this blow might be end all here.. but here upon this play can showed of time we jump the life to come.

CD1 0:27:30 to 0:27:41

Macbeth ambition is to be a king even though he doesnt have as chance because it doesnt run in his blood he is just a general however he planned the assassination against the king.

What the character did not do Macbeth didnt analyze well the last prophecy of the witches so he became paranoid so he decided to murder Macduffs family.

Macbeth: The castle of Macduff, I will surprise sees upon fight give the edge of the sword his wife, his babes and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line, no boasting like a fool.. This deed how does before the purpose cool

CD2 0:26:13 to 0:26:03

Macbeth tyranny in the family of Mcduff rise war against his throne that lead to his tragic death. What Character Do B. THE CRAFT Sarah Bailey Setting: Car Sarah use her power with her peer but they are in balance so she try to explain about it and warn them.

Sarah: Listen, all im saying is i think its enough already. I dont know whats going on with this but Im completely humiliating Chris when all I want is for the life me. Bonnie, whats going on with you? You used to be nice. Bonie: Excuse me, but I spent a big chunk of my life being a monster and now that Im not having a good time, im sorry that bothers you. Sarah: It was like clearly I was talking about we do things out of balance? I now you guys think were getting what we want now but its gonna come back to us three times.

DVD 1:02:07 to 1:02:57

Sarah explained to her peer group bonnie, Rochelle and Nancy about what will going to happen if they continue to abuse their powers but then they dont listen to sarah.

What the Character did not do

Setting: Sarahs house Sarah leave the group and she didnt kill Nancy but instead give her a second chance to live.

Nancy: Sarah: Nancy:

Your going to kill yourself tonight my dear. No. im not. You killed Chris, and you killed your Mom, you killed your Mom when youre coming out of her and that was really special..! Bravo!! Stop it Please!

Sarah:

Rochelle: Why isnt she using magic on us? Nancy: Because shes weak! weak! weak! Weak

DVD 1:26:11 to 1:26:30

Nancy attempt to kill Sarah but then she did not succeed it, she decide to leave the group and live in peace. What the characters do C. Sleepy Hallow Ichabod Crane Setting: Court Ichabod decided to investigate and take the challenge about the mystery of headless horseman in Sleepy Hollow.

Ichabod: The millenium is almost upon us, few months we will

be living in the 19th century yet our court continue to relie on mid devil devices of torture.. Judge: Stand out!!

Ichabod: I stand up for sins and justice!! our jails had over flow with men and women convicted. Judge: Ichabod Craine this is a song that we heard from you now on a two courses open, me first let you cool your ear, in the souls until you learn to respect to the dignity of my office.

Ichabod: I beg pardon, but why iam the only one sees that the soft crime to detect the guilty we must use our brain as vital clues using up to date scientific techniques. Judge: Which brain is made made to the second course?.. Theres a town upstate, two days journey to the norse in the Huston island, it is a place called sleepy hollow.. have you heard it

Ichabod: I have not.. Judge: An isolated farming community.. three persons have been murdered, each one found that the head is cut off.. clean as dandelions head.. you will take of these experimentations of yours to sleepy hollow, today you will detect the murderer bring him here to face our good justice will you do these?

Ichabod: I shall Judge: Remember it is you ichabod craine who is now braught to the test

CD 0:05:08 to 0:07:02

The court send him to sleepy hollow town. Ichabod investigate the case even he take a lot of time to know the

reason behind it still he faced different problems in every body of dead person, at the end of the story they solve the case.

What the Character did not do Settings: Katrinas house

Katrina: Take this, it is my gift for you (giving a book to Ichabod) Ichabod: No.. I have no use for it (returning the book) It was your mothers(turning first page of the book) Katrina: Keep it close to your heart, this will show protection against harm Ichabod: Are you so setting in everything?? (Smiling)

CD1 0:34:36 to 0:35:06

He didnt stop thinking on how to make an alternative way in order to solve the missing piece of the story and succeed it. He didnt take at first the book which Katrina gave him.

What the Characters do D. Season of the witch Behman Setting: Desert

War Leader: Thousand lost souls were acquires of hell are glorious day for the church!!. Behman: War Leader: Behman: War Leader: Behman: War Leader: You call this glorious? Murdering women and children (insulting) Know tour place tonight, you pledge your life for that course.. for god.. not for the church Iam the herald of god in this world, his voice ring every in my ears Perhaps its not his voice you hear How there you?? iam the voice of the church bade in truth in flame and light of my lord!! You are no more than blood in his hands.. who controls your insulent tongue behman? Lets get hell out of here.. You cannot leave!! Whose going to stop u!! (Turning back)

Behman: War Leader: Behman:

CD1 0:23:54 to 0:24:10

Behman choose to give a fair trial to Anna. At first, he choose to stop serving the church because of infinite battles were thousands of people died

What the characters did not do Settings: Forest

Delsaq: Behman!! What you are doing (trying to suppress behman) Anna: His feeling what comes naturally killing me innocence

Delsaq: You cannot do these!!.. Behman: Step aside!! Two lives have already been lost Delsaq: No one crease for that more than I Behman: Step aside!! This arrow would be yours.. Delsaq: Free fall turned out those would have been lost in bane Behman: But will not be lost.. four lives will be spare Delsaq: More than four lives compared with the thousand more than what will lost if this play is not ended.. I know there may be no room in your heart for good Behman!! But in my heart, I know you would not be abandoned using gods name.. Behman: No man has took more blood in gods name than I Delsaq: If you killed her!! you will not have god to blame only yourself!!

CD2 0:08:32 to 0:09:20

Behman didnt immediately notice that Anna is possessed by the demon and he didnt kill Anna but instead keep his patient until they reach the place of Monks

Printings house. What Characters Do E.The Sorcerers Apprentice Balthazar Blake

Setting: Boutique (Arcana Cabana)

Balthazar: Magically, here you are. That ring on your finger means something Dave. It means, youre going to be a very important sorcerer one day. And your first lesson begins right now with your very own Encantus. Do not move, do not touch anything.

DVD 0:09:50 to 0:10:11

Balthazar choose to live and find Dave as Merlins successor. It takes him years ago to find dave but then he spend his time to find merlin successor who will defeat morgana. Dave Setting: Chinatown Dave choose to be a sorcerers apprentice.

Balthazar: You may now return the ring to me. Im a man of my word. You helped me, were done. Dave: Right. Right. Id like to learn some more. Balthazar: Well need a place to work. Somewhere under Horvaths radar. Dave: I think I can help with that.

DVD 0:37:12 to 0:37:40

Dave is a little bit doubt in accepting Balthazars offer, but when he see that his presence is needed he

choose to be an apprentice to save becky and defeat morgana.

What the Character did not Do Balthazar Settings: Daves Laboratory He didnt tell at first that Dave was the Prime Merlinean.

Dave: Horvath was trying to kill me! Yeah, well, what about yours? You havent been completely truthful with me. That guy called me the Prime Merlinean. Balthazar, what is that? Now, Im not doing anything else until you start being truthful with me about whats going on. Who is in that Grim hold? Balthazar: Morgana. DVD 0:57:08 to 0:57:35

Balthazsar did not iimidiately explain to dave that dave is the chosen sees one to take the is responsibility to make of him

Merlin,Dave

that

Balthazar

eager

convince so dave accept the offer even if hes a little bit nervous about it.

Dave Setting: Subway

Dave:

You just give me that bracelet back, please.

Snatcher: You better run back to your girlfriend. Becky: Dave: Are you Okay? Yeah. Here you go. Your Grandmothers bracelet.

Becky: How did you do that? Dave: That guy was huge. Ive been doing a lot of cardio boxing lately. Let me introduce Thunder, Lightning.

Becky: Something about you seems different. Dave: Im wearing new shoes

Becky: Nice. Dave: Thank you. This your train?

Becky: Yes. Thank you. DVD 0:46:33 to 0:47:43

Dave and Becky were on the subway when suddenly a snatcher came and took away Beckys bracelet and Dave run after the snatcher. Dave didnt immediately accept to

become apprentice and he did not tell at first to Becky that he was a sorcerer. In critical theory, a binary opposition (also binary system) is a pair of related terms or concepts that are

opposite in meaning. Binary opposition is the system by which, in language and thought, two theoretical opposites are strictly defined and set off against one another. [1] It is the contrast between two mutually exclusive terms, such as on and off, up and down, left and right.[2] Binary

opposition is an important concept of structuralism, which sees such distinctions as fundamental to all language and thought
[3]

In structuralism, a binary opposition is seen as

a fundamental organizer of human philosophy, culture, and language. In the community of philosophers and scholars,

most believe that, as Derrida put it, "unless a distinction can be made rigorous Binary and precise it isn't in de really a

distinction." structuralist

opposition

originated to Ferdinand

Saussurean Saussure,

theory. According

the binary opposition is the means by which the units of language against sign's have what meaning value it is is or meaning; each unit is defined that a

not.[6] Saussure from its

demonstrated context

derived

(syntagmatic

dimension) and the group (paradigm) to which it belongs. An example of this is that one cannot conceive of 'good' if we do not understand 'evil'. In post-structuralism, it is seen as one of several influential characteristics or tendencies of Western and Western-derived thought, and that typically, one of the two opposites assumes a role of dominance over

the

other.

The

categorization and

of

binary

oppositions an

is

"often

value-laden

ethnocentric",

with

illusory

order and superficial

Table 3 Motifs and Archetypes in selected Foreign Witchcraft Films

Movies

Motifs and Archetypes Red(Blood)

Macbeth

Oval(Mirror) Dessert Terrible mother (witches) Red(Blood and fire)

The Craft

Black Forest Water(sea) Serpent(snake) Forest, Black, Red(Blood)

Sleepy Hollow

Terrible mother (step mother of Katrina) Dessert

Season of the Witch

Forest Black Red(Blood and fire) Circle(Ring)Black

The Sorcerers Apprentice

Wise Old Man (Balthazar) Terrible Mother (Morgana)

Table 3 presents the Motifs and Archetypes in the selected Foreign Witchcraft Movie. Motifs and Archetypes A. Macbeth Red(Blood) In mythological motifs and archetypes, it symbolizes desire when Macbeth murdered the King for him to take the throne.
Macbeth: The how but but prince of Combolland!!.. that is a step much I must fall down or else all leave.. in my way it lies, stars hide your fires, not light sees my black and deep desires..

CD1 0:21:13 to 0:21:34

Oval (Mirror) It symbolizes mystery of life or forces of generation. Macbeth try to know the meaning that

bothers his mind so he decided to go where witches resides inside the cave.
Macbeth: I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!! Witch1: Witch1: Speak.. demand.. will answer. (pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled with the baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

Desert It symbolizes Spiritual Aridity. From the start in the story, the witches buried a hand with a knife in the desert and cast some spell.
Macbeth: I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!! Witch1: Witch1: Speak.. Demand.. Will answer. (pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled with the baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

B. The Craft Red (Blood and it fire) In mythological desire, motifs passion and and

archetypes,

symbolizes

sacrifice. At first in the story Sarah drank her own blood.

Sarah: Nancy: With perfect love and perfect trust. Thats a girl.. as above and so below

Rochelle: I drink of my sisters and I ask for the ability to not hear those who hit me especially Chris Hucker.. I know its pathetic definitely pathetic. Bonnie: I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself the power to be beautiful outside as well as in. I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself all the power of man. Thats all? Blessed be.. DVD 0:31:57 to 0:34:51

Nancy: Sarah: Nancy:

Black It symbolizes mystery and death. Because they always wear black. Forest They decided to travel and go to the forest to have their Initiation. Water (sea) Symbolizing spiritual mystery. They go near the sea to invoke the spirits.
Sarah: Hail to the Guardians god the watchtowers of the North by the powers of Mother and Earth, hear us! Nancy: Aid us in our magical working on this maybe.. Savage of old, ruler of deep, guardian of the bitter sea, show us your power with prey of thee. We invoke thee, steels our words, send us

your powers show us your courage, we invoke thee, we invoke thee. We invoke the power and spirit!!!

DVD 0:58:00 to 1:01:0

Serpent (snake) Symbolizes evil. When Sarah and her friends are in the road a man holding snake try to say something to sarah but she run quickly.

C. Sleepy Hollow Forest Ichabod found out the cave in the forest where he witnesses the ritual of the witch.
Ichabod: What? what may I hear that he must keep away from? Witch: Here I told him back.. i hear him, i sell the blood on him.

Ichabod: who? you? Well im here to fight him and make him stop. Witch: I can show you.

Ichabod: what youre doing? Witch: Silence.. he comes now.. CD2 0:44:12 to 0:46:04

Black It symbolizes mystery and death. The headless horseman always wear black cape. Red(Blood) In mythological motifs and archetypes, it symbolizes desire, passion and sacrifice. As a keen

observer, victim.

Ichabod

dissect

the

body

of

the

murdered

D. Season of the Witch Desert symbolizes Spiritual Aridity. Behman is a

Christian Warrior who serves the church and defeat the Godless battle.
Behman: Perhaps its not his voice you hear the voice of the in flame and light of more than blood in his your insulent tongue

and

Infidel

people

and

kingdoms

in

every

War Leader: How there you?? iam church bade in truth my lord!! You are no hands.. who controls behman? Behman:

Lets get hell out of here...

War Leader: You cannot leave!! Behman: Whos going to stop u!! (Turning back)

CD1 0:23:54 to 0:24:10

Forest Behman try to kill Anna but then Delsaq try to stop him.
Behman: But will not be lost... Four lives will be spare Delsaq: More than four lives compared with the thousand more than what will lost if this play is not ended.. I know there may be no room in your heart for good Behman!! But in my heart, I know you would not be abandoned using gods name..

Behman: No man has took more blood in gods name than I Delsaq: If you killed her!! you will not have god to blame only yourself!!

CD2 0:08:32 to 0:09:20

Black

It

symbolizes

mystery

and

death.

All

of

the

Priest and Monks died due to the curse of the witch. Red(Blood archetypes, sacrifice. E. The Sorcerers Apprentice Circle(Ring) Symbolizes wholeness and Unity. Before and it fire) In mythological desire, motifs passion and and

symbolizes

Merlin died, he gave the ring to Balthazar and told him to find his successor who will defeat Morgana.
Balthazar: You may now return the ring to me. Im a man of my word. You helped me, were done. Dave: Right. Right. Id like to learn some more. Balthazar: Well need a place to work. Somewhere under Horvaths radar. Dave: I think I can help with that.

DVD 0:37:12 to 0:37:40

Black

It

symbolizes

mystery

and

death.

Morgana

traitor

Merlin to take all his power and kingdom.

Wise Old Man (Balthazar) The savior, redeemer and guru. Balthazar serve as guide to Dave in order to discover his innate power. Terrible Mother (Morgana) The evil or the Witch.

Morgana is the villain character in the story where she had to defeat by Dave. Far from being primitive fictions about the natural practice world, some supposed ancestor, of a or tribal profound

myths

are

reflections

reality. They dramatically represent our instinctive understandings. myths are Moreover, and unlike Freud's and so concepts, bring a

collective

communal,

sense of wholeness and togetherness to social life. Native peoples, and indeed whole civilizations, have their own mythologies, but there appear to be common images, themes and motives which Jung called

"archetypes". But important matters lie behind symbolism.

Literature employs words, and the reality behind words has been the central preoccupation of twentieth century

philosophy. Linguistic philosophy attempted to explain away the great philosophical dilemmas of existence as the

improper use of words. Structuralism described literature as the surface expression of deep anthropological (and

often) binary codes. Post structuralism denied that words

could be anything but part of an endless web of yet more words, without final referent or meaning. Postmodernism

uses words as flat, media images, without deeper reference.

But mythic criticism can show the writer where his imagery is coming from, and suggest reasons for its power. Subsequent work deep thought, reading and

endless toying with possibilities may then turn up further material. Whether that material is useful can only be found by testing it in the poem, a trial and error process of continual adaptation and refinement that may eventually of achieve truth: the strengths of

the coherence theory internal fertility.

transforming elegance

power, and

consistency,

simplicity,

Table 4 Characters Individuation using Freudian Psychoanalysis Characters Individuation Films Macbeth The Craft Id Witches Power Ego Macbeth Sarah Bailey Superego Lady Macbeth The Store

owner

Sleepy Hollow

Lady Van Tassel

Ichabod Craine

Katerina Van Tassel

Season of the Witch The Sorcerers Apprentice

Anna

Behman Von Bleibruck

Delsaq (Priest) Balthazar Blake

Morgana Le Fay

Dave

Table 4 Presents the characters individuation using Freudian Psychoanalysis

4. Characters Individuation A. Macbeth The Witches was the id as they prophesized mcbeth for the next king and thane of the cawdor.

Witch1:

By the flicking of my thumbs, something wicky this way comes. (chuckled)

Macbeth: Come now you secret black in midnight hags..

What is to do? Witch1: A deed without your name

Witch2: (Begging ritual) turtle of the cold stone, days nights have dirty one(dropping frog on the pot Witch3: Sweatend venom, sleeping goat boild out bursted in charmed pot. (dropping something in the pot) Witch4: I have a toe of frog, whole bat and tongue of dog. Witch5: Blind worms sting, lizards l;eg and owls wings. Witch6: Nose of serpent, turtles lips sabath in the moon eclipse. Witch7: Snake in the colden boil and baked. Witch8: Liver of breast feming hue, gall of dog traslips of you. Macbeth: I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!! Witch1: Speak.. demand.. will answer. Witch1 :( pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled The baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and Good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

The Witches is the id were in the cave was the starting point in the story when Macbeth and Bancuo was

Prophesized by the witches that time Macbeth turn prophecy into perspective.

Macbeth is the ego as ambitious and murderer for wanting to be a king so he planned the assassination.
Macbeth: The how but but prince of Combolland!!.. that is a step much I must fall down or else all leave.. in my way it lies, stars hide your fires, not light sees my black and deep desires..

CD1 0:21:13 to 0:21:34

Lady Macbeth is the superego for helping and persuading Macbeth about the assassination. LADY MACBETH

Lady Macbeth: And shall be what the promised yet I do feel by nature it is too full of milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way, that would be great not but without ambition, but without the illness should attended.

CD1 0:18:46 to 0:19:16

Lady Macbeth immediately sees the future of his husband after giving her news about the prophecy of the witches so she persuade his husband to plan the assassination immediately. B. The Craft

(Witch) Sarah Setting: Biology class Sarah is the ego for having the innate power to do something unusual and seeing things possible in her natural psychical mind.

Bonnie: Nancy: Bonnie: Nancy: Bonnie:

Shes here Shes who Someone who will be the fourth one Are you feeling okay? (looking at sarah) thats her

DVD 0:11:46 to 0:12:01

Sarah is a young lady who has the ability to turn things in control the fact that she have an innate power.
She is also have a good heart for explaining her peer to stop using their powers for unreasonable and evil pupose.

Store Owner Settings: Store Store Owner is the superego because by the time that Sarah, Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle go to store Nancy found a book that contains spell and ritual about invocation of the spirit. So Nancy wants to buy it and pay the book double by its price but then she try to suppress and warned Nancy about it.

Nancy:

I wanna pay for this book. How much?

Store Owner: Are you sure you want to buy this book? Why you want to invoke the spirits? That was too dangerous. I warn you. Nancy: I dont care. I wanna try it. How much?

Store Owner:25 dollars. Nancy: Heres 50 dollars DVD 0:26:00 to 0:27:19

Nancy want to possessed great power for his unreasonable and evil desires. To attain that entire power so she invoked all the guardians but then she was too

greed and she try to kill sarah, in the end she become insane. C. Sleepy Hollow Settings: Court Ichabod Craine as the main protagonist of the story is the ego as intelligent and keen observer for investigating the mystery behind the headless horseman. He use some vital clues in order to discover the story behind the murder.
Ichabod: Just for a moment.. maybe we did not yet know the cause of death. Chief: When you find the men on river the cause of death is drowning.

Ichabod: Posibly sir.. theres water but my pathology will might be determine whether hes dead or not before he go onto the river I will need to examine the body.

Chief:

Cut him off!! Away (mandating)

CD1 0:04:36 to 0:04:52

Ichabnod sent to sleepy hollow in order to solve the case of murdered in the small town, later on he discover the reason about the mystery behind it and make the town peaceful. Katerina Van Tassel Settings: Van Tassels house Katerina is the superego and she is also intelligent for

protecting Ichabod by means of giving a pocket book to Ichabod in order to protect Ichabod from any harm.

Ichabod: Oh! Pardon me for my intrusion Katerina: Theres no intrusion, I come here to read when im awake. Ichabod: To read books which you must hide? Katerina: They were my mother books, my father believes to has romance causes the brain fever that killed my mother.. She died two years ago. Ichabod: There was something else too.. why did no one think to mention that the Vangarettes are keen than Vantassel. Katerina: Why? Because they are hardly household in sleepy hallow that is not connected to everybody by blood or marriage.

Ichabod: I see

CD2 0:33:16 to 0:35:06

Katerina is a beautiful lady who has the ability to protect ichabod in any harm by giving Ichabod a pocket book containing spell. Her step mother revenges her but then she was saved by Ichabod and brought her in New York. D. Season of the Witch Behman Belbruck Settings: Forest Behman is the ego a Christian warrior and kind for serving the church and fighting in every battle to defeat the godless kingdoms and also kind for giving a fair trial to anna which is accused possessing witchcraft.
Behman: I brought you some food and water.. Anna: Your not like the other others.. your unlike him!!

Behman: Was it Delsaq have hurt you? Anna: This place you taking me, what will happen to me there??

Behman: Your innocence and guilt maybe decided. Anna: There is a girl in my village who is of being a witch, they put stones in pockets and cast her into lake.. she they would have known she was human, didnshe lived, they called it proof convert to a stake. suspected her drawned but she of magic

Behman:

Nothing of kind will happen to you, you will be given a fair trial, you have my word on that.

CD2 0:01:32 to 0:02:03

Delsaq (Priest) serve as the superego for giving guidance to Behman on how they will be able to kill the Demon inside Anna.
Delsaq: She says anything? Behman: why do you ask? Delsaq: The witch is a deceiver, shell turn one man against another, whos to guard the wagon? Behman: Perhaps someone should take the first watch

CD2 0:36:33 to 0:37:04

Behman serve the church and invade in every kingdom in order to punished the godless and infidel people. He promised anna that he will give her a fair trial but then in the end he died and anna was saved and lived.

E. The Sorcerers Apprentice Balthazar Blake Setting: Boutique (Arcana Cabana) Balthazar is the superego as responsible sorcerers for finding a prime merlinean for about long years ago.

Baltazar: The second emperor of the Han dynasty locked his least-favorite wife in this room for 10yeays to the day. They say you open it up, the same thing will happen to you. Dave: Im sorry, im looking for this note. Have you seen it? Its kind of just blown into your store.

Baltazar: A note? It was just a coincidence. Dave: Yeah. It was just a coincidence.

Baltazar: I have something Id like to show you, Dave. Dave: Howd you know my name was Dave?

Baltazar: Cause I can read minds! Its on your backpack.

DVD 0:07:49 to 0:08:32

Balthazar is one of Merlins students, when Merlin died he commanded Balthazar to look and find for his prime successor in order to defeat morgana and make the world lived in peace so he spend decades in order to look for the owner of the ring which is dave. Dave Settings: School Dave is the ego as intelligent the way he make things great in terms of science , he has a special skills in physics.

Becky: Im having a part time here station.

in this radio

Dave:

Oh really! I cant believe it !

Becky: Yeah, my time slot is 8 till midnight. I hope your listening. Oooppss! Theres a problem in our connection. Dave: Ok. Ill try to fix that. Its my specialization.

DVD 0:14:18 to 0:14:34

Dave is a college student boy who have a great intelligence in physics, at first he didnt know that he will be a sorcerer but then when he meet Balthazar he grabbed the responsibility and use it with his field of specification in order to save Balthazar and becky against morgana.

According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality--known as the id, the ego and the superego--work together to create complex human behaviors. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an

increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying possible. these If we needs were is not always entirely realistic by the or even

ruled

pleasure

principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle. The ego

operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially

appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process. The last component of personality to develop is the

superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for

making judgments.

Chapter 4 Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation based on the result of the study. This study did a Formalism, Structuralism and

Mythological motifs and archetypes of the selected Foreign Witchcraft Movies which sought to reveal the rituals and practices of witchcraft, the choices made by the character

in

Binary and

opposition

of

Structuralism, found in the

the

Mythological and the

motifs

archetypes

movies

characters individuation. The researchers were able to identify the rituals and practices of witchcraft ,pointed out the description of the protagonist, the Binary opposition present as well as identifying the motifs and archetypes revealed in the movie using Qualitative Research through a content analysis

applying Levis Strauss Binary opposition in Structuralism Mythological approach. justify study. motifs and and archetypes observation claims and were Psychoanalytic also done of to

Interviews

and

strengthen

the

and

findings

this

Summary of Findings Based on the data presented in the previous chapter, the researchers found out the Rituals and Practices based

from the characters in the movie. It was clearly shown in the movie Macbeth, the rituals and practices of witchcraft being performed in the dessert and cave that involves

potion concocting and casting spell. The Crafts leading

character

Sarah

Bailey

also

showed

doing

rituals

and

practices with her peer Bonnie, Rochelle and Nancy which are invoking the guardians, casting spell and initiation of friendship by entering the elements of nature. Sleepy

Hollows Ichabod Craine witnessed the rituals of witchcraft that led to exorcism and spiritism Katrina Van Garette also practiced witchcraft by casting spell below the bed of

Ichabod. Behman who is a protagonist in Season of the Witch also witnessed the demonic tragedy of his adventure where he entered into many battles as warrior to punished godless and infidel kingdom who practices sorcery and lastly

Balthazar and Dave in Sorcerers Apprentice also performed rituals and practices by entering the merlins circle and initiation which is use in their adventure. Using Levis Strauss Binary opposition of the character in the movie Macbeth, Macbeth chose to assassinate the king and did not believed by the curse of the witch. In the movie The Craft Sarah, chose to use her power and try to explain to her three friends that they have to balance it, she didnt kill Nancy but then she decided to leave the group, in the movie Sleepy Hollow Ichabod chose to

investigate and solve the mystery in the Sleepy Hollow, In the movie Season of the Witch Behman chose to give fair

trial

to

Anna

so

he

didnt

kill

it

but

he

did

not

immediately notice that Anna is possessed by the demon , In the movie The Sorcerers Apprentice Balthazar chose to

remain and find the prime Merlinean who is Dave, at first Dave didnt accept the responsibility as an apprentice but later on he chose to be Merlins successor and didnt tell Becky at first that he is a sorcerer. In Mythological motifs and archetypes, the motifs and archetypes found in the movie Macbeth are dessert and red(blood).The serpent(snake), Craft and contains forest, black, Hollow red(blood), contains

Sleepy

red(blood), black, forest, tree and Archetypal mother (witch) Season of the Witch contains contains dessert and

red(blood),Sorcerers

Apprentice

circle(ring)

,red(fire) and Wise old man(Balthazar. In selected Foreign the characters movie individuation Withes are in the the id,

witchcraft

Macbeth is the ego and Lady Macbeth is the superego. The Craft protagonist Sarah is the ego the power itself is the id and the store owner is the super ego. Sleepy Hollows Ichabod is the ego, Lady Van tassel is the id and Katerina Van Tassel is the superego. Season of the Witch protagonist Behman is the ego, Anna is the id and Delsaq the priest is

the superego. The Sorcerers Apprentice leading characters Balthazar is the superego, Dave id the ego and Morgana Le Faye is the id. Conclusion Based from the findings the researchers concluded that there are similarities in terms of performed rituals and practices of Witchcraft which are casting spell,

exorcism and spiritism. Every movie has its own way on how to perform the rituals and practices in accordance with purpose and desires. The structures of the films using the Levi-Strauss binary opposition. Understanding certain words depends not so much in any meaning they themselves directly contain but much more by understand of the difference

between the words and the actions. We found out that the structure of binary opposition is suitable in this kind of genre, there were certain actions that happened in reality. We also found that this kind of approach has something to do with the relationship noticed between there opposing are ideas. The of

researchers

also

that

similarities

motifs and archetypes in the selected foreign witchcraft movies which are red (blood), black, dessert, forest, wise old man and a terrible mother which proved that it has significant meaning in the selected foreign witchcraft

movies. In characters individuation we found out that The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. The ego operates based on

the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires reality in realistic and socially the costs appropriate and ways. of The an

principle

weighs

benefits

action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place. The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for

making judgments.

Recommendations

Based from the study and findings the researchers recommend that in the for the producers and filmmakers we recommend and suggest that they must clearly state the

rituals and practices, avoid making senseless figures that are not related to the subject of sorcery and also validate their story in the sense that theres no exaggeration and it is near to reality. Based from the findings, the researchers recommend to the filmmakers to construct and to develop the film

structure to be more realistic and not just full of effects that makes the film unrealistic and out of the world.

Therefore the researchers suggest that the filmmakers and producers witchcraft situations, must continue to improve and to produce some

movies more

that is more likely in the real life realistic and significant specially in

characters choices. Based from the findings, the researchers recommend to the teachers specially those who teach literary

criticism that they must teach the specific and significant symbols of motifs and archetypes in mythology. Future

researchers and students must browse and watch some films and books that are containing the theme of witchcraft. The researchers recommend to the filmmakers that if they would

put some motifs and archetypes. It must be significant or connected in the theme of film. Therefore, the researchers suggest that all motifs and archetypes must have meaning and not just be seen without any connection in the film or story and lastly the researchers recommend to all producers and film makers that in producing some characters that they should not have such unbelievable powers and

characteristics that make it so hard to believe. Therefore the researchers suggest that they should appropriately make the characters individuation according to their role that appears and exist in real life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY A.Books Amina, Nid: Witchcraft Filipino Style NLP-General Book Daiches, David: A Critical History of English Literature 1960 Secker & Warburg London p. 23 Garcia, Molina: Address on the Spirit of Modern Literature Legous, Emily Hyacinth: A Short History of English Literature 1965- Clarendon Press Oxford Romero, Perlita P.: An Approach to Literature: Modern Genres from America, Britain & Philippines 1997 Katha Pub Q.C P.157 Summers, Montague: The History of Witchcraft(1965 Routledge London P.24 B.Thesis Junio, Celyn O.: Initao: A Glimpse of the Historical Development of Mythical land of Witches 2006 Dalao Rocel Jean S, Villano Jr.Juan B, Villeza Gino B.: A Psychoanalytic Feminist and Structural Analysis of Selected Fairy Tale inspired Movies. Aquino Iris C, Fernandez Charity Champen S.: A Formalist, Psychoanalytic and Structural Analysis of Selected Fairy tales written by Grimm Brothers Buyco Laurene O,Montemar Rodezza M,Perida Darah Kareen C. A Psycho Analytic, Structural and Mythological Archetypal Analysis on the Selected Futuristic Foreign Films Lagarde Monica A, Milante Gio Marrie S.: a Formalist, Mythological, Psycho Analysis in the Selected Super hero Films

Salazar Maila B, San Jose Jome Chris F, Tejada Evonie R.: Formalist, Psycho Analysis and Mythological Analysis in Selected Epic Films. C.Websites anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php? culture=Structuralism en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(literature) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft http://www.shmoop.com/macbeth/summary.html http://www.starpulse.com/Movies/Craft,_The/Summary/ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162661/plotsummary http://www.fandango.com/seasonofthewitch_v470628/plotsumm ary http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0963966/plotsummary http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellcasting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual http://www.rituals.com/nl-en/ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ritual http://library.thinkquest.org/27661/docs/rituals.htm

http://www.witchcraft.com.au/ http://witchcrafthome.com/

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A
Request Letters

November 20011 Don Jose Ynares National Memorial High school Binangonan, Rizal

Mrs. Jannette Ojascastro Good day! The Undersigned researchers from BSE-English students, asking permission to conduct their research regarding Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies for further acquiring sufficient knowledge that will help to the analysis of their chosen study. They will be able to conduct an interview to gather insights, opinions, and personal experiences that will sufficiently support the claims and strengthen the statement as evidence in the study. We believe that your knowledge in the subject will greatly benefit our study. Should you approve of this request, we would set a schedule for the interview depending on your most convenient time. Were hoping for your wholeheartedly Response and cooperation Respectfully: Francisco, Joanne A. Gega, Rachel M. Guleng, Arwil Angelin E.

Noted by:

Mrs. Norma Achie Elvina Adviser Ms. Wahinee Cruzada UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, CAL

November 20011 Don Jose Ynares National Memorial High school Binangonan, Rizal

ATTENTION: Mrs. Maria A. Barameda Good day! The Undersigned researchers from BSE-English students, asking permission to conduct their research regarding Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies for further acquiring sufficient knowledge that will help to the analysis of their chosen study. They will be able to conduct an interview to gather insights, opinions, and personal experiences that will sufficiently support the claims and strengthen the statement as evidence in the study. We believe that your knowledge in the subject will greatly benefit our study. Should you approve of this request, we would set a schedule for the interview depending on your most convenient time. Were hoping for youre wholeheartedly Response and cooperation Respectfully: Francisco, Joanne A. Gega, Rachel M. Guleng, Arwil Angelin E.

Noted by:

Mrs. Norma Achie Elvina

Adviser Ms. Wahinee Cruzada UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, CAL

November 2011 Don Jose Ynares National Memorial High school Binangonan, Rizal Mrs. Rhoda Seo Good day! The Undersigned researchers from BSE-English students, asking permission to conduct their research regarding Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies for further acquiring sufficient knowledge that will help to the analysis of their chosen study. They will be able to conduct an interview to gather insights, opinions, and personal experiences that will sufficiently support the claims and strengthen the statement as evidence in the study. We believe that your knowledge in the subject will greatly benefit our study. Should you approve of this request, we would set a schedule for the interview depending on your most convenient time. Were hoping for youre wholeheartedly Response and cooperation Respectfully: Francisco, Joanne A. Gega, Rachel M. Guleng, Arwil Angelin E.

Mrs. Norma Achie Elvina Adviser Ms. Wahinee Cruzada

UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, CAL

APPENDIX B

Sample Questionnaire
Name of Respondents: Profession: School:

1. The following characters are in five selected witchcraft movie. Put check in a box if the characters performs rituals and practices of witchcraft, cross out if not. MACBETH L Lady Macbeth M Macbeth THE CRAFT N Nancy Downs S Sarah Bailey B Bonnie R Rochelle SEASON OF WITCH A Anna

Behman Von Bleibruck N Nelson D Delsaq SORCERERS APPRENTICE M Morgana D Dave B Balthazar Blake SLEEPY HOLLOW L Lady Craine L Lord Craine I Ichabod Craine

2. The following are the description of the characters. Put check in the box that best describe the character. SORCERERS Morgana Dave Rochelle Sarah Bailey Bonnie 2. The following statements are choices made by the character in the movie. Choose one that satisfy you. CHARACTERS WHAT THE CHARACTERS DO DID NOT DO GOOD EVIL

Sarah Bailey (The Craft)

Due to the difficulty in possessing power she attempts suicide.

Accept and use her power.

Dave (Sorcerers Apprentice)

He chooses to be an apprentice of Balthazar Blake.

He didnt tell the truth about his self that he is a sorcerer to his love interest.

Macbeth (Macbeth)

He believed to the omen of the witches that he will be the one who will won the crown and reign in a kingdom. He murdered the king so he will be the one to take place in a throne. He investigates the mystery behind the shuddering horror in the town about a man without a head riding in a horse.

His wife Lady Macbeth became totally insane because he did not believe to the curse of the witch.

Ichabod Craine (Sleepy Hollow)

He didnt stop thinking on how to make an alternative way in order to solve the missing piece of the story and succeed it. Even the journey was so difficult and terrifying, he choose to be brave. He did not stop for he has courage to fight the enemies.

Behman Von Bleibruck (Season of the Witch)

Hes the one who killed the witch that transform into terrifying monster.

Character chose:_________________________________ Comments:_______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ ___. 3.The following motifs and archetypes are found in the five selected movies. Do you agree? Ring Black Tree _____________ _____________ _____________

The Archetypal Mother _____________ Mirror_____________ Water Red Sword Serpent Desert _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

APPENDIX C

Summary of Films

THE CRAFT

Sarah Bailey (Robin Tunney), a troubled teenage girl who has previously attempted suicide, has just move from San Francisco to Los Angeles with her father (Cliff De Young) and stepmother. She enrolls in a local Catholic high

school, but has trouble fitting in. During French class, her classmate Bonnie (Neve Campbell) witnesses Sarah

telekinetically causing a pencil to rotate while standing During lunch, Sarah is hit on by Chris (Skeet Ulrich), the school's football star. She asks about Bonnie and her two friends Nancy (Fairuza Balk) and Rochelle (Rachel True). Chris tells Sarah to stay away from the trio, because

"they're

witches".

Bonnie

tells

Nancy

and

Rochelle

that

Sarah is the "fourth" who will complete their circle and make a full coven. The three girls each have issues: Nancy lives in a trailer with her mom, Grace Downs (Helen Shaver) and abusive burn stepfather scars all by Ray (John her Kapelos) back, and , Bonnie the has

massive

over the

painful is

treatment

recommended

surgeon

(Brenda

Strong)

likely to fail. Insecure African American athlete Rochelle is subjected to racist taunts by the most popular girl in school, blonde Laura Lizzie (Christine Taylor).

After school, the three girls befriend Sarah and take her to an occult shop. The owner, Lirio (Assumpta Serna),

comments that Sarah is not like the other girls and says to her: "Maybe you are a natural witch; your power comes from within." While leaving the shop, Sarah is harassed by a vagrant (Arthur Senzy), and all four girls simultaneously will for something to happen; the vagrant is then hit by a car. The girls escape, and Nancy is thrilled at their

"connection". Nancy tells Sarah about "invoking the Spirit" Manon, which is their ultimate goal as a coven.

Sarah leaves the girls to meet Chris, but refuses to have sex with him. However, at school the next day, Sarah

discovers that Chris boasted to the whole school that they slept together, and that she was the worst he's ever had.

Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle comfort Sarah, and invite her on a field trip. They take the bus out to the country. The bust drivers tells them to be careful about wicked boys, but they say that they four are the dangerous ones. While on the countryside, they call the corners and cast some spells: Rochelle asks for the strength not to hate those who hate her, Sarah performs a love spell on Chris, Bonnie asks for beauty inside and out, and Nancy asks for "all the Shortly after the spells are cast, they show signs of

working: Chris becomes infatuated with Sarah and goes after her constantly in spite of his friends Mitt (Breckin Meyer) and Trey (Nathaniel Marston) taunting him about it,

Bonnie's scars miraculously heal, and the next time Laura bullies Rochelle, Laura's hair begins falling out. At home, Nancy causes the microwave and all lightbulbs to explode, and Ray suffers a massive heart attack and dies. Then Nancy and her mother are told by the insurance man (Brogan Roche) that they have inherited $175,000 from an insurance policy, and they feel overjoyed about it. Nancy and her mother move into a posh high-rise where the girls meet one night and learn disguise-changing magic. Nancy's mother looks

confused and dazzled. She has bought a weird-coloured sofa and a jukebox with only songs by Connie Francis. The four friends lock themselves in Nancy's room ignoring Nancy's

mother, who is left empty and ignored, just as she felt before cashing in on the insurance money.

The girls go to Lirio's shop again, where Nancy finds a book about "Invoking the Spirit". Later that night, the girls go to the beach and form a circle, calling on Manon. At the culmination of the spell Nancy is struck by

lightning. The next day the rest of the girls witness Nancy walking on the water, and from this point on, Nancy's Later on, Rochelle sees a balding Laura in the locker room, hysterically sobbing after swim practice. Laura's two

closest friends (Elizabeth Guber and Jennifer Greenhut) try to offer some consolation, to no avail. Rochelle feels

remorse for the spell she has cast and when she looks in the mirror love at herself, also her reflection on her. looks She away. finally

Sarah's

spell

backfires

accepts to have a dinner date with Chris, but he takes her to the top of a hill and attempts to rape her. Sarah runs away and knowns on Nancy's door. Nancy leaves her home for a party Chris is attending in order to punish him. However, when she arrives to the party, she tries to seduce Chris by disguising herself as Sarah, but when the real Sarah

arrives as they engage in foreplay, Nancy causes Chris to fall On out a of third-story this, Sarah window, starts killing having him.

consequence

nightmares

concerning

her

old

friends,

and

feels

like

they're

following her everywhere to torment her. She tries to stop Nancy - who has become the leader of the three remaining coven witches - by binding her powers so that she won't be able to hurt other or herself, but this does not work and the three other coven girls now hate Sarah. Needing help, Sarah goes to Lirio, who tells her to invoke the spirit herself. Lirio also reveals that Sarah's mother was a

powerful witch, and that her talent has passed on to Sarah. Sarah starts to invoke Manon, but she has a vision of fire and the shop exploding, so she leaves the shop absolutely terrified..Sarah returns home, where she is tormented by Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle, who taunt her using magic and intimidate her with threats on her life. Sarah arrives home and nobody is there. She is instructed to turn on the TV set and listens that her family went back to San Francisco thinking that she had run away there, and that their plane had had an accident without any survivors. Without a second of rest, all kinds of snakes and worm appear everywhere. Nancy appears and tells Sarah that in the old days, if a witch betrayed her coven, they would kill her. After a few seconds of intimidation Nancy says that Sarah will commit suicide. Nancy later slashes Sarah's wrists and a letter on Sarah's

handwriting stating the reasons of her suicide magically appear - blaming herself for Chris' death. Sarah runs to her room, while Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle wait for her to die. Rochelle then tells Nancy that this has gone out of hand. Nancy tells her to go upstairs to check on Sarah and threatens to slit her throat if she doesn't. Bonnie pulls up Rochelle to Sarah's room. Sarah is almost too weak to invoke Manon, but then she hears her mother (Janet Eilber) moving in an old photograph and her sweet voice whispering, "Don't be afraid. Reach inside yourself". Sarah

successfully invokes Manon and is able to cast spells to fight back, as well as heal the injuries to her wrists. Forced by a counter spell of Sarah's to see themselves and what they've become by catching their reflections in a

mirror, Bonnie's face horribly scarred and Rochelle's hair falling out, Bonnie and Rochelle flee, leaving only Nancy Nancy and Sarah have a showdown, in which Nancy is

ultimately defeated by Sarah, who binds Nancy's power to prevent her from doing any more harm.

In the end, Nancy has been sent to a psychiatric hospital, and Bonnie and Rochelle lose any powers they had. They go to see Sarah and half-mockingly tell her not to be angry with them because when Sarah was made to believe that her

family had died it was just an illusion. Sarah's father is packing everything in his car to move out of LA. The two girls ask Sarah if she still has any powers, and when she shows no interest in continuing a friendship with the two girls who tried to kill her, they make fun of her as they leave, saying, "She probably doesn't have powers, anyway". On hearing a this tree Sarah makes a bolt of lightning strike branch to fall, nearly crushing the two

causing

girls, revealing that she still has powers. As they stare back at her in shock, Sarah warns them, "Be careful. You don't wanna end up like Nancy", and smiles.

The scene cuts to a bird's eye view of Nancy's room in the psychiatric hospital. She is screaming like a maniac,

telling the nurse (Esther Scott), "He gave me powers! I can fly, I'm flying, I'm flying, I'm flying!"

SORCERERS APPRENTICE The movie starts at 700 AD, with (Ian McShane) [uncredited] narrating to the viewers the past of Balthazar Blake

(Nicolas Cage). Balthazar, Maxim Horvath (Alfred Molina), and Veronica (Monica Bellucci) are Merlin's (James A.

Stephens), the greatest sorcerer ever, trusted apprentices. He taught them everything he knew and the three were sworn to protect the secrets of sorcerers. But Horvath betrays them to Morgana (Alice Krige), Merlin's greatest enemy.

Morgana has been trying to learn the spell (from the great book) to awaken the dead and control them. By the time Balthazar and Veronica reach Merlin, everyone is slain and

before Balthazar could help, Morgana overpowers Merlin with Horvath's stealing Veronica Morgana's Morgana help the start soul starts and stabs from him. the with Horvath Both escapes after and

spell

book.

Balthazar

fighting into to

Morgana. to

Veronica her. kill

absorbs But her when from

herself, possess

destroy and

Veronica

inside, Balthazar imprisons both in a Grimhold, a nesting doll. We can see on pictures of both Veronica and Morgana the surface of the doll.

appearing

Before dying, Merlin gives Balthazar a metal dragon telling him that it would find the Prime Merlinian, the Merlin's successor, and only he could finish Morgana completely.

Balthazar searches for that kid for centuries in vain, and during this time captures Abigail Williams (Nicole Ehinger) a young witch (second layer of the nesting doll), Sun Lok (Gregory Woo) a powerful Chinese sorcerer (third layer) and then finally Horvath (Fourth and outermost doll layer).

Cut to the year 2000, we see a kid waking up and getting ready to go to school. He is Dave Stutler (Jake Cherry), who is revealed to have a huge crush on on of his

classmates, a girl named Becky. While the kids are out on school field trip, sitting at some place, Dave passes a slip of paper to Becky on which he writes a question asking Becky if she would like to be his friend or girlfriend.

Becky writes her answer on the same note and leaves it where she is sitting. When Dave tries to take the note, it flies away with the wind. Dave, chasing the piece of paper, ends up in an antique store and meets Balthazar, who has not aged even a bit. Balthazar then asks Dave to take the metal dragon in his hand. As soon as he does, the dragon comes to life, wraps around his forefinger, and folds its wings, becoming a ring. Balthazar then tells him that he is a sorcerer and that he has been waiting for him for

centuries. He tells Dave not to move or touch anything and goes down to basement to get the book of spells.

When Dave starts moving his hand the Grimhold breaks out of a wall and falls on the floor in front of him (the Grimhold moves with the ring when engaged). Dave picks it up but drops it when he sees an opening appearing in the middle. The outer layers of the nesting doll opens and in a very 'The Mummy' like manner lots and lots of bugs start coming out of it and start to take human form, and finally becomes Horvath. He tries to kill Dave, but just then Balthazar comes up and pins and engages him in a fight. After a while the

Balthazar Grimhold

Horvath down and tells Dave to take Dave escapes out and Balthazar

run.

takes

Horvath into an urn to be imprisoned for 10 years. The teacher, along with everyone else, finally finds Dave

outside the store. No one believes his story and Dave Year 2010: 10 years later, Dave is now 20, a Physics

genius, and a student at NYU. He still keeps the ring in his cupboard, but seems to have forgotten everything. He meets Becky again in his class and learns that she does a daily show at a local radio station. We learn that he has a lab and that he does pretty both amazing experiments and with

electromagnetism.Meanwhile,

Balthazar

Horvath

escape from the urn. Horvath goes to Dave and asks him for the Grimhold, when Dave tells him that he has thrown it away, Horvath sends wolves after him to kill him. Balthazar literally swoops in on a steel eagle and rescues him and tells him that he should start learning sorcery properly. Dave refuses, saying that he just wants a normal life. But Balthazar convinces him to at least try and help him to retrieve the Grimhold, and then he can decide if he wants Both Balthazar and Horvath reach the place where the

Grimhold is currently held, Chinatown, picked up 10 years ago by a Chinese shopkeeper. On the way Balthazar teaches the basic trick of magic to Dave. After a long fight

Balthazar defeats both Horvath and Sun-Lok, whom Horvath had just released from the Grimhold. With a little help from Dave, Balthazar recaptures the Grimhold. Dave has done Dave then agrees to continue his study and Balthazar

accepts him as his apprentice. They start practicing in Dave's lab. During the fight at China Town, Horvath

realizes that Dave is the Prime Merlinian (when he notices the ring) and sets out to find an accomplice for himself. He meets the illusionist Drake Stone (Toby Kebbell), who agrees to help him get the Grimhold back.

Dave keeps trying to learn sorcery, but his progress is slow and disheartening. He is also trying to win Becky's affection and offers to teach her Physics. Becky also

starts to like him. Balthazar tries to persuade him not to fall into the relationship trap saying love is a

distraction. But Dave says he had been waiting for Becky Horvath and Drake try to ambush Dave when he is dropping Becky off at her Yoga class, but Balthazar arrives in time to save the day again. Horvath mocks Dave saying he doesn't know what exactly is in the Grimhold and that Balthazar hasn't told him everything. Later Dave confronts Balthazar, and he tells Dave the whole story. When Veronica, Horvath and Balthazar were apprentices, both Balthazar and Horvath fell in love with Veronica but she chose Balthazar. With a broken heart, Horvath turned to Morgana for revenge and betrayed his friends. Balthazar tells Dave that Veronica is trapped inside the Grimhold and that he has been waiting 1000 years to free her. Merlin had cast a spell to keep the

three

of

them

young

so

they

could

live

to

find

Prime

Merlinian, which Balthazar has now done (Dave). And that Dave panics and says that he is just a normal guy who just wants a normal life. Balthazar tells him that he doesn't have a choice and that he is the Prime Merlinian. He says when Dave is ready he wouldn't even need the ring to do magic. Dave is very skeptical about being that skillful as he is failing to do magic successfully even with the help One day when Dave fails miserably in one his attempts, he storms meets off Becky saying and he doesn't want to learn anymore. reminisce over their childhood. He

Becky

boosts his confidence telling him that she always thought him to be 'cool' and different from others. At that time Horvath and Drake attack the Lab and steal the Grimhold. Dave arrives just in time to save Balthazar, but the

Balthazar and Dave set out to get the Grimhold back. They chase each other on the streets, and Horvath finally

crushes Balthazar and Dave's car. When Balthazar tries to follow him, Horvath morphs one of the women on the street to look like Veronica, distracting Balthazar, and escapes. Horvath is planning to bring Morgana out of the Grimhold and decides on Battery Park as the venue for the 'Rising', the process of bringing the dead back. He kills Drake and steals his energy and releases Abigail (from the second

layer) and makes her kidnap Becky. He then kills Abigail and steals her energy also to use it in releasing Morgana. Meanwhile Balthazar and Dave are getting ready to steal the Grimhold back. Balthazar makes Dave promise that he will do everything he can to destroy Morgana, and Dave does. They reach Drake's house and start searching. Balthazar gets

stuck in a sinking carpet while Horvath corners Dave in the hall. He threatens to kill Becky and forces Dave to give up his ring. He then takes the Grimhold and leaves for the park.When Balthazar comes back, Dave tells him everything and apologizes. Balthazar consoles him saying he would have done the same and leaves to stop Horvath. He tells Dave not to come as without his ring it might be dangerous and flies off on the steel eagle. Dave decides to help Balthazar and devices explain a plan and drives to to the Becky park while on trying to

everything

the

way.

Horvath releases Morgana from Grimhold and she comes out in the form of Veronica. She then starts to complete Merlin's circle. She uses the satellite dishes to contact each other and amplify the electromagnetic signals. Balthazar tries to stop her, but gets interrupted by the bronze bull, come to Dave sees the electromagnetic radiation and understands

Morgana's plot. He drops Becky off at a TV tower telling her she should go up the tower and change the dish's angle

to

disrupt

the

communication.

Becky,

though

scared

of

heights, agrees to it. He then asks her about what she wrote on the note 10 years ago. He says he might not come back so he would like to know. Becky tells him to stay alive and that she will tell him after that.

He drives up to the park just in time to save Balthazar and kill Horvath (He electrocutes him with the equipment he is carrying). The metal eagle carries away the bronze bull. Just then Becky manages to rotate the dish and the circle breaks.Balthazar absorbs Morgana's soul to save Veronica, but Morgana come out in the form of spirit. Dave starts fighting with her using magic without his ring, proving that he is Prime Merlinian and kills her. He then brings Balthazar back to life by jump-starting his heart using his power.Becky just then comes to the park and tells him that she wrote on the note 'girlfriend'. The metal eagle lands next to them. Dave asks Becky how she would like to fly to Paris.The movie ends with the scene of both of them flying on the back of the metal eagle with Dave saying "I don't exactly know how to land this!"

SLEEPY HOLLOW In 1799, New York City police constable Ichabod Crane is dispatched by his superiors to the Hudson Highlands hamlet of Sleepy Hollow, to investigate a series of brutal

slayings in which the victims have been found beheaded. A frequent user of new, though so far unproven investigative techniques such as finger-printing and autopsies, Crane

arrives in Sleepy Hollow armed with his bag of scientific tools only to be informed by the town's elders that the murderer is not of flesh and blood, rather a headless

supernatural warrior from beyond the grave who rides at Crane does not believe he them and to at begins "face" the his with of own the the

investigation, Headless

until

comes a

face room

Horseman.

Boarding

home

town's richest family, the Van Tassels, Crane develops an attraction to their daughter, the mysterious Katrina, even

as he is plagued by nightmares of his mother's horrific torture under his zealous preacher father when he was a child.Delving further into the mystery with the aid of the orphaned Young Masbeth, whose father was a victim of the Horseman, Crane discovers within the Western Woods both the Horseman's entry point between this world and the beyond, the gnarled Tree of the Dead with the heads of his victims within, and his grave. Ichabod discovers the horsemans

skull is missing. The horsemen comes out of the tree and rides into town, taking two more victims. As the horseman leaves the house, It passes ichabod without killing him. Brom arrives and shoots at him; still the horseman doesnt try to kill him or brom. Brom finnaly pulls out a sword and duels with him, and the horseman finnaly kills brom. This prompts Crane to realise that someone must be using the skull to control these evidence is the is the Horseman murders briefly Crane rather of than the own Horseman accord. that plot

committing Although Katrina

his

revealed uncovers

suggesting a murky

villain,

revolving around revenge and land rights with the Horseman controlled by Katrina's stepmother, Lady Van Tassel, who sends the killer after her; her stepmother's family lost their land when her father died and it was given to

Katrina's father, the young girl witnessing the Horseman's

death and promising her soul to Satan if he would allow her to control the Horseman to avenge her family. Following a fight in the local windmill and a stagecoach chase through the woods, Crane eventually thwarts Lady Van Tassel by

returning the skull to the Horseman, who regains his head and goes back to Hell along with Lady Van Tassel. With His job in Sleepy Hollow completed, Crane returns to New York with Katrina and Young Masbeth, just in time for the new century

Season of the Witch A 14th century Crusader returns to a homeland devastated by the Black Plague. A beleaguered church, deeming sorcery the culprit of the plague, commands the two knights to

transport an accused witch to a remote abbey, where monks will perform a ritual in hopes of ending the pestilence. A priest, a grieving knight, a disgraced itinerant and a

headstrong youth who can only dream of becoming a knight join a mission troubled by mythically hostile wilderness and fierce contention over the fate of the girl. When the embattled party arrives at the abbey, a horrific discovery jeopardises the knight's pledge to ensure the girl fair treatment, and pits them against an inexplicably powerful and destructive force.

Season of the Witch opens to show an ancient tome being carefully hand-copied in an unknown location.

In the Austrian town of Villach, in 1235 AD, at a bridge over the river, a priest is presiding over the execution

of three women accused of witchcraft-- a young woman, a middle-aged midwife, and an older spinster. All three are shackled at the wrists and feet with heavy iron manacles. As the terrified young woman begs and pleads for mercy, a noose is tightened around her neck and the priest tells all three women that they still have time to confess their

sins, and their souls will be saved. In desperation, the young woman confesses to everything the priest demands. The midwife pleads that she only used pig's fat to make an ointment. The spinster, however, lifts her head slowly and tells the father that he will burn in hell. The outraged priest signals to the church soldiers, who grab the

spinster and shove her over the bridge, followed by the midwife. The young woman then finds out that the priest promised her SOUL would be saved, but her body must be consigned to God. Her terrified pleas fall on deaf ears as she is pushed over the edge of the bridge and the noose The soldiers then take the ropes and lower all three bodies down into the river. The priest protests that he must read passages from the Book of Solomon so the bodies do not rise

again, but the soldier commander says that the three women are both hanged and drowned, and that's dead enough for him. But of all the people to come to try and stop him, Debelzaq Debelzaq, listens to pleads the with Behmen to stay his hand. Behind as she

Girl

smiles

with

seeming

delight

Behmen

rage at Debelzaq about how much more

blood he's spilled in God's name, than he now believes God would ask him to do. Behman shoves Debelzaq aside, but now it is Felson standing before the cage. Felson gestures to one side, showing Forest, Behmen and just that they are at is the the edge of

Wormwood

before

them

mountain

pass... and their destination, the Abbey of Severac, is in sight.Riding up to the abbey, Behmen knocks on the door for the outer gate. When nobody answers, Kay finally climbs through a window to open it from the inside. They ride through the outer cloister and Debelzaq says that judging by the time of day, they should find the monks in the chapel; they would be in vespers now.

But on arrival, Debelzaq, Behmen, Felson and Kay find only death. The monks there are all dead from the plague.

Debelzaq is distraught, as there is nowhere else to go. He drops to his knees and fervently begins to recite the

Lord's prayer, when suddenly they hear a strained voice softly speak the last sentence. They find one monk on the

floor, barely clinging to life. Debelzaq starts to give the dying monk last rites, when the monk shakily points to

where Behmen sees the Book of Solomon resting on an altar. Debelzaq feels new home as he skims through the pages.

The party returns to the wagon, which they have left just outside the chapel gates; Debelzaq holding the Book of

Solomon. At this point, all traces of timidity are gone from the Girl's voice and face, and she faces them with increasing boldness as she asks if this is the fair trial she was promised. Debelzaq sprinkles holy water at her, which makes her recoil, and begins the ritual. Smiling as she says she's deceived Debelzaq, the Girl then lashes out hatefully and begins to castigate the whole party on the Church's own sins and all the people it has hanged, burned The Girl pauses to shoot a glance over her shoulder at the wagon's horses, She who resumes immediately her vitriol respond before with Behmen great tells

agitation.

Debelzaq to continue the ritual. As he begins reading, the girl briefly closes her eyes and mouths words. Debelzaq's injured hands begin to bleed and throb with pain. Behmen draws his sword and starts to advance on the Girl, who lashes out at his trying to help her only as a means of easing his own guilt. Behmen stops short on seeing she knew about his slaying the peasant Turk woman. The Girl's smile

turns completely savage as she declares Behmen's own sins to be Legion in number; the countless souls that fell Suddenly the Girl stands as erect as the cage will permit her and begins to bark the words of the Crusader

Grandmaster during the battle of Smyrna-- her voice now mimicking that of the Grandmaster perfectly. Behmen and

Felson stare in astonishment. Even without her voice having perfectly copied that of the Crusader Grandmaster, how she was able to know the exact words of his monologue should be impossible. Debelzaq's face turns in horror and he softly says that the Girl is in fact, no witch... he knows that she is something far more terrible. He hurriedly turns the pages of the Book of Solomon to one with a demonic image and the Latin word for exorcisms.

As Debelzaq reads, the Girl turns, shrieking at him not to speak the words. Debelzaq starts to read the ritual more loudly, more strongly, and the Girl starts to scream and scramble about her cage. Winds begin to pick up; dark

clouds blot out the sun. Slowly the Girl's face and body begin to change; revealing the demon that has possesed her. The demon grips the bars of the cage and they begin to melt, along with the roof and floor of the cage. Now free, the demon and makes a beeline aside for like Debelzaq; swatting striking at bugs. both In

Behmen

Felson

desperation, Debelzaq grabs the goblet of holy water and hurls it at the demon, and it emits a horrible scream of agony. demon The Kay takes rushes to forward, sword at the ready, but the air in and flees into the monastery. more holy

the up

party

holes

the

abbey

and

gathers

water. Behmen tells Kay that his journey is ending here; the battle that must be undertaken now is beyond him. But Kay insists that his honor cannot be upheld unless he

completes his vow to them, even if they try to release him from it... and even if it means his own death. Moved by Kay's valor and sense of duty, Behmen draws his sword, asks Kay to kneel and speak the vows of knighthood after him; upon which Behmen gives the accolade, using his authority as a knight to bestow knighthood on Kay.

As the party goes through the abbey to confront the demon, they all reflect and think about their journey. The demon could have escaped at any time, but didn't. Kay realizes that escape was never the demon's plan. The party remembers that Eckhart died only after he began to express severe doubt over the Girl's guilt as a witch, and whether they truly needed to bring her to the abbey. Hagamar was killed by the wolves only after he wanted to kill the Girl

immediately at the camp site in Wormwood. And reflecting further, they remember that when she struggled with them in

her

cell

before

the start of the journey, she suddenly

stopped fighting, allowing them to render her unconscious when Debelzaq shouted that the sooner they got her to

Severac, the better. Throughout the journey, she actually helped them-even going so far as saving Kay's life.

Putting these details together, the party realizes that the demon WANTED the party to deliver it to the abbey, even aiding Making them their in way to reaching the the destination the party safely. more

library,

finds

bodies of monks that have succumbed to the plague. Behmen is puzzled to find that one monk, before dying, bound

himself to the chair his corpse still sits in. More dead monks are found, similarly bound to their chairs in front of their desks. On the desks themselves are sheets of

parchments containing passages from the Book of Solomon. Behmen and Debelzaq realize that the monks were making

copies of the book, to arm the rest of Europe against evil, heresy and witchcraft. This gives them the answer as to why the demon wanted to come here to the abbey: it knew that a suspected witch would be brought here, where the last copy of the Book of Solomon was kept. The demon's goal, all along, has been to destroy the last copy of the book before more copies were finished. It would have free, unopposed reign over all of Europe, and usher in an age of darkness.

The demon is halted in its tracks; the holy power invoked wracking the demon with great pain, finally destroying it; the horrific that unholy creature's body the becoming domed a ball of

energy

dissipates

through

ceiling.

The battle won, Kay slumps in a daze against a wall while the Girl lays naked and barely conscious nearby. Kay

crosses to Behmen. With his dying breath, Behmen asks Kay to Kay watch provides over proper building and Church stone protect burial for the his Girl. fallen are set

compatriots, Felson and

barrows

into

which

Behmen's swords and a wooden cross as grave

markers. The Girl stands beside him, musing how she owes so much to those that she never truly knew, and she doesn't know what to say. Kay suggests she say what is in her heart. The Girl tells the slain knights that her name is Anna, and she will never forget everything they did for her; how they gave their lives on her behalf. She asks Kay to tell her everything he knows about Behmen, Felson and Debelzaq, as she and Kay mount horses for the journey home. We see the Book of Solomon in Kay's saddle bag; he is now the keeper of the words of Solomon. The camera begins to pan out as Kay and Anna ride back to civilization.

Anna

closes

the

movie

with

voiceover

in

which

she

recounts

that

the

plague lifted from the land like the

passing of a fever, and she promises to devote her life to telling her story, that the horrors faced and the lives lost will always be remembered and that people will be

reminded that they, and the darkness that almost was, were all very real.

MACBETH The play opens with Macbeth and Banquo, two of the Scottish King Duncans generals witches returning in the from woods. battle The when they tell

encounter

three

witches

Macbeth of how he will become the Thane of Cawdor and then the King of Scotland. For Banquo, they prophesize that he will beget the line of Scottish Kings, though he will never become king himself. The two are sufficiently skeptical and continue their journey home. However, when the two come closer to the encampment, they are presented with a

messenger from King Duncan who announces that Macbeth has been made the Thane of Cawdor, making immediately Macbeth putting how the he

prophecy

into

perspective,

wonder

might become king. He invites Duncan to dine at his castle that evening and goes ahead to tell his wife of the days

events. Unlike Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is very sure of her husbands future, desiring the throne and telling him that they must murder Duncan to ensure his ascension.

Immediately upon returning to his castle, Lady Macbeth is able to convince her husband to take initiative and murder Duncan that very night. The two plan to get Duncans

chamberlains drunk enough that they will not remember the evening and blame them for the murder. When the body of Duncan is discovered in the morning, Macbeth quickly kills the culprits and assumes the kingship. All the while, Duncans sons flee the country, afraid for their own lives. Immediately, Macbeths misgivings and trust in the

prophecies force his hand in the murder of Banquo and his son Fleance as well, afraid that his heirs will seize the throne. Successfully killing Banquo, the murderers fail to kill Fleance. The night of his murder, Banquos ghost

appears to Macbeth and sends him into hysteria, scaring his guests and angering his wife. His very presence as the king of Scotland has angered the other nobles and further

incites Macbeths misgivings and paranoia. To ease his fears, he visits the witches again and they offer to him more prophecies. He must beware of Macduff, a chief opponent to Macbeth taking the throne. He cannot be

harmed by any man born of woman and he is safe until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Castle. He returns home and finds that Macduff has fled to England to join Malcom. In fear, Macbeth seizes Macduffs castle and orders the murder of his wife and children, inciting Macduff to further rage. With Malcom, the two raise an army and ride to Scotland to take on Macbeth with the support of the Scottish nobles who fear Macbeths tyranny and murderous ways. While Macbeth awaits his opponents, Lady Macbeth is in the process of going mad, unable to wash the blood from her hands. The news of her suicide reaches Macbeth directly before the arrival of the English forces and sends him into an even deeper foretold despair. his He awaits confidently However, as the prophecy forces

invulnerability.

Macduffs

arrive under the cover of boughs cut from Birnam wood. When Macbeth is finally confronted by Macduff after his forces have been overwhelmed, Macduff announces that he was

ripped from his mothers womb not born and ultimately defeats and beheads Macbeth, handing the crown back to

Malcolm, the rightful heir.

Routing Slip This manuscript entitled: RITUALS AND PRACTICES OF WITCHCRAFT IN SELECTED FOREIGN MOVIES which had been prepared and successfully defended by Joanne A. Francisco, Rachel M. Gega and Arwil Angelin E. Guleng had been reviewed and scrutinized and is now recommended for finalizing and bookbinding.

Mrs. Norma F. Elvia Adviser ________________ Date -----------------------------------------------------------

__________________ Critic

__________________ Critic

_______________________ Chairman/UTW Instrutor _________________

Date ________________________ Coordinator, College of Education _______________ Date

APPENDIX D

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae
JOANNE A. FRANCISCO Purok 7.Brgy Sta.Ana Taytay,Rizal Joannefrancisco37@yahoo.com 09466180971

Personal Data_____________________________________________ Age: 20 Birthplace: San Jacinto Masbate Birthday: June 02,1991 Nationality: Filipino Status: Single Religion: Catholic Educational Background_____________________________________

Elementary Calipat-an Elementary School Pasig Central Elementary School Secondary Liceo de San jacinto High School Masbate Rizal High School ( Caniogan Marikina ) Taytay National High School Tertiary Asian Institute of Computer Studies University of Rizal System Angono Affiliations_______________________________________________ 1st year ROTC officer Angono Campus Seminar Attended___________________________________________ Board Walk (Nov. 2010)

Curriculum Vitae
RACHEL M. GEGA 434 San Valentin St. Pantok Binangonan, Rizal like_facebooking@yahoo.com 09169252744

Personal Data______________________________________________ Age: 18 Birthday: February 8, 1993 Birthplace: Rosario, Pasig

Nationality: Filipino Status: Single Religion: Catholic

Educational Background_____________________________________

Elementary Doa Susana Madrigal Memorial School

Secondary Vicente Madrigal National High School

Tertiary University of Rizal System Angono

Seminar Attended___________________________________________

K12 and Understanding By Design Seminar (Jan. 2012)

Curriculum Vitae
ARWIL ANGELIN E GULENG 18 B. Gloria St. Barangay San Carlos, Binangonan Rizal
arwilguleng@yahoo.com

09067055847

Personal Data______________________________________________

Age: 19 Birthday: September 28, 1992 Birthplace: Suyo Dingras, Ilocos Norte Nationality: Filipino Status: Single Religion: Catholic

Educational Background_____________________________________

Elementary

Don Jose Ynares Sr. Memorial Elementary School

Secondary Mherrynoll Montessori School

Tertiary University of Rizal System Angono

Seminar Attended___________________________________________

K12 and Understanding By Design Seminar (Jan. 2012)