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Intruduction
Intruduction
Intruduction
Objectives
ISP Service
Once the connection is made to the ISP, the business or customer must decide which services they would need from the ISP. Email, web hosting, media streaming, IP telephony, and file transfer are key services that ISPs can provide to all customers.
ISP Service
Reliability Reliability can be thought of in terms of two measures: mean time between failure (MTBF) and mean time to repair (MTTR). Availability Availability is normally measured in the percentage of time that a resource is accessible. Traditionally, telephone services are expected to be available 99.999% of the time. This is called the five-9's standard of availability.
TCP
There are two TCP/IP protocols at the transport layer, TCP and UDP.
TCP
TCP
Before a TCP session can be used, the source and destination hosts exchange messages to set up the connection over which data segments can be sent. Three way hand-shake
Activity:
In the early days of the Internet, host names and IP addresses of computers on the network were managed through the use of a single HOSTS file located on a centrally administered server. The central HOSTS file contained the mapping of host name and IP address for every device connected to the early Internet. At first, the HOSTS file was acceptable for the limited number of computer systems participating in the Internet. As the network grew, so did the number of hosts needing name-to-IP translations. It became impossible to keep the HOSTS files up-to-date. As a result, a new method to resolve host names to IP addresses was developed : DNS
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DNS
Domain Name Service (DNS) is a hostname resolution system that solves the shortcomings of the HOSTS file. The structure of DNS is hierarchical, with a distributed database of hostname to IP mappings spread across many DNS servers all over the world.
DNS
The domain naming system is made up of three components: Resource Records and Domain Namespace A resource record is a data record in the DNS zone database file. It is used to identify a type of host, a host's IP address, or a parameter of the DNS database. The domain namespace refers to the hierarchical naming structure for organizing resource records. The domain namespace is made up of various domains, or groups, and the resource records within each group.
DNS
Domain Name Servers These servers maintain the databases that store resource records and information about the domain namespace structure. Resolvers Resolvers are applications or operating system functions that run on DNS clients and DNS servers. When a domain name is used, the Resolver queries the DNS server to translate that name to an IP address. A resolver is loaded on a DNS client, and is used to create the DNS name query that is sent to a DNS server. Resolvers are also loaded on DNS servers. If the DNS server does not have the name-to-IP mapping requested, it will use the resolver to forward the request to another DNS servers.
DNS
At the top of the hierarchy, the root servers maintain records about how to reach the top-level domain servers, which in turn have records that point to the secondary level domain servers. The different top-level domains represent either the type of organization or the country or origin. .au - Australia .jp Japan .co - Colombia .com - a business or industry
DNS
The root DNS server may not know exactly where the host H1.cisco.com is located, but it does have a record for the .com top level domain. Likewise, the servers within the .com domain may not have a record for H1.cisco.com either, but they do have a record for the cisco.com domain. The DNS servers within the cisco.com domain do have the record for H1.cisco.com and can resolve the address.
7.3.3
Dynamic Updates enable DNS client computers to register and dynamically update their resource records with a DNS server whenever changes occur.
DNS servers maintain the zone database for a given portion of the overall DNS hierarchy. Resource records are stored within that DNS zone. DNS zones can be either Forward lookup, or Reverse lookup zones.
Forward Lookup Zones A forward lookup zone is a standard DNS zone that resolves fully qualified domain names to IP addresses. When typing a web site address, such as www.cisco.com, a recursive query is sent to the local DNS server to resolve that name to an IP address so as to connect to the remote web server.
Reverse Lookup Zones A reverse lookup zone is a special zone type that allows you to resolve an IP address to a fully qualified domain name There is an entire reverse lookup DNS hierarchy on the Internet that will enable any publicly registered IP address to be resolved.
Services
Among the different services provided by ISPs are: email hosting web site hosting e-commerce sites file storage and transfer message boards and blogs streaming video and audio services
a uniform resource locator (URL) is used to locate the server and a specific resource. The URL identifies: 1. 2. 3. Protocol being used Domain name of the server needing to be accessed Location of the resource on the server, such as http://example.com/example1/index.htm
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Supporting FTP
FTP is a connection-oriented protocol that uses TCP to communicate between a client FTP process and an FTP process on a server. FTP implementations include the functions of a protocol interpreter (PI) and a data transfer process (DTP). As a result, FTP requires two connections to exist between the client and server, one to send control information and commands, and a second one for the actual file data transfer. .
Supporting FTP
Protocol Interpreter (PI) The PI function is the main control connection between the FTP client and the FTP server It establishes the TCP connection and passes control information to the server Control information includes things such as commands to navigate through a file hierarchy, as well as renaming or moving files. The control connection, or control stream, stays open until closed by the user
Supporting FTP
When a user wants to connect to an FTP server: 1. The user-PI sends a connection request to the server-PI on well-known port 21. 2. The server-PI replies and the connection is established. 3. With the TCP control connection open, the server-PI process begins the login sequence. 4. The user enters credentials through the user interface and completes authentication. 5. Now the data transfer process can begin.
Supporting FTP
Data Transfer Process (DTP) DTP is a separate data transfer function. Unlike the PI connection, which remains open, the DTP connection closes automatically when the file transfer is complete
Supporting FTP
The two types of data transfer connections supported by FTP are active data connections and passive data connections.
The @ symbol separates the account and the domain name of the server.
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Summary
TCP, UDP Protocol HOST file, DNS DNS Zone HTTP, HTTPs FTP Protocol SMTP, POP3, IMAP