Woild Religions

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.(,/$01%2%
Hinduism
Rig Veda
ieincainaiion
!"#$%&
monism
Bialman
Upanislads
Aiman
$&!$&'&
Blagavad-Giia
#&'!&(
)%&'!&
casie sysiem
*&'+&
,'&%!-+
#$%&.'-/&(
*&-$%/&(
$%0)'&(
ouicasie
Uniouclables (1&2-.$)
3&'-4&+$ (clildien of God)
Vedas
siages of life (5$%'&!&$)
,'&%!&6%&'/& (siudeni)
7'-%&$.%& (louseloldei)
*&+&8'&$.%& (leimii)
$&++/&$& (asceiic)
asceiicism
goals of life (80'0$%&'.%&$)
#&!&
&'.%&
Bialma
Vislnu
Sliva
Duiga
Kali
Rama
Kiislna
Agni
Ganesla
libeiaiion pails (!&'7&$)
#&'!&(!&'7&
("pail of woils")
nonviolence (&%-!$&)
4+&+&(!&'7&(
("pail of lnowledge")
Vedania
Slanlaia
!&/&
Sanllya
Yoga
yogi
$&!&)%-
,%&#.-(!&'7&
("pail of devoiion")
&*&.&'
9&%&,%&'&.&(
:&!&/&+&
Saiaswaii
Ganges Rivei
cow veneiaiion
Malaima Gandli
$&.-
/07&
Diwali
Holi
Duiga Puja
.(,/$01%3
Sillism
Punjab
guiu
Guiu Nanal
$-#%
Adi Gianil
(Guiu Gianil Salib)
Punjabi ] Hindi languages
;&.70'0 (Tiue Guiu)
Kaiiaipui
Panil
70')<&'&
Guiu Aijan
Golden Temple
Amiiisai
Guiu Gobind Singl
Klalsa (Puie Ones)
Mool Maniia
Foimless One (=-'&+#&')
immanence
%&0!&-(
%0#&! (divine oidei)
+>! (divine name)
2&+7&' (fiee liiclen)
Five Ks
iuiban
Five Viiiues
Five Evils
70'80',(
&#%&+)(8&.%(
$&+$#&'(
#%&+)&(
?#(@+#&'
Woild Religions
.(,/$01%2'%(#")!#*+%
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Hinduism is a ieligion of gieai laimony and ioleiance, a colleciion of beliefs and piaciices
oiienied iowaid aclieving salvaiion.
Tle 17@%A9B4, Hinduism's oldesi sacied iexi going bacl neaily foui ilousand yeais, declaies
ilai "God is one bui men call lim by many names."
Malaima Gandli ecloes ilis seniimeni in ile iweniieil ceniuiy: "Even as a iiee las a single
iiunl, bui many biancles and leaves, so is ileie one iiue and peifeci Religion, bui ii becomes
many as ii passes iliougl ile luman medium."
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Tle final desiiny of Hindu salvaiion iliougl libeiaiion ieiuins ile individual io ile oiiginal
souicespiiiiual peifeciion involves a ieiuin bacl io ile beginning.
Tle Hindu's liglesi goal is io libeiaie oneself fiom ile consiiainis of ile luman condiiion, bui
foi mosi ilis does noi occui in one's lifeiime.
Hindus believe in :975?4:54<7=5, ile iebiiil of ile soul in a new body oi life-foim, and ilus
aniicipaie laving many lifeiimes alead of ilem.
Tle Hindu ieim foi libeiaiion is !"#$%&, fiom ile Sansliii woid foi "ielease." Ii is ile ielease
fiom ile oidinaiy, finiie, limiied iealm of exisience.
9"#$%& ends ile cycle of ieincainaiions and uniies a Hindu foievei wiil ile divine.
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Foi Hindus, all iealiiyGod, ile univeise, luman beings, and all elseis esseniially one iling.
Tle dociiine ilai all iealiiy is uliimaiely one is D=57;D.
Gods, planis, animals, ile maieiial woild, and lumans all slaie a common and eieinal essence,
called I:4HD45, wlicl is ile souice of ile univeise beyond ile ieacl of luman ilougli.
Bialman is infiniie, impeisonal, and lnowable only ilougl ile mosi piofound coniemplaiion.
Tle !P457;H4B;, ile ancieni plilosoplical iexis ilai foim ile basis of Hindu dociiine, ieacl
ilai Bialman goes beyond anyiling ile mind can pondei oi ile senses can deieci.
Uliimaie iealiiy can be undeisiood iliougl inwaid coniemplaiion of ile self, and ile uliimaie
iealiiy wiilin, oi ile eieinal Self, is called ,<D45.
All iealiiy is one and of ile same essence, so Bialman is Aiman and Aiman is Bialman
coniemplaiion of ile univeise and coniemplaiion of ile self lead io ile same iiuil.
Despiie monism, Hindus siill subsciibe io polyileism and iiadiiionally lave woisliped aiound
o million gods and goddesses.
Eacl god oi goddess is an exiension of ile one uliimaie iealiiy, many names foi ile same God.
Gods and goddesses give lumans accessible poinis of coniaci wiil ile divine.
Hindus aie fiee io cloose wliclevei gods and goddesses affeci ilem ile mosi peisonally.
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}usi as Bialman is a mysieiy wiiloui logical explanaiion, iis cieaiive eneigy inside ile univeise
flows foiil in a mysieiious mannei. Tle uliimaie goal iemains io libeiaie fiom ile univeise.
Hindus claii iime and cieaiion in ongoing cycles insiead of lineaily. Tle univeise undeigoes
long peiiods of cieaiion and desiiuciion ilai iepeais iiself endlessly.
Tle end of ile age is neai alilougl millions of yeais iemain, bui eveniually desiiuciive foices
will win ovei befoie ile eniiie univeise is ie-cieaied once moie and Hinduism ie-evolves.
Eacl individual is also cieaied and ie-cieaied uniil ieacling ielease in !"#$%&. Tle dociiine of
$&!$&'& desciibes ile "wleel of iebiiil" in successive ieincainaiions fiom one life io ile nexi.
Geneially, only ile individual self of soul (Aiman) is ieincainaied in a new life-foim, and
individuals do noi caiiy ileie peisonaliiy oi baclgiounds fiom one life io ile nexi.
Individuals may alieinaie beiween foims of eaiil, gods in ile leavens, demons in lells, iiians
below ile leavens, and glosis above ile lells.
Hinduism's mosi populai sacied iexi, ile IH4@484BRS7<4, a conveisaiion beiween ile god
Kiislna and lis waiiioi Aijuna, explains ile ieincainaiion of ile Aiman.
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(&'!&, fiom ile Sansliii woid foi "aciion," is ile moial law of cause and effeci of aciions ilai
deieimines ile naiuie of one's incainaiion.
Eveiy aciion pioduces an ouicome ilai is jusiified by ile aciion's moial woiiliness. Eacl
individual deieimines lis oi lei own #&'!& independenily of all gods and oilei people.
J&'!& is inieiiwined wiil $&!$&'& in ile sense ilai one's iecoid of #&'!& siays wiil ile peison
fiom one ieincainaiion io ile nexi and can influences ile nexi life-foim.
Humans aie unique as ile only cieaiuies ilai can affeci ile siaius of ileii #&'!&.
Foi Hindus, addiessing ile quesiion of wly bad ilings lappen io good people is iailei simple,
answeiing ilai evil deeds weie commiiied in pasi lives and musi be punisled in ile pieseni.
)%&'!& is ile eilical duiy based on ile divine oidei of iealiiy ilai deieimines ile iigliness oi
wiongness of a luman aciion.
1%&'!& equaies io a compleie iule of life, and foi eveiy aciiviiy, ileie is a way of aciing ilai will
infaci confoim io )%&'!&.
Hindus lool io foui souices of auiloiiiy: divine ievelaiion in sacied sciipiuie, sacied iiadiiion
passed down iliougl geneiaiions, oileis' examples, and peisonal conscience.
As an eilical dimension of Hinduism, )%&'!& limiis selfisl puisuiis and diiecis peisonal
yeaining iowaid caie foi oileis.
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% )=75@%>59U;%V=K'%$H9%.4;<9%*6;<9D
J&'!& is based in )%&'!& and )%&'!& is connecied io social oideian individual's )%&'!&, oi
eilical sei of belavioi, is deieimined by gendei, casie, and siage of life.
Tle ?4;<9%;6;<9D is ile iiadiiional division of Hindu socieiy inio vaiious caiegoiies. Tleie aie
foui main *&'+&$, oi classes, eacl wiil numeious subgioups foi ovei iliee ilousand caiegoiies.
,'&%!-+ (piiesis and ieacleis wiil ieligious auiloiiiy)
#$%&.'-/& (waiiiois and adminisiiaiois wiil poliiical powei)
*&-$%/& (faimeis, meiclanis, and aiiisans wiil economic foice)
$%01'& (seivanis and laboieis wiil liiile social sianding)
Tle foui casies apply mainly io men in ileii vaiious occupaiions, and foi women iley mainly
apply wlen spealing of wlom iley can maiiy accoiding io )%&'!&.
An addiiional caiegoiy consisis of ile =C<?4;<9; consideied io be ioially sepaiaied fiom socieiy,
wlicl includes ile !5<=C?H4KG9;, oi class of 1&2-.$.
Only since ile woil of Malaima Gandli lave ile Uniouclables gained some legal siaius.
Gandli limself iefeiied io ilese individuals as 3&'-4&+$, oi "clildien of God."
Casie is laigely deieimined by leiediiy and #&'!& diiecis ile soul iowaid wlaievei ii deseives.
Based on conduci in pievious lives, people aie ilougli io meiii ileii specific social casie. J&'!&
deieimines casie and casie in iuin seis foiil ile specific iasls a peison is claiged io do.
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Hindu socieiy disiinguisles foui siages of life, oi 2$%'&!&$, eacl wiil iis own duiies.
,'&%!&3%&'/& (siudeni) - fiisi siage of life begun wiil an iniiiaiion iiiual and mailed
by siudy of ile A9B4;, anoilei sacied sciipiuie, uniil maiiiage.
4'-%&$.%& (louseloldei) - second siage of life mailed by ile puisuii of a caieei and
iaising a family uniil ile biiil of one's fiisi giandclild.
*&+&5'&$.%& (leimii) - iliid siage of life mailed by a ieiieai fiom woildly bonds io
engage fully in a spiiiiual quesi.
$&++/&$& (wandeiing asceiic) - fouiil and final siage of life foi ilose ieady io ieiuin io
socieiy bui iemain deiacled fiom noimal aiiiaciions and disiiaciions of social life.
Maiiiages in ile Hindu iiadiiion aie noimally aiianged by one's paienis, and ile couple usually
do noi lnow eacl oilei uniil ile iime of ile wedding.
In ile final siage, 4;?9<7?7;D is claiacieiized by one's ienouncing of plysical pleasuiing and
woildly eniicemenis foi ile sale of spiiiiual advancemeni.
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Hinduism ouilines foui goals oi puiposes of life, called 50'0$%&'.%&$, and one is led iliougl
ilese foui, one io ile nexi, as one is fulfilled oi las ieacled iis limii.
#&!& (pleasuie) - puisuii and celebiaiion of eaiilly pleasuie and sensual love as ii
ieacles ile uliimaie goal of libeiaiion.
&'.%& (wealil) - yeaining foi maieiial success, piospeiiiy, and social piesiige.
)%&'!& (iiglieousness) - joy of living in laimony wiil one's piinciples of eilical duiy.
!"#$%& (libeiaiion) - infiniie being, awaieness, and bliss in ile ielease fiom $&!$&'&.
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Mosi Hindus engaged in ile daily iasls of woiling and iaising a family seel libeiaiion iliougl
#&'!&6!&'4&, oi ile "pail of woils," wlicl emplasizes iigli aciions accoiding io )%&'!&.
1%&'!& piesciibes belavioi foi louselold iiiuals, public ceiemonies, dieiaiy laws, and maiiiage
iesiiiciions, bui also involves ongoing concein foi ile woild.
Malaima Gandli liglliglis ilis pail as none oilei ilan social seivice in caie foi ile woild,
ofien aclieved iliougl effoiis ai 5=587=G95?9 (&%-!$&) io aclieve love and iiuil.
J&'!&(!&'7& is mailed by an aiiiiude of unselfislnessiis piaciiiioneis avoid ialing claiming
ciedii foi accomplislmenis, peifoim iigli deeds simply because iley aie iigli, and aci foi ile
good of oileis insiead of foi piaise and gloiy.
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Foi ilose Hindus wiil ialeni foi plilosoplical iefleciion exisis ile 7+&+&6!&'4&, oi ile "pail of
lnowledge," emplasizing iefleciion and leaining, aiiaining lnowledge ovei ignoiance.
K+&+&(!&'7& is veiy expeiieniial in naiuie, foi a piaciiiionei musi gain lnowledge aboui ile
iiuil and exiiaoidinaiy insigli piecisely by living ii oui in lis life.
Tliee sclools of plilosoply exisi io lelp Hindus ieacl lnowledge ilai binds self io $&!$&'&.
Tle A9B45<4 sclool ieacles ilai all iealiiy is esseniially Bialman. Tle gieaiesi Vedania
ieaclings come fiom ile plilosoplei *H45N4:4, wlo affiims ile foundaiional ieacling of
monism and asseiis ilai ile woild and all finiie beings aie ile siuff of !&/&, oi cosmic
illusion. A peison musi escape ignoiance io discovei ilai iiuil lies beyond ile self.
Tle *45NH64 sclool asseiis ilai iealiiy is composed of iwo disiinci caiegoiies, namely
maiiei and an infiniie numbei of eieinal selves. Selves become inieiiwined wiil maiiei
and ile woild of $&!$&'&, and ilus an adleieni of Sanllya musi fiee oneself fiom ile
bondage of peisonaliiy.
Tle W=@4 sclool seels io fiee ile eieinal self fiom ile bondage of peisonlood,
culminaiing in ile expeiience of $&!&1%-, a iiancelile siaie in wlicl ile self-
consciousness is losi and ile mind is absoibed inio ile uliimaie iealiiy. Tle piaciiiionei
of Yoga, ile 6=@7, uses plysical and psyclological ieclniques foi spiiiiual advancemeni.
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8%&#.-6!&'4&, oi ile "pail of devoiion," is based in loving ieveience foi one's closen god oi
goddess and diiecis spiiiiual eneigy ouiwaid in woislip of ilis specific deiiy.
Gods and goddesses aie ilougli io favoi ilose wlo ieveie ilem and giani ileii desiies. Tle
piaciiiionei comes closei io ile divine iliougl ileii aiieniion away fiom selfisl conceins.
A iypical Hindu is devoied io moie ilan one of ile o million deiiies depending on lis oi lei
specific needs. Of special impoiiance is ile $:7DC:<7, a iiiad of gods consisiing of I:4HD4 (ile
Cieaioi), A7;H5C (ile Pioiecioi), and *H784 (ile Desiioyei).
Oilei populai gods include )C:@4, -4G7 (one wife of Sliva), ,@57 (god of fiie), S459;H4
(eleplani god), and *4:4;T4<7 (goddess of wisdom).
Alongside a god migli be an &*&.&', an incainaiion oi living embodimeni of a deiiy seni io
eaiil io accomplisl a divine puipose. -:7;H54 and 14D4 aie iwo impoiiani &*&.&'$ of ile god
Vislnu and play piomineni ioles in ile epic poems 9&%&,%&'&.& and :&!&/&+&, iespeciively.
Tle Blagavad-Giia is closely connecied wiil ,%&#.-(!&'7& and favois ilis pail ovei ile iwo
oileis, alilougl ii aclnowledges value in all iliee.
Hindu woislip includes numeious louselold and communiiy iiiuals, pilgiimages io loly places
(sucl as ile S45@9;%1789:), and ?=T%8959:4<7=5. Domesiic woislip includes many masls of
deiiies, a sacied fiie, iiiual bailing, and iiies befoie slines, and village woislip ai a local iemple
led by a piiesi could include annual fesiivals dedicaied io gods.
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India is lome io mosi of ile woild's Hindus bui ai ile same iime is ile woild's laigesi
demociacy and seis iiself apaii fiom ieligion as a seculai siaie.
Today, L'&%!-+$ iend io ancieni iiiuals, guius ieacl ile iiuils of ile Upanislads, and
$&++/&$-+$ beai ile seieniiy of spiiiiual iianscendence.
+=H45B4;%-X%S45BH7 (iS6q-iq(S), ieveienily called Malaima, oi "gieai souled," led ile effoiis
in India io siand up io oppiession iliougl nonviolence and civil disobedience. Assassinaied jusi
monils afiei India gained independence fiom Biiiisl iule, lis piesence and insiglis iowaid
wisdom coniinue io peivade Hindu culiuie ioday.
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Duiing ile iweniieil ceniuiy, significani clanges weie made io ile Hindu casie sysiem, laigely
due io Gandli's effoiis io iecognize ile ouicasies. India coniinues io siiuggle wiil ways io
piomoie economic and social iiglis of ilese individuals.
Tle degiee io wlicl Hindus follow iiadiiional )%&'!& vaiies beiween ciiies, and ilus women's
ioles diffei fiom place io place. One coniioveisial piaciice ilai demonsiiaies ile laisl iieaimeni
of women is $&.-, ile buining of a widow, bui ii was officially foibidden in iS:q. Siaiisiics siill
slow, lowevei, ilai boys coniinue io be favoied ovei giils in many aieas.
Islam and Hinduism lave come inio mucl coniaci since ile eiglil ceniuiy, bui even in Souil
Asia iley lave noi influenced eacl oilei's ieligious iiadiiions. In iq(y, lowevei, ile Muslim
communiiy foiced ile paiiiiioning of India io foim Palisian and Bangladesl, wlicl iesulied in
mucl violence beiween ile iwo ieligions.
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Mosi Hindus ioday live in India and Nepalboil naiions lave populaiions ovei eigliy peiceni
Hindu. Palisian, Bangladesl, Sii Lanla, Indonesia, and Malaysia also lave laige populaiions.
In modein iimes, Hinduism las migiaied oui of India and Souil Asia in ile foim of secis and
plilosoplical socieiies, led by non-Indians. Tle (4:9%-:7;H54%D=89D95< (ISKCON) siaiied in
iq66 in ile Uniied Siaies io piomoie ,%&#.-(!&'7& piinciples.
*T4D7%A789N4545B4, a followei of *H:7%14D4N:7;H54, was ile fiisi Hindu missionaiy wlo
iose io piominence foi esiablisling ile A9B45<4%*=?79<6 in iSq( in ile Uniied Siaies and ile
14D4N:7;H54%+7;;7=5 in iSqy, siill significani in Hinduism ioday.
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Y%In Hinduism, a /04& iefeis io an eia oi epocl wiilin a cycle of foui agesile ;&./&(M07& (Eia of
Tiuil), ile B'C.&(M07&, ile 1*&8&'&(M07&, and ile J&2-(M07&((Eia of Vice). Tle final /07& began
aboui ,ooo yeais ago (io: B.C.) and lasis a ioial of (:,ooo yeais.
Tle cuiieni Hindu yeai of A7:=BH7%exiends fiom Apiil i, :ooq, io Apiil i, :oio. Tleie aie sixiy
calendai yeais, oi ;&!*&.$&'&$, wlicl aie eacl asciibed names.
)7T4G7, ile five-day Fesiival of Liglis, begins on Novembei , :oio. Ii is iiadiiional foi Hindus
io ligli small clay lamps filled wiil oil io signify ile iiiumpl of good ovei evil wiilin an
individual as Hindus come io an awaieness of ile innei ligli of Aiman.
(=G7, ile Fesiival of Colois, is on Maicl i, :oio, and siands as a populai Hindu spiing fesiival.
)C:@4%/CZ4, a Hindu fesiival dedicaied io ile god Duiga, siaiis on Ociobei i(, :oio.
/45?H4%S454P4<7, a five-day fesiival celebiaied fiom Decembei :i iliougl :, is a modein
Hindu fesiival in celebiaiion of Ganesla.

Woild Religions
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Sillism claims aboui sixieen million adleienis ioday, mosi of wlom live in ile /C5Z4K iegion
in noiilwesiein India. Appioximaiely one million Sills, lowevei, do lived ouiside of India.
Sillism is ofien seen as a ieligion ilai iiies io ieconcile gieai diffeiences beiween Hinduism and
Islam. Tle ieligion is piedominanily based on Hindu ideas bui is monoileisiic lile Islamileie
is only one iiue God bui luman salvaiion depends on mysiical union wiil lim.
Sillism was founded aboui five ceniuiies ago wlen Muslims iuled noiilein India, bui in iyqq
Sill foices esiablisled a lingdom ilai would lasi foi lalf a ceniuiy.
Today, Sills coniinue a iougl ielaiionslip wiil Hinduism, noied in ile assassinaiion of Indiia
Gandli in iqS( by lei Sill bodyguaid, and siill siiuggle foi independence.
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Common also io Hinduism, a @C:C is a spiiiiual ieaclei and ievealei of iiuil, one wlo deliveis
people fiom ile dailness of ignoiance io a siaie of enliglienmeni.
Fiom ile Punjabi $-#%, meaning "leainei" oi "disciple," a membei of Sillism is one wlo leains
and follows ile ieaclings of ile Guiu, wlicl may iefei io one of iliee ilings.
SC:C%"454N (i(6q-iq) is ile foundei of Sillism, and ile iiile D0'0 iefeis io boil lim
and lis ien successois in ile lisioiy of ile ieligion.
Tle ,B7%S:45<H, also called ile Guiu Gianil Salib, is ile sacied iexi of Sillism.
<&%=40'0 and ;&.40'0 (Tiue Guiu) aie names foi God, ile uliimaie ievealei of iiuil.
Tle ien lisioiical Guius of Sillism aie linled iogeilei iliougl a slaiing of ile same divine
essence, bui iley aie noi woislips as gods, jusi gieaily ieveied foi ileii spiiiiual gifis.
% $H9%J7Q9%=Q%SC:C%"454N
Guiu Nanal was boin inio ile Hindu waiiioi class bui was dissaiisfied wiil iypical Hindu jobs
and iiadiiional foims of Hindu woislip. He claimed boil Hindu and Muslim meniois, uliimaiely
asseiiing ile oneness of God and ile need io mediiaie on and sing piaise io ilis God.
One day Nanal failed io ieiuin fiom a iiiual bailing in ile iivei bui ieiuined io lis village iliee
days laiei wiil a ievelaiion io pioclaim fiom God: "God is neiilei Hindu noi |Muslimj and ile
pail wlicl I follow is God's."
Nanal speni yeais iiaveling io loly siies, peilaps as fai as Bagldad and Mecca, and visiiing loly
people wlile pioclaiming and piaciicing lis own ieaclings, siill iejeciing iiadiiional iiiuals.
Nanal gained a laige following and buili a iownslip called -4:<4:PC: wleie ile fiisi official
Sill communiiy was oiganized. In iis eniiieiy, ilis communiiy of Sills is lnown as ile /45<H.
Nanal buili a special building foi woislip, wlicl now seives as ile model of ile 40'1>&'&, ile
ceniial siiuciuie foi any Sill communiiy wiil a special seai foi ile Guiu (now occupied only by
ile sacied iexi of Sillism undei ile iiile SC:C%S:45<H%*4H7K).
Nanal's deail in iq followed iweniy yeais of leadeislip ai Kaiiaipui and seived as a velicle io
seiile ile diffeiences beiween Hinduism and Islam.
$H9%08=GC<7=5%=Q%*7NH7;D'%.=5<:7KC<7=5;%=Q%"454NU;%*C??9;;=:;
SC:C%,:Z45 (i6-i6o6), ile fifil Guiu, compiled ile Adi Gianil and gave ile ieligion iis sacied
sciipiuie. He also consiiucied ile S=GB95%$9DPG9 ai ,D:7<;4: io foim a geogiaplical ceniei.
Aijan's woildly ambiiions and ielaiionslip wiil ile Muslim empeioi led Sillism io be leavily
involved wiil poliiical affaiis and added a miliiaiisiic dimension io ile Sill communiiy.
SC:C%S=K75B%*75@H (i666-iyoS), ile ienil Guiu, is seen as ile gieaiesi Guiu afiei Nanal. He
engaged in many aimed conflicis, insiiiuied ile Klalsa, and insialled ile Adi Gianil as Guiu.
Duiing a fesiival in i6qq, Gobind Singl clallenged anyone willing io die foi lim io come
foiwaid, and ile five men wlo volunieeied (wlile iemaining unlaimed) foimed ile oiiginal
membeislip of ile -H4G;4, oi ile Puie Ones, an oidei based on ile piinciple of loyaliy. Mosi
Sills, men and women, ioday belong io ile Klalsa.
Gobind Singl ended ile line of luman succession of leadeislip, and evei since lis iime of
spiiiiual guidance ended, ile Adi Gianil las been ile sole eaiilly auiloiiiy of ile ieligion.
,B7%S:45<H'%*7NH7;DU;%S:94<9;<%,<<:4?<7=5
Tle Adi Gianil is jusi as ieveied as any lisioiical Guiu and occupies ile same iype of seai in ile
middle of any place of woislip. Sills ioday consuli only ile Adi Gianil and no luman Guiu.
Tle iiile $&%-, denoies iespeci foi ile Adi Gianil as Guiu Gianil Salib.
Eveiy copy is ideniical in sciipi and page numbei, and as a iesuli Sills aie lesiiani io iianslaie
ii fiom iis oiiginal language, a combinaiion of /C5Z4K7 and (75B7.
Tle iexi coniains piofound ileological wiiiing, poeiiy, and musical composiiions. Six of ile
Guius along wiil oilei ieligious officials coniiibuied ile sacied lymns.
19G7@7=C;%$94?H75@;'%S=BL%(CD45;L%45B%*4G84<7=5%
% S=B'%E=:DG9;;%>59L%.:94<=:L%$:C9%SC:C%
Sillism combines Wesiein monoileism wiil Easiein mysiicism so ilai iis uliimaie goal of life
is io aiiain compleie union wiil God, coiiesponding in a laige way io Hindu !"#$%&.
Tle Adi Gianil begins wiil a summaiy of Sill ileology aboui God in ile +==G%+45<:4: "Tlis
Being is One; ile iiuil; immaneni in all ilings; Susiainei of all ilings; Cieaioi of all ilings. Noi
subjeci io iime, foimless. Beyond biiil and deail. Self-ievealing. Known by ile Guiu's giace."
God is ile E=:DG9;;%>59 (=-'&+#&')one, eieinal, beyond iime, and beyond spaiial consiiaini.
Foi ieasons beyond luman undeisianding, God decided io cieaie ile woild and all ilai is in ii;
le is ile Cieaioi bui also ile Pieseivei and ile Desiioyei, giving iliee iiiles foi one God.
God is disiinci fiom cieaiion, yei le las ile qualiiy of 7DD4595?9, dwelling wiilin cieaiion
le is peisonal and can be appioacled iliougl loving devoiion. As Guiu, God ieveals limself io
luman beings and deliveis ilem fiom dailness io enliglienmeni.
$H9%(CD45%.=5B7<7=5'%*9GQR.95<9:9B%45B%I=C5B%<=%;&!$&'&
Wlile Sillism siiesses lindness io all living ilings, iis lolds ilai oilei cieaiuies piovide foi
luman beings. God dwells wiilin all luman beings, conceined aboui ileii spiiiiual welfaie.
Human beings, lowevei, aie inclined io be self-cenieied iailei ilan God-cenieied, ile piimaiy
fauli of ile luman iace lnown as %&0!&-, similai io piide, egoism, oi self-ieliance.
3&0!&- disiances lumans fiom and lessens ileii dependence on God iliougl E789%087G;#&!
(lusi), #'")% (iage), 2",% (gieed), !"% (aiiaclmeni), and &%&+#&' (ego).
Tlis disiance is compounded by ignoiance in wlicl lumans confuse ile woild and iis pleasuies
wiil iiue devoiion, and ilus lumans iemain in $&!$&'&.
Sills iecognize E789%A7:<C9;$&. (iiuil), $&+."#% (conienimeni), )&/& (compassion), +-!'&.&
(lumiliiy), and 8/&' (love)in coniiasi io ile Five Evils.
*4G84<7=5'%!57=5%T7<H%S=B
God's cieaiion is uliimaiely good and necessaiy foi salvaiion, allowing people io move closei io
lim. God's immanence is lnown iliougl %0#&!, oi ile divine oidei, in wlicl God asseiis lis
will on ile woild and communicaies iiuil io ile luman leaii.
God's giace allows luman beings io lnow lim, and upon ieceiving giace, lumans aie iequiied
io iespond in loving devoiion iliougl mediiaiion on ile naiuie of God, oi +?!, ile divine Name.
Spiiiiual peifeciion amounis io moving beyond luman sloiicomings io a siaie of divine union
wlicl is infiniiely blissful and beyond ile cycle of deail and iebiiil.
Tleie aie five levels of spiiiiual iealiiy, lnown as ile E789%-H45B;seeling iiglieous aciion
(moial duiy), wisdom and lnowledge, spiiiiual endeavoi (effoii), fulfillmeni (giace), and union
wiil God (iiuil).
$H9%19G7@7=C;%J7Q9'%F=:;H7PL%17<C4GL%45B%J7Q9;<6G9
*7NH%F=:;H7P%75%<H9%@0'1>&'&
Guiu Nanal iegaided many eieinal foims of woislip as unnecessaiy, bui siill le and lis
successois insisied a few piaciices weie needed io slape ile Sill way of life.
D0')<&'& liieially means "dooiway of ile Guiu," and so any building wiil a copy of ile Adi
Gianil is ieclnically a 70')<&'&, oi Sill louse of woislip. No specific guidelines aie sei foi ile
inieiioi, bui ile Adi Gianil usually siis aiop cuslions and undei a canopy.
Woislip usually iales place in ile evening bui on no paiiiculai day of ile weel. Woislip is
pieceded by bailing and ilen pioceeds wiil singing lymns, ieading ile Adi Gianil, oi ielling
sioiies of ile Guius. Uniiy of ile communiiy is expiessed iliougl a slaiing of a special cale.
Eacl 70')<&'& coniains a A&+4&', oi fiee liiclen, wleie Sills gailei ai vaiious iimes io slaie
in ile piepaiaiion and consumpiion of a meal, meani io illusiiaie equaliiy among all people.
$H9%-H4G;4'%05<:6%75<=%<H9%.=DDC57<6%=Q%/C:9%>59;
Beginning ai age fouiieen, a male oi female Sill can seel iniiiaiion inio ile Klalsa. Eacl
peison musi possess ile E789%-;: uncui laii (#C$%), a comb (#&+7&), a sieel wiisi guaid (#&'&), a
swoid oi lnife (#-'8&+), and a paii of sloiis (#&6%C'&).
Sill men and women leep uncui laii and ileii leads coveied io demonsiiaie ileii love and
obedience io ileii faiil. Tle <C:K45 is iied eacl moining and iemoved ai nigli.
Five people peifoim ile iniiiaiion iiiual io iepieseni ile oiiginal Klalsa. Tle Adi Gianil is iead
and explained, a lind of neciai is seived io ile iniiiaies, and ile Mool Maniia is ieciied.
Tle founding of ile Klalsa is ile single mosi impoiiani eveni in Sillism, and appioximaiely
seveniy peiceni of Sills obseive ile Five Ks.
Tle oiiginal membeis iool on ile name *75@H, meaning "lion," and women iool on ile name
-4C:, meaning "piincess." No disiinciion is made beiween male and female fiisi names.
*7NH%E9;<784G;
A 40'50', is a fesiival oi celebiaiion associaied wiil ile lives of ile Guius. Tle mosi impoiiani
guipuibs aie ile biiilday of Guiu Nanal, ile biiilday of Guiu Gobind Singl, ile maiiyidom of
Guiu Aijan , and ile maiiyidom of Guiu Tegl Baladui.
Sills celebiaie 70'80',$ wiil an &#%&+165&.%, oi a compleie and coniinuous ieading of ile Adi
Gianil ilai iales (S louis and finisles on ile day of ile fesiival, usually done by a ieam of
ieadeis, eiilei piofessions oi family membeis in ile case of family celebiaiions.
Sills celebiaie ile iiadiiional Hindu loliday of Diwali, ile fesiival of liglis. In iyy ile
foundaiion sione of ile Golden Temple was laid on Diwali and in i6iq ile Golden Temple was
illuminaied wiil many liglis io welcome lome and celebiaie ile ielease of Guiu Haigobind fiom
impiisonmeni. Sills lave coniinued ilis annual celebiaiion wiil lamps being lii ouiside
70')<&'&$ and sweeis disiiibuied io all.
Sillism aclnowledges foui $&+$#&'$, oi ieligious iiies iliougloui lifenaming a clild,
iniiiaiion inio ile Klalsa, maiiiage, and ile funeial ceiemony.
*7NH%*6DK=G7;D%

Tle #%&+1& is a Sill symbol of God's univeisal and cieaiive powei. Tle ceniei is a double-
edged swoid foi ile piimal and almigliy powei of ile cieaioi. Tle 6%&#'& (ciicle) is a symbol of
coniinuiiy. Tle iwo ouiside swoids aie symbols of ile spiiiiual-poliiical balance in ile univeise.
Tle 0N%>5N4: is ile opening pliase of ile Mool Maniia in ile Adi Gianil, iianslaied as "Tleie
is one God." Ii is ofien used in 70')<&'&$, foi Sill oiganizaiions, and as a mediiaiion pliase.
Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Reauing uuiue S.1 - }anuaiy 26, 2u1u

!!"# What is the Rig veua anu how uoes uesciibe uou foi the Binuus.



!!$# Binuus believe in the concept of ___________________________, which states that an inuiviuual being
can successively be ieboin in new life foims.

%# Explain the meaning of the teim !"#$%&. Bow anu when is it achieveu foi Binuus.



!!&# What is monism anu how is it uiffeient fiom polytheism.



!!'# In Binuuism, all foims of ieality shaie a common essence, calleu ___________________________, which
is infinite, eteinal, impeisonal, anu uiscoveiable only thiough the most piofounu contemplation.
0ltimate ieality unueistoou thiough inwaiu contemplation of the self is ___________________________.

(# What aie the 0panishaus anu what is theii teaching about Biahman anu Atman.



!!)# Bow uo Binuus ieconcile polytheism with the belief in monism.!
!
!
!
!!*# Why uo Binuus neeu gous to woiship. About how many aie counteu in theii ieligion.



!!+# While the West geneially has a lineai view of time, Binuus have a ___________________________
cosmology with long peiious of ___________________________ anu ___________________________ that
ihythmically iepeat themselves enulessly.

",#!Biiefly explain the uoctiine of $&!$&'&.


!
""# Binuuism's most populai sacieu text is the ___________________________, which is a conveisation
between the gou ___________________________ anu the gieat waiiioi ___________________________.

"$# ___________________________, fiom the Sanskiit woiu foi "action," is the moial law of cause anu
effect of actions anu ueteimines the natuie of one's ieincaination. It is baseu in the stanuaiu of
one's ethical uuty, calleu ___________________________, which comes fiom the uivine oiuei of ieality.
Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Reauing uuiue S.2 - }anuaiy 27, 2u1u

!!"# Bow aie #&'!&, (%&'!&, anu social oiuei inteiconnecteu in Binuuism.



!!$# Bow uoes (%&'!& uiffei between men anu women in Binuu society.
!
!
!
!!%# List the foui )&'*&$ of the Binuu caste system anu biiefly state who is incluueu in each.

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

!!&# The ___________________________ invaueu anu conqueieu most of Inuia aiounu 2uuu B.C.

!!'# An auuitional categoiy in the caste system consists of the ___________________________ who aie
outsiue of society altogethei. This gioup incluues the ___________________________ (+&,-.$), who have
only iecently gaineu some legal iights thanks to the woik of _________________________________________.

(#!Bow uo heieuity anu #&'!& each justify the caste system.



!!)# List the foui stages of life (/$%'&!&$) anu biiefly state what a Binuu uoes in each stage.

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

!!*# Besciibe the maiiiage customs in Binuu society.



!!+# List the foui goals of life (01'1$%&'.%&$) anu biiefly uefine each.

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

- ___________________________

- ___________________________
Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Quiz S.1S.2 - }anuaiy 28, 2u1u

!!"# Besciibe the cential tenets of Binuu cosmologybeliefs about time, cieation, anu the univeise.



!!$# Caiefully explain how Binuuism's caste system is oiganizeu.



!!%# Natch the teim on the left with the uefinition on the iight.

________ &'.%& -# Eteinal self oi soul of a Binuu ieincainateu fiom one bouy to the next.
________ asceticism .# Boctiine that all ieality is ultimately one.
________ Atman /# Eaithly pleasuie anu sensual love as a goal of life.
________ Biahman 0# Piactice of ienouncing physical pleasuie anu woiluly attachments.
________ (%&'!& 1# 0luest sacieu text of the Binuu ieligion.
________ #&!& 2# Release oi libeiation fiom inuiviuual self oi finite iealm of existence.
________ #&'!& 3# Rebiith of an inuiviuual oi the soul in a new bouy oi othei life foim.
________ !"#$%& 4# Eteinal, infinite essence of ieality anu the souice of the univeise.
________ monism 5# Noial law of cause anu effect of actions that will shape one's life.
________ ieincaination 6# "Wheel of iebiith" in which inuiviuuals aie continuously ieincainateu.
________ Rig veua 7# Nateiial success, wealth, anu social piestige as a goal of life.
________ $&!$&'& 8# Stanuaiu ethical uuty baseu on the uivine oiuei of ieality.

Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Quiz S.1S.2 - }anuaiy 28, 2u1u

"# Besciibe the cential tenets of Binuu cosmologybeliefs about time, cieation, anu the univeise.



!!$# Caiefully explain how Binuuism's caste system is oiganizeu.



!!%# Natch the teim on the left with the uefinition on the iight.

________ &'.%& -# Eteinal self oi soul of a Binuu ieincainateu fiom one bouy to the next.
________ asceticism .# Boctiine that all ieality is ultimately one.
________ Atman /# Eaithly pleasuie anu sensual love as a goal of life.
________ Biahman 0# Piactice of ienouncing physical pleasuie anu woiluly attachments.
________ (%&'!& 1# 0luest sacieu text of the Binuu ieligion.
________ #&!& 2# Release oi libeiation fiom inuiviuual self oi finite iealm of existence.
________ #&'!& 3# Rebiith of an inuiviuual oi the soul in a new bouy oi othei life foim.
________ !"#$%& 4# Eteinal, infinite essence of ieality anu the souice of the univeise.
________ monism 5# Noial law of cause anu effect of actions that will shape one's life.
________ ieincaination 6# "Wheel of iebiith" in which inuiviuuals aie continuously ieincainateu.
________ Rig veua 7# Nateiial success, wealth, anu social piestige as a goal of life.
________ $&!$&'& 8# Stanuaiu ethical uuty baseu on the uivine oiuei of ieality.
Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Ciosswoiu Puzzle S.S - Febiuaiy 1, 2u1u



Eight Steps of Yoga:
1.
2.
S.
4.
S.
6.
7.
8.
-/9:;;
!!$# 0ne of the most impoitant gous is _____, the Cieatoi, although he is iaiely woishipeu touay.
(#!The school of thought known as ______ connects the bouy anu its sensations, the minu anu its
thoughts, anu the subconscious to uiiect a peison towaiu an expeiience of $&!&(%-.
*#!The _____ position is the most populai postuie of Yoga.
!!+# The _____ school of philosophy holus tiue to the monist teachings insiue Binuuism about all ieality
essentially existing as one, oi Biahman.
"$# _____ iefeis to a tiancelike state in which self-consciousness is lost anu the minu is absoibeu into
the ultimate ieality, the culmination of Yoga.
"&# The populai gouuess _____, a wife of Shiva, violently uestioys hei enemies in Binuu mythology.
"(# The path of _____ is often followeu by those Binuus with a talents foi ueep philosophical ieflection,
meuitation, anu leaining.
"*# _____ !&'2& emphasizes attaining knowleuge ovei ignoiance about the tiue natuie of the uivine.
"+# The meuieval philosophei _____ pioposeu the most piominent foim of veuanta.
$$# _____ !&'2& emphasizes uoing the iight thing ovei the wiong thing in outwaiu actions anu ueeus.
$%#!An _____ is an incaination oi a living embouiment of a ueity, most often vishnu, who is sent to eaith
to accomplish a uivine puipose.
$&# The _____ is Binuuism's most populai sacieu text uetailing Kiishna's teachings to Aijuna.
$'# In the Binuu tiiau of gous, _____ is iegaiueu as an example of moial peifection as the Pieseivei.
$(# _____ is a Binuu school of thought asseiting that ieality is composeu of two uistinct categoiies of
mattei anu an infinite numbei of eteinal selves.
!
0:<=!
!!"# Binuuism acknowleuges thiee _____, of paths aimeu at the ielease fiom life, baseu on the uiffeient
talents anu stiengths that inuiviuuals possess.
!!$# Thiough emotional woiship piactices concentiateu on the uivine, _____ !&'2& uiiects spiiitual
eneigy outwaiu towaiu the gous.
!!%# _____ iefeis to the stuff of cosmic illusion in the finite univeise.
!!&# Binuuism holus high honoi foi _____, animals who iepiesent life foi the Binuus anu both pioviue foi
it anu suffei thiough it.
!!'# Those Binuus who thiive in emotional attachment, especially in loving ieveience towaiu a specific
ueity, woulu most likely follow the path of _____.
!!)# Those Binuus who engage themselves iathei natuially in uaily physical activities in the woilu
woulu most likely follow the path of _____.
",# The populai &)&.&' _____ is the heio of the epic poem 3&!&4&*&.
""# Pait of the Tiimuiti, the gou _____ is iegaiueu as the Bestioyei.
"%# A _____ is a peison who piactices Yoga by tiying to fiee the eteinal self fiom bonuage by stiipping
away the many levels of peisonhoou.
"&# An &)&.&' of vishnu, _____ is a piominent chaiactei in the epic Binuu poem 5&%&6%&'&.&.
"'# _____ is the gouuess of wisuom anu the pationess of euucation anu the aits.
")# Binuus offei thiee paths to _____ which each seive as ways of achieving !"#$%&.
$,# The populai gou _____ can be easily iuentifieu by chaiacteiistics associateu with his elephant heau.
$"# The most sacieu site foi Binuus is the _____ Rivei in the Inuian subcontinent, a place of pilgiimage
holy enough to puiify sins foi those who bathe in its wateis.
Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Quiz S.SS.4 - Febiuaiy 4, 2u1u

!!"# Iuentify the thiee paths to libeiation anu uesciibe the type of peison best suiteu foi each path.





!!$# What significant changes occuiieu in the caste system uuiing the twentieth centuiy.





!!%# Natch the teim on the left with the uefinition on the iight.

________ &)&.&' -# Nost populai yoga postuie with feet ciosseu anu iesting on the thighs.
________ Biwali .# School most faithful to Binuu monism, teaching that all ieality is one.
________ Boli /# Cosmic illusion biought about by uivine cieative powei.
________ lotus 0# School asseiting that ieality compiises both mattei anu eteinal selves.
________ !&'2& 1# Peison who piactices the ait of yoga.
________ !&4& 2# School focusing on a connection between the bouy anu its sensations.
________ $&!&(%- 3# Bivine tiiau featuiing the Binuu gous Biahma, vishnu, anu Shiva.
________ Sankhya 4# Incaination of a ueity sent to eaith to accomplish a specific puipose.
________ Tiimuiti 5# Tiancelike state in which the self-consciousness is completely lost.
________ veuanta 6# Five-uay Binuu festival of lights maiking a tiiumph of goou ovei evil.
________ Yoga 7# Any one of the thiee gieat Binuu paths to achieving !"#$%&.
________ yogi 8# Binuu spiing festival of colois.

&# Besciibe thiee aspects of Binuu uevotional life. What uoes each aspect involve.





!!'# Bow have the effoits of Nohanuas uanuhi influenceu mouein-uay Binuuism.





!!(# What puipose uo the Binuu gous anu gouuesses seive foi theii uevotees. Explain the
ielationship of a typical Binuu to the gous anu gouuesses.

!
!


Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Reauing uuiue 6.1 - Febiuaiy 8, 2u1u

!!"# The teim ___________________________ iefeis to a spiiitual teachei anu ievealei of tiuth; liteially it
comes fiom the Sanskiit woius foi _________________________________ anu _________________________________.

$# What thiee uiffeient ways can the capitalizeu teim 71'1 be useu in the Sikh ieligion.
!
!
!
!!%# Who was uuiu Nanak anu what was his eaily life like.



&# Summaiize Nanak's statement upon ietuining fiom ieceiving uou's ievelation.



'# Nanak anu his followeis foimeu the fiist Sikh community at ___________________________ ("aboue of
the cieatoi"). They iefeiieu to theii community as the ___________________________.

!!(# What is a 21'(8&'&. Foi what puipose is it useu anu what might be founu insiue.


!
)# The fifth uuiu, _________________________________, compileu the sacieu text of Sikhism, calleu the
_________________________________, anu constiucteu the gieat _________________________________ at
_________________________________, which gives Sikhs a geogiaphical centei.

!!*# Bow is the uoluen Temple uiffeient fiom Binuu temples anu why is this uiffeience impoitant.



!!+# Who was the tenth uuiu anu what two innovations uiu he contiibute to Sikhism.



",# Bow weie the oiiginal membeis of the Khalsa chosen.



""#!Bow uo Sikhs show ieveience foi the Aui uianth in speech anu in action.



"$#!The oiiginal language of the Aui uianth is a combination of ___________________________ anu
___________________________. 0thei than theological content, the Aui uianth also contains many sacieu
___________________________ anu ___________________________ that aie commonly ieciteu oi sung.
Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Quiz 6.16.2 - Febiuaiy 1u, 2u1u

!!"# Sikhism is a ________________________ ieligion that tiies to ieconcile the uiffeiences between
________________________ anu ________________________.

!!$# A ________________________ is a spiiitual teachei anu ievealei of tiuth. Be moves a peison out of
spiiitual ________________________ into ________________________.

%# Sikhs gathei to woiship at a ________________________, the cential stiuctuie of theii community.

&# As the fifth laigest ieligion, Sikhism is centeieu touay in the ________________________ iegion of the
south Asian countiy of ________________________.

'# The ________________________ is the sacieu text of the Sikh faith anu holus the status of uuiu. It is
laigely wiitten using a combination of the languages ______________________ anu ______________________.

!!(# The founuei of Sikhism who claimeu to have hau a ievelation fiom uou about five hunuieu
yeais ago was ________________________.

)# The fifth uuiu, ______________________, constiucteu the gieat uoluen Temple at ______________________.

*# The tenth uuiu, ______________________, establisheu the oiuei of Puie 0nes, also known as the
________________________, in the yeai 1699, a gioup baseu on loyalty to the faith.

+# Sikhs believe that humans aie inclineu towaiu self-centeieuness calleu ________________________.

",# uou is given many names in Sikhism, such as ________________________ oi ________________________.




Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Quiz 6.16.2 - Febiuaiy 1u, 2u1u

"# Sikhism is a ________________________ ieligion that tiies to ieconcile the uiffeiences between
________________________ anu ________________________.

!!$# A ________________________ is a spiiitual teachei anu ievealei of tiuth. Be moves a peison out of
spiiitual ________________________ into ________________________.

%# Sikhs gathei to woiship at a ________________________, the cential stiuctuie of theii community.

&# As the fifth laigest ieligion, Sikhism is centeieu touay in the ________________________ iegion of the
south Asian countiy of ________________________.

'# The ________________________ is the sacieu text of the Sikh faith anu holus the status of uuiu. It is
laigely wiitten using a combination of the languages ______________________ anu ______________________.

!!(# The founuei of Sikhism who claimeu to have hau a ievelation fiom uou about five hunuieu
yeais ago was ________________________.

)# The fifth uuiu, ______________________, constiucteu the gieat uoluen Temple at ______________________.

*# The tenth uuiu, ______________________, establisheu the oiuei of Puie 0nes, also known as the
________________________, in the yeai 1699, a gioup baseu on loyalty to the faith.

+# Sikhs believe that humans aie inclineu towaiu self-centeieuness calleu ________________________.

",# uou is given many names in Sikhism, such as ________________________ oi ________________________.
Woilu Religions Name _________________________________________
Chaptei 6 uiaphic 0iganizei - Febiuaiy 11, 2u1u

!

Aui uianth uou












71'(8&'&$9 Khalsa
uuiu Nanak uuiu Aijan uuiu uobinu Singh Five Ks














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