Kernenergie und Umwelt Graz SS 2009

Prof.Dr. H. Bck Vienna University of Technology /Austria Atominstitute Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria boeck@ati.ac.at

Vorlesungsinhalt
Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module 00: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: 09: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: Geschichte der Kernspaltung - History of nuclear fission berblick zur Nukleartechnik - Overview Nuclear Engineering Druckwasserreaktoren - Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) Der Three Mile Island Unfall -Three Mile Island Accident (TMI) Druckwasserreaktoren russischer Bauart - WWER Reactors Der Europische Druckwasserreaktor - European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) Siedewasserreaktoren- Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) Schwerwasser-moderierte Reaktoren - Heavy Water Moderated Reactors (CANDU) Gasgekhlte Reaktoren - Gas Cooled Reactors (Magnox, AGR) Hochtemperaturreaktoren - High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTR) Der Tschernobylreaktor - RBMK Reactor (Chernobyl) Flssig Metall gekhlte Reaktoren - Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR) Reaktoren der Generation IV- Generation IV Reactors Behandlung radioaktiver Abflle - Radioactive Waste Management Kernenergie im Vergleich mit anderen Energietrgern Nuclear Energy vs other Energy sources

History of Nuclear Fission

Module 00

Helmuth Bck Atominstitute of the Austrian Universities Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria ph: ++43-1-58801 14168 fax: ++43-1-58801 14199 boeck@ati.ac.at

Prewar Uranium
Before 1939 radium was more used than uranium in medical applications Uranium mostly used in ceramic industry, total world consumption less than 100 tons 80% coming from Belgian Congo mainly from Kantanga mines In 1942 USA bought 1200 tons of high grade ore from African Metal Corporation In 1943 USA bought all available uranium to be used in the Manhatten project but also during post war weapons development As a return Belgium was supported after the war by the USA and UK in developing the major nuclear research centre in Mol Further a research reactor was donated to the former Belgian Congo at the University of Leopoldville now Kinshasa/Dem.Rep. of Congo after First Geneva Conf. 1955

Working Desk of Otto Hahn

1938 December: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann and Lise Meitner discover nuclear fission by irradiating uranium with neutrons

1939 Lise Meitner

Born 7.11.1878 in Vienna 1906 PhD at the University of Vienna Since 1907 cooperation with O.Hahn in Berlin 1922 Professor at the University of Berlin 1933 lost her job 1938 emigration to Sweden Employed at the Nobel Institut in Stockholm until her retirement in 1960 Died 27.10.1968 in Cambridge/England

1939 Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein urged

fellow scientist Leo Szilard to write President Franklin D. Roosevelt to warn that the U.S. must not fall behind Germany in atomic bomb research

1941 Glen Seaborg

Born in Ishpeming, Michigan on
19th of April, 1912 1934 graduated at University of California, completed his Ph.D. at Berkeley, helped to develop plutonium in uranium reactors. Discovered 10 new elements 1946 Seaborg was appointed as Professor of Chemistry at the University of California and five years later was awarded the Nobel prize for his discovery of plutonium Died Feb. 25th, 1999

1942 Edward Teller

1908 Born in Budapest, Hungary 1930 University training in Germany and completed his Ph.D. in physics under Werner Heisenberg University of Leipzig 1935 Teller came to the US until 1941, a professorship at George Washington University. 1941 U.S. citizen

Joined the Manhattan Project 1946 professor of physics at the University of Chicago 1954 to 1958 Associate Director at the new Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 1975 professor of physics at the University of California September 9, 2003 died at age of 95

1942 December 2: Chicago Pile (CP) 1

A team led by Enrico Fermi achieves the first controlled, selfsustaining nuclear chain reaction at the University of Chicago.

CP 1 Pile

CP 1 Pile

1945 July 16: Trinity Test

Trinity Site, Alamogordo Test Range Jornada del Muerto desert Yield: 19 - 21 Kilotons Detonation time: 5:29:45 a.m. (Mountain War Time) Pu-implosion bomb

1945 July 11: Jumbo Pu-Implosion Bomb

Jumbo weighed 214 tons, 10 m long, 4 m large, walls35 cm thick. Jumbo was raised up on a tower 30 m from Ground Zero to be exposed to the effects from the Trinity Test. 5h29min45s: 32 detonation fired simultaneously - shock waves

Aerial View of the Trinity Test Site

28 hours after detonation

1945 September: Oppenheimer and Groves at Trinity Site

In September 1945, many particpants returned to the Trinity Test site for news crews. Here Oppenheimer and Groves examine the remains of one the bases of the steel test tower. Cost of the Manhatten project about 2.109 US$

1945 August 6: Little Boy Hiroshima (U Gun-type bomb)

1945 August 9: Fat Man Nagasaki (Pu-Implosion bomb)

The rapid spontaneous fission rate of plutonium 239 necessitated that a different type of bomb be designed. A gun-type bomb would not be fast enough to work. Before the bomb could be assembled, a few stray neutrons would have been emitted, and these would start a premature chain reaction - leading to a great reduction in the energy released.

German Nuclear Bomb Program during WW II

Two reactor models bulit , one at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (Virus
House, one at Heisenberg in Leipzig), uranium from Joachimstal Walther Bothe measured C cross section to be 6.4x10-27 cm2 ,more than twice the value of Fermi, German conclusion: C is not possible, this was the end of German graphite reactor Germany had no cyclotron while US had 9 in operation and 27 under construction Germans confiscated in 1940 1200 ton uranium ore in Belgium Summer 1941: German efforts depend on Unat and Norsk Hydro heavy water, only about 130 lt available in Leipzig German bomb race ended on 20.2.1944 with sabotage on a shipferry at Lake Tinnsj/Norway sunk, with 26 persons drowned and D2O barrels lost into the lake April 45 material captured by US Army near Stassfurt/G

German Nuclear Bomb Program during WW II

Heisenberg ruled U-235 separation impossible, Gustav
Hertz who developed gaseous diffusion was dismissed as non-Aryan, his method was used in the Manhattan project Manfred von Ardenne and Houtermans worked in German Postverein and favoured Pu as bomb material, but Pu was never produced in Germany Further German efforts to build a reactor with Unat and D20 , invasion to Norway 24.4.1945 Sowjet soldiers found 250 kg Unat, 3 tons of UO2 and 20 lt D2O in Berlin Kaiser Wilhelm Institut

1945: Haigerloch Experiment

23.4.1945 US Army entered Haigerloch 664 Unat cubes on 78 chains submersed into a tank with 3m diameter filled with D2O Criticality never achieved

Plutonium as Explosive

2-3 neutrons per fission event Neutron energy approx 1 MeV Energy release 0,9 MeV per nucleon One generation 10-8 s 10 kg of Pu 2.5x1025 atoms Each neutrons produces 2 new neutrons 56 generation are necessary for 256 = 1025 56 generation times 10-8 = 0.56 s Pu-bomb with 10 kg and density 19kg/dm3 Volume 530 cm3, diameter 10 cm If only 10% of Pu-nuclei are fissioned = 2.5x1015 MW equal to about 20kt TNT

Critical Masses
of some metallic spheres without and with a reflector of 10cm Unat
Isotope (phase*) U-233 U-235 Pu-239 () Pu-240 () Pu-240 () Pu-242 () Pu-242 () unreflected 16 kg 48 kg 11 kg 40 kg 60 kg 95 kg 146 kg reflected 5.7 kg 15.7 kg 4.5 kg 19.6 kg 35 kg 48 kg 73 kg

*The phase represents different densities of the metal

Energy Distibution released from a typical Bomb

Pressure: 50% Thermal radiation, heat: 35% Prompt radiation (gammas, neutrons): 5% Delayed radiation (fission products): 10%

1946 July: US Weapons Test

U.S. begins atmospheric and underwater tests of weapon designs in the Marshall Islands.

1950 January to 1951 November 1

President Harry S. Truman authorizes accelerated research on a hydrogen bomb. Battlefield effects of blast and fallout are studied during Operation BusterJangle in Nevada, where soldiers are exposed to a 21kiloton test six miles away.

1952 October 3: First UK A-bomb Test

In the Monte Bello

Islands, Australia The device tested was a plutonium implosion bomb similar to the Fat Man using UK and Canada supplied Pu

First H-Bomb Tests: USA, USSR

1.11.1952: The U.S. tests the worlds first hydrogen bomb, code-named Mike, at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, 10,4 MT bomb weigth 65 tons, too heavy due to liquid D2 and T3, 1954- Bravo test, dry Hbomb LiD 15 MT

22.11.1955: The Soviet Union successfully tests a hydrogen bomb, detonating a 1.6megaton device dropped from the air in the Semipalatinsk Test Range, Kazakhstan

EBR 1 :First Reactor Generating Electricity

At that time little was known how to build reactors to produce useable quantities of electricity. Because of the post-war shortage of available uranium, the Atomic Energy Commission wanted to test whether a reactor could "breed" more fuel than it consumed while still serving as a source of power. This objective led to many "firsts" in the development of the EBR-I. Built in Arco/Idaho

EBR 1: First Reactor Generating Electricity

Construction started 1949, December 20, 1951 EBR-1: First atomic reactor in the world to generate usable amounts of electricity (four light bulbs) located 18 miles southeast of Arco, Idaho, it used Pu as fuel and liquid sodium as coolant

First Reactors in USSR and UK

USSR: First NPP 1954 in Obninsk, 5 MW, 110 kM SW of

Moskawa UK: 1955 Calder Hall UK, 2 blocks each 50 MWe, in Sellafield North Cumbria, 2004 shut down

December 8, 1953: Atoms for Peace"

President Eisenhower addressed the United Nations General Assembly with his now famous speech. He urged that nuclear nations begin making joint contributions of nuclear material to an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to be established under the United Nations.

Foundation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

October 1956: The IAEA formally was established to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and promote the broadest use of nuclear electric power.

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO) Vienna

References

www.nukeworker.com/pictures www.nuclearweaponarchive.org www.atomicheritage.org www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/effects/effects 1.pdf http://www.nuclearterrorism.org/ http://www.nti.org/ www.nti.org Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb Simon&Schuster Paperbacks ISBN 0-684-81378-5 John Cornwell Hitlers Scientists Viking Publ. ISBN-0670-89362-5 Rainer Karlsch: Hitlers Bombe