1994,8, 403-409 Int.

Agrophysics,

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF COCOA POD DEFORMATION BASED ON HERTZ THEORY M.O. Faborode,RR Dinrifo
ObafemiAwolowoUniversity,Ile-Ife, Nigeria Departmentof Agricultural Engineering,

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A b s t r a c t. A mathematicalmodel basedon Hertz's theory of contact stresswas dorelopedfor the to of analysis cocoapod deformationwhen subjected a stress,in its lateral axis,between uni-axialcompressive of t-test comparison rigid parallel plates.A two-sample valuesof the stiffnessmothe sperimentally measured dulus and those obtained from the initial Hertz theory equationsindicateda very significantdifference,which was observedto be due to the irregular shape of the pod, its furrowed circumferenceand internal hollowof contrary to somebasicassumptions the theory. ness, Correcting facton danelopedto account for these irregularities significantly improved the predictions of the modified Hertz relation. The shapefactor, which exof prssed deviation the materialfrom a true ellipsoid the in terms of the material contact area with the.loading plate,wasfound to be the m6t critical mrrection factor factor could be in termsof which a combinedcolTection comPutations to expressed simpliS necessary K e yw o r d s: Hertz theory,cocoapod, agricproduct deformation,mechanical ProPerty INTRODUCTION

One of the operationsinvolvedin the of on-farm processing cocoais the breaking which of the pods to extractthe wet beans, Until now this fermented. are subsequently is done manuaily, but efforts are being made by researchers [2,4,8] to develop a mechanicaldevice tbr pod breaking. It is considered necessaryto first characterize the pod's breaking behaviour,by carrying loading tests[1], to obtain out compressive

characteristics. its force-deformation Although agricultural materialsare generally non-homqlenous,isotropic or eft$tic it has been found possibleto define an eftNtic range of behaviourwithin which their elastic parameterscan be quantified. Mohsenin [{ that under small strainsmostagriculobserved elasticity,to tural materials sftibit erftensive which the Hertz theory of contactstressis applicable. An earlier work [5] on the mechanical properties of cocoapods has shown that its breaking under parallel plate loading is a complex process,in which the stress and strain cannot be accurately measuredbecauseof the variation in the areaunder load with increasedloading. Hence adopting the methodsemployedby Rehkugler [11] and Reeceand l.ot [10] in their studieson the the breakingof eggs, breakingforceand the absolute deformation were measured to which is the ratio modulus. definea stiffness of the miu(imumfailure load to the deformation at failure. The force-deformation to cuwewasobserved be mostlylinear. The objective in this work is to adapt the Henz theory of contact stressto premodulusof a cocoapod, dictingthe stiffness from its independentphysical properties

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M.O. FABORODE, R,R. DINRIFO

and henceprovidea better theoretical basis for understanding breakingbehaviour. its

TI]EORETICAL DEVELOPMENT The fundamental Hertz relations

D=+[ry,"1."i.t';.rJ
(3)
and

In derivingHertz relationships 1-u? t -vz for con_ A = ____J+ *-2 tact stresses, certain fundamentil assump_ (a ) (4 ta' lrT tions are imperative. These are tnat itre is homogeneous, load is staric, rhe llrerial rne surfaces smooth,and that the whereK - shapeconstanqv, and v, _ pois_ are radii of curvatureof the conracting bodies, Uyia., exceedthe radius of the contact surface 121. This latter assumptionimplies ,f,u, onfi u fl gq. (3), the contacrareabeturcen normal (compressive) the streis arisesover ihe contact surface, the effect of tangential two bodies was considered eliptic *U", than circular as indicateOin tile stress beingnegligible. ;-;; sph.erical fruits [3,12]. This Timoshenkoand Goodier *"li [13] derived an expression cocoa relating the applieOforce to y,l rl" eilipsoidal shape of "*.0. pods. Maduako and Faborode the radiusofthe contactsurface [6J as: sphericiryofcocoa poOsto-UL"""r*r"{in" about5l Vo testingof food and R.R^ 11 .rn-rne compression : agricultural products, three loadint;: o = f1 4 ,F ( d + a ; q f t ) 1 ' l z ( 1 ) ments can be used,namely,rigid plrallel L' , a I wherea - radiusof the contactsurface, _ F ao_ pliedforcebeueen onucting bodies, ;, #_ teriaVproperry constant fint body(bo<ly of i), d, - material/properq' constantof the seconO body (body 2), Rt - radius of curvature of body 1,R, - radiusof curvature body of 2. The total deformarionof both bodies in contactwasthen expressed as: two ."r", ,r" ,or" relevantto this work. For compressionbetweenrigid parallel . plates, the radii of curvature of the flat plates are assumed be infinir", to .o ,tri ---' 1/Rz=0and l/Rr'=Q in Eq. (3), giving;

Y.ung :ffiT;:':;ffi;"H?:%

inoenier ilJ; ll"-j:l :T:"th spherical rlndrrcaldie. The first

o=![t#,+.^fl* (s)

D = l+n2 f(dl L,-

R' R' r 1 + d, (qTE) l3

e)

For theparticular of a rigidprate, case made of sreet, r"r^ orirre in elatic modutusE:

t
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Most fruits are convex, ellipsoidal or spheroidalin shape [7,9J.Mohsenin tZ]. and Eq. (5) becomes considered caseof coniactUet*een lhe [7]: t*1, fruits,one havingminimumanOmaximum radii of curvature and ,R' and the td R, E - o.B8 F e-v2)r# * 4l] rol other, R, and Rr. fneir combined deformation "l Rr' DZ wasgivenas: For compression meansof spherical by

A=4

MATI{EMATICAL MODEL OF COCOA POD DEFORMATION

(7) D=tl#,^+.*:.r,l!
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indenter,the conditonsare that UR"=UR., cocoa, namely, Amelonadoand F" Amazon, =Z/d,whered is the diamererof the irio"nt"i. were harvested from the Obafemi Awolowo Hence F4. ) becomes: University Teachingand ResearchFarm in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The sampleswere selected to ensurethat various sizesof the different ^ "1 varieties wre represented,and only ripe L-J healthypodswere used. Test equipmentand methodologr

or E-

Quasi-static, uniaxialparallel plate compression test was performed on whole pod samplesof the two varieties. l,oading was done on the lateral axis. The machine-used (8) was the universal testing machine (proving BasicHertz thmry equationsfor ring model ELE 1152-g0g2).Before the a cocoapod tists, the axial tength and diameter of each pod was measured.After loading to breaIn order to adapt the Hertz equadon to kage, the contact areas of the p;d surface the loading of a ooooapod, the stiffrress mo_ with the plates were determinedfrom an dulus is usedin placeof the elasticmodulus. impressionstainedon sheetsof white paper Hence F,q.(6) rranslales ro: placed in-between them. An anatog pta2 nimeter (anrsro model) wasusedforivatu_ 0.338,f,6 FAoQ_vz), | ating the area.The forcedeformationcunes 1,1 c :_ _______________3= . _-7_ 1;i- _ obtained were subsequently "r r(r analysed ob_ to z\Dz tain the stiffnessmodulus,and ihe tough_ (e) ness- as the areaunder the curve. where^9- stifftress modulus,lo is the contact RESULTSAND DISCUSSION areaon which the force is acting. For loading wirh a sphericalindenrer, The basicbreakingcharaderistics cocoa of Eq. (8) similartygives; pods are presentedin Table l. The mean valuesof the maximumbreakingforce, the 2^ deformationat failure, the toughness 0.338 F(l-r") Ao IG and I I | 4l l .S = _______j_l_ the sriffness modulus are0.715iO.OgSkN. I 7.6 +0.37 mm,Z.74+0.27J and94.l +6.i { kN/m respeoivelyfor F, Amazon coooapods. I (10) The correspondingvalluesfor Amelonado i Eqs (9) and (10) are rhe basic Hertz mcoa podsare 0.553+0.034kN,6.3g +0.44 +0.16 J and g9.g t6.zl4 kN/m.F. theoryequationsfor a cocoapod under pa_ mm, 1.70 Amazon cocoa pods offer greaterresistand rallel plate and sphericalindenter loading to breakage than Amelonado pods.This must respectively, basedon the assumptions madf be related to the higher thicknessof F, Ama_ earlier. zon pod husks[6]. Table 2 summarizesthe application of EXPERIMENTAL WORK Hertz theory to cocoa poO Oeformation. Experimentalmaterials First the measured values(Sr;, and the values Pod samplesof the two common and obtainedfrom the basic Hertz theory (S") were commerciallygrown varieties of Nigerian @mpared, using a tno samplet_rcst Stiffness

f,+.+.#,]*

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MATTIEMATICAL MODEL OF COCOA POD DEFORMATION

modulus valuesS" were obtained from Eq. the pod surfacewith furrows and ridges, and (9), by substitutingthe various values of is definedas: the pods physicaldimensions, radii of curvature at the point of contact with loading (13) plates,contact area at failure, the deforma_ tion of the pod, and the maximum load, wherer, - thicknessof the husk at the ridge, and usinga Poissonratio of 0.30. .l I r, - thicknessof the husk at the furrow, R _ I The tests show that the difference be_ tl tween the pairs of value was significant at radiusofpod at contactpoint. , The effect of all three correctingindices the 99 Vo mnfidence level. The difference + could be attributed to someof the assump_ on the Hertz's equation was analysed ancla tions of Hertz whichwerenor quitejustified combined correction factor (C) was de_ for cocoapods.Firstly, a cocoapod is not a velopedto improve the Hertz's relation: homogeneous isotropic material. Rather, it C^ hasbeen shownto be a compositefruit con_ -r c=(14) sistingof threedistinctconstituents, namely ct(r - c)z the beans,the central placentawith mucilage and the enclosingpod husk [61.SeconThe modilied Hertz equation dly, the surface of the pod is rough and The final form of the Hertz's relation contoured with ridges and furroqn, 6pe_ cially the F, Amazon variety, for which ihe for cocoapod is asfollows: greaterdisparity in measured and predicted rl valueswere recorded. Basedon these con+ -+)2 siderationssomeindiceswere introduced to Rt (15) $= accountfor thesefactors. 31

C'=l-+

0.242c^A"(+
RrDzCr(I- C)Z

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r=

O.242CA

RlD3

^^f r7i+";-rz I l

(16)

cr = 4 d

( 1 1 ) All

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theoretical elliptic contact area a

actualcon aEE-frEJIEil tacr

(12)

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the symbolsare asdefinedpreviously. The valuesof the correctingindicesand overall correcting factor as calculated are givenin Table2. The modified prediction of stiffness modulusis also summarized. Statistical analysisconfirm the goodnessof fit of the predictedvaluesfor both cocoavarieties at the 99 Vomnfidencelevel. An examinationof the correcting in_ dices indicate that Cr and C, are fairly constant, being on the average, 0.273 +0.OO5 and 0.972 +0.003 respectivelyfor F. Ama_ zon,and 0.290+0.004and 0.930+0.001for the Amelonado variety. Using the mean valuesin Eq. (4), the combinedcorrection factor (C) can be expressed terms of only in

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MATTIEMATICAL MODEL OF COCOA POD DEFORMATION Edition. ASAE, Sr.Joseph, MI, 1990. 2. FaborodcM.O., OladosuG.A.:Tlre development of for F, Amazon; C=1.205C^ a cocoapod processing machine.The Nigerian Enginer, 26(4), 26-31,t99 t. for Amelonado; C:7.276 C^. 3. Holt J. E,, Schoorl D: Bruisingand energydissipa_ This implies that only rhe shapefacror tion in apples. TbrtureStudies 421432,1977. J. ,7, need be determinedthus reducingthe mea_ 4. Jlmcncz S.E.:The zinkepod breakenA significant contribution to the cacao industry. C.acao,IICA surementsand computation neededto use (Tbrrialba),CosraRica, 142) t-5, t967. the modified Hertz relation for analvsis of 5. Maduelo IN: Characterizationof cocoa pods and mma pod deformation constituentcompcite elementsfor mechanization of primary proesing. MSc Thesis,Dept of Agric. Eng., CONCLUSION ObafemiAqolorc Univ, Ile-lfe, Nigeria,l!)89. 6. Maduako J.N, Frbomdc lV[.O: Some phpical The Hertz contact stress theory was propertiesof ocoa pods in relation to primary pro_ modified for use in the analysisof cocoa cessing. J. Technol., Ife 2(l), l-7,7990. pod deformation by incorporatingcorrec_ 7. Mohscnln N.N.: Physicalproperties plants of and ting indices which reflect the pods internal Animal Materials: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Inc., Nor york, 19g6. hollowness, surfaceroughness and irregular 8. Oft O.C.: Danelopmentof cocoa bans octractor. shape.The modified relarion gavegood preProc.5thAnn. Conf.NSAE,4,65-&t,19g0. diction of the stiffness modulus of cocoa 9. Pclcg K.: A mathematicalmodel of produce da_ pods when subjected to compressionbemagemechanism. _293.lgg4. Thans. ASAE, 27, Zg7 tween two rigid parallel plates. The shape 10. RccccRN., Lot B.II: The effect of loadingrate on the breakingforce, deformation and stiffnessmofactor was the most variable as the other dulusof eggs. Poultry Science, 55,3;g-35g,lg7i. two factorsappearto be fairly constantfor a 11. RchkuglcrG.E: Egg handlingequipmentdesign. givencocoavariety. Thans. .dSAE,7(2), t7 4-t97, 1964. 12. Schoorl \ Hott J.E: Bruisingresistance measur_ REFERENCES mentin apples. TbdurcSrudies, J. 11,389_394. 1!)80. f. ASAE Standards:StandardEngineeringpractices 13. TlmoshenkoS.,Goodicr LN.: Theory of Elasticity. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New york. 1951. and Data (Ed. R.H. Hahn, E.G. Rmenteter).37rh

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