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Introduction
1.0 Introduction Open source is an approach to the design, development, and distribution of software, offering practical accessibility to a softwares source code. Some consider open source as one of various possible design approaches, while others consider it a critical strategic element of their operations. Before open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; the term open source gained popularity with the rise of the Internet, which provided access to diverse production models, communication paths, and interactive communities.Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. Hardware is the physical aspect of computer, telecommunications, and other device. 2.0 The Latest Open Source Operating System 2.1 Meaning Of Open Source OS Open source operating system is defined as an interface between hardware and user; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer which system acts as a host for applications that are run on the machine where is an approach to the design, development, and distribution of software, offering practical accessibility to a softwares source code. 2.2 Example Of Open Source OS Example of latest open source OS is Linux is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed by anyone under the terms of the GNU GPL and other free licenses. The latest stable release in Kernel 2.6.29.4 on 20 May 2009. Another example of latest unstable release in Kernel 2.6.30-rc7 on 23 May 2009. Tux, the penguin is mascot of the Linux Kernel. It comes from Unixlike in OS family and in type of Monolithic Kernel. Linux 2.6.30-rc7 kernel brings a late driver to the kernel for the Cisco PCI-Express FCoE HBA SCSI adapter and besides that the rest of the fixes are small changes. The second example of open source operating system is Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a free Debian-derived computer operating system based on GNU/Linux. Ubuntus goals include providing an up-to-date, stable operating system for the average user, with a strong focus on usability and ease-of-installation. Ubuntu has been selected by readers of desktoplinux.com as the most popular Linux distribution for the desktop, claiming approximately 30% of their desktop installation in both 2006 and 2007.
3.0 The Latest Open Source Application Software 3.1 Meaning Of Open Source Application Software Open source application software can defined as the general designation of computer programs for performing user tasks where is an approach to the design, development, and distribution of software, offering practical accessibility to a softwares source code. 3.2 Example Of Open Source Application Software Examples of the latest application software are Ares in version 2.1.1 and release on 23 Jan 2009. Ares is a free open source file sharing program that enables users to share any digital file including images, audio, video, software, documents, etc. You may now easily publish your files through the Ares peer to peer network. As a member of the virtual community, you can search and download just about any file shared by other users. Latest versions support BitTorrent protocol and Shoutcast radio stations. With Ares you can also join chat rooms or host your channel and meet new friends. Another examples of the latest application software is Mozilla Firefox in version 3.0.10, release on 27 April 2009. Mozilla Firefox is a free web browser descended from the Mozilla Application Suite and managed by Mozilla Corporation. Firefox had 22.48% of the recorded usage share of web browsers as of April 2009, making it the second most popular browser in terms of current use worldwide, after Internet Explorer. 4.0 The Latest Development in ICT 4.1 Hardware There are the latest development in ICT in hardware, Wireless Keyboard 3000. Wireless Keyboard 300 have 2.4 GHz wireless technology which confident connection out of the box and with up to a 45-foot range. Beside that, it also have quiet-touch keys which quiet, responsive, and thin-profile keys.It is available with soft-touch palm rest which has some benefits like we will get better comfortable which support when we type with the plush, integrated palm rest. Its spill-resistant design is integrated water channels drain the liquid away. It also has media center which can control media playback from our keyboard. Some hot key that it have are one-touch access to Windows Media Player, e-mail, Home, calculator, My Documents, zoom instant massaging and photos. Compare with Wired Desktop 600, this keyboard have media center with four hot keys to let we control the most-used media activities like play house, volume up, volume down, and mute. Beside that, it also have calculator hot keys which has a function to quickly access the calculator if we touch its button. Its spill-resistant design is use to enjoy a drink while we work. This keyboard is designed to withstand an accidentall spill. We can press to launch our Start menu and search our PC or the Web if we have Windows Vista installed. No software are needed in plug and play. We just connect the keyboard to our PC and go! Its optical technology is navistigate with better speed, accuracy and realibility. The optical sensor tracks movement on nearly any surface without the hassle of clogged mouse parts. 4.2 Software The example of open source application software is GNOME 2.26 is the latest version of the GNOME Desktop, a popular, multi-platform desktop environment for your computer. GNOME focus is easy to use, stability, and first class internasionalisation and accessibility support. GNOME is free and open source software and provides all of the common tools computer users expect of a modern computing environment, such as e-mail, groupware, web browsing, file management, multimedia, and games. Furthermore, GNOME provides a flexible and powerful platform for software developers, both on the desktop and in mobile application.
The GNOME desktop is released every six month and contains many new features, improvement, bug fixes, and translations. GNOME 2.26 continues this tradition. To learn more about GNOME and the qualities that distinguish it from other computer desktop environments (such as usability, accessibility, internationalization, and freedom) visit the about GNOME page on our website. Join us today and see what a difference that you can make. GNOME 2.26 includes all of the improvements made in GNOME 2.24 and earlier. You can learn about the changes that happened in GNOME 2.24 from its release notes. 5.0 Pervasive Computing 5.1 Meaning Of Pervasive Computing Pervasive computing is refers to the use of computers in everyday life, including PDAs, smartphones and other mobile devices. It also refers to computers contained in commonplace objects such as cars and appliances and implies that people are unaware of their presence. One of the Holy Grails of this environment is that all these devices communicate with each other over wireless networks without any interaction required by the users. The two examples of the pervasive computing are Nokia E51 and Nokia E55. 5.2 Examples of Pervasive Computing The Nokia E51 is a GSM/WCDMA dual mode hand portable phone supporting EGSM 850/900/1800/1900, WCDMA 850/2100, HSDPA, WLAN, and VoIP. Nokia E51 features include a 2 QVGA (240 x 320 pixels) 16M color display and an integrated 2 Megapixel camera with digital zoom, MMS 1.2, web browsing and A2DP support for Bluetooth 2.0 stereo headsets.It has many local connectivity like Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, Bluetooth Stereo Audio, Infrared, Mini USB, Nokia AV 2.5mm, USB 2.0, USB Cable Nokia DKE-2, USB Mass Storage and WLAN. Its WLAN supports are 802.11 b/g, WEP,WPA, and WPA2 (AES/TKIP). Its also has bluetooths profile like A2DP, AVRCP, BIP, DUN, FTP, GAVDP, GOEP, HFP, HSP, OPP, and SAP. Nokia E55 has 116 x 49 x 9.9 mm, 54 cc in dimension and 98 g in weight. It comes in Black Aluminum, White Aluminum, and Red in colour with standby up battery to 672 h (2G) / 432 h (3G). It has talk time up to 8 h (2G) / 6 h (3G) with music play up to 18 h. It has GPS with integrated 3-month license for turn-by-turn navigation, even a fun gaming experience with N-Gage. In its operating system Symbian OS, S60 rel. 3.2, it also has CPU with ARM 11 600 MHz processor. Beside that, it available with 2G network like GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 and 3G network like HSDPA 900 / 1900 / 2100. Nokia E55 come from Class 32 in GPRS. Its also has others benefit like HSDPA 850 / 1900 / 2100 for US and browser WAP 2.0/xHTML, HTML with messaging like SMS, MMS, and Email. 6.0 Conclusion Today, most preschools and middle-class homes have a computer. Nikhil started at one, but today ten-month-old infants sit at the computer with mum or dad as part of the interactive parent-child programme at school. Reference http://www.nokia.com, http://www.mozilla.org.com, http:// GNOME 2.26/org/wikipedia, http://Ubuntu/org/wikipedia.
License
Kernel prog Kernel t Kernel Thre ramming ype adsupport language Monolith ic with modules
OS family:
Linux
GPL/LG PL
1:1
Unix-like
2.4
Clinu x
FreeBSD
BSD (usually, Monolith GPL/LG ic with PL modules software included) Monolith ic with modules[
Note 2]
1:1
BSD, Unix-like
7.3
OpenBSD
BSD
1:1
BSD, Unix-like
4.2
MirOS
Monolith ic with modules Hybrid Monolith ic with modules Monolith ic with modules Hybrid Microker nel Monolith ic Hybrid
C C C
1:1, M:N
4 No No
OpenB SD
1:1, M:N
Unix
AuroraUX Darwin OpenDarwi nPureDarwin Minix FreeDOS Haiku House KolibriOS MenuetOS GNU Mach GNU H urd ReactOS L4 Fiasco Pistachio Plan 9
BSD/CD DL APSL BSD GPL MIT BSD GPL Menuet 64 GPL GPL/LG PL GPL LPL
1:1, M:N
Unix BSD, Unix, Unix -like,Mac OS X Unix-like DOS BeOS own/original own/original own/original Unix-like
No
1:1
ASM ASM
inspired
,Plan B
AROS
APL
No
Syllable
C, C++
1:1
No OzInfe rno
Inferno FreeRTOS
C RTOS C
No No
eCos
RTOS
C, C++ C and ASM with native support for POSIX, other RTEID/ORKI languages D, uITRON including C+ + and Ada C ASM, C M:N 1:1
RTOS
No
RTEMS
modified GPL, BS D
RTOS
RTOS
4.7.1
HelenOS E/OS
BSD GPLv2
License
OS family:
1. 2.
^ a b No for single line development model. ^ OpenBSD contains support for modules on some architectures. They are used only to add third-party features: extracting existing functions into modules in the same manner as FreeBSD is not possible.
3.
^ For IOKit.
other
hosted mode
Linux
Yes
Ye Y Y Y Ye s es es es s
UML, coLinu FRx,MkLinux, I V, Cell,ETRAX Y Y Y Y Y Y tanium Yes Yes Yes CRIS,M32R, Xte es es es es es es Linux-onnsa,h8, s390,Sup Linux,womba erH t Yes No Yes Y Y Y Y N N PC98
FreeBS
Yes Ye Y Y Y Ye
D[1]
es es es
s
[No
Yes
Ye Y Y Y Ye s es es es s Ye N N Y No s o o es
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes Yes
No
Yes
No
No
N N Y N Y N o o es o es o N N N N N N o o o o o o N N N N N N o o o o o o N N N N N N o o o o o o N N N N N N o o o o o o N N N N N N o o o o o o N N N N N Y o o o o o es
L4/Darwin
No No No No No
No No No No No
No No No No No
Yes No Yes No
No
No
No
No
N N Y N N N o o es o o o
No
No
Plan 9
Ye Y N Y Ye Yes s es o es s
Yes Yes
[Note 3]
lguest, vx32
AROS
Yes No
N N Y Ye o o es s
No
No
No
N N N N Y N o o o o es o N N N N N N o o o o o o Y N Y Y Y es[ N o es es es Not o
e 3]
i386linux, i386freebsd
Syllable Yes
Ye N N N No s o o o N N o o Ye s
No
No
No
Inferno
Yes
Yes
OMAP
FreeRT N N N Yes No No OS o o o
No
No
No
AVR, PIC,MSP4 N Y Y N N N 30, HCS12,8052, o es es o o o MicroBlaze, Cortex-M3, H8S CalmRISC,Cold Fire, FRMicrosoft N Y Y Y Y N V,h8, Matsushita Windows,Lin o es es es es o AM3x, Nios ux II,NEC V8xx,SuperH Blackfin, Nios Linux, Solari II,Coldfire, Texa s,Cygwin, Fr N Y Y Y Y Y s Instruments eeBSDplus o es es es es es C3x/C4x,SuperH multiple CPU , H8S simulators N Y Y N N N o es es o o o N N Y N N N o o es o o o
eCos
Yes
Ye N N N Ye s o o o s
No
Yes No
RTEMS Yes No
X N N Ye en o o s
No
Yes No
No No
No Yes No No
other
hosted mode
1. 2. 3.
[edit]Supported [edit]General
hardware
Ati r20 0 fre e sof tw are dri ver Ati r30 0 TV Nvidia fre tuner,v free e softwa Aud ideo sof editing re io tw orweb driver are cam dri ver
Nvidi S S US US PCM A Fir A aoffi A C CIA/ B2 B1 eW T G cial T S PC .0 .1 ire A P drive A I card r IA32
Linux
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
only),n SA ouvea u(3d with mesa) FreeBSD Y Y Y Ye Ye Y Yes Yes Yes es es es s s es Y Yes es Yes Yes No No Ye Ye s s Yes Yes Yes
Y Y Y Ye Ye OpenBSD No es es es s s
No
No
No
No
Yes
NetBSD
Y Y Y Ye Ye Y Yes Yes es es es s s es
No No
No No No No
No No Yes Yes
No No No No
No No No No
Yes
DragonFl Y Y Y Ye Ye y BSD es es es s s
OpenSola Y Y Y Ye Ye Y Yes Yes Yes ris es es es s s es AuroraU Y Y Y Ye Ye Y Yes Yes Yes X es es es s s es Darwin an Y Y Y Ye Ye dOpenDar es es es s s win Minix FreeDOS Haiku KolibriOS Y Y Y No No No es es es [15] [15] Y es Ye s No No Y es Y es N o N o No No No No No No
No No No No No No
No No No No No No
No No No No No No
Y Y N No No es es o
MenuetO Y N N Ye Ye S es o o s s GNU Mac Y N handGNU es o Hurd ReactOS L4 Fiasco Pistachio Plan 9 AROS Syllable Inferno FreeRTO S eCos Y Y Ye Ye Y Y Y Ye Ye es es es s s Y es Y Y es es Ye Ye s s No No No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Ye Ye Y Y Y [16 [16 s s No es es es ] ]
No
Y es
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No Yes Y es Y es Y es Yes Y es No No No No No No
No No No No No No No
No No No No No No No
No No
own No No No No No No No No No
Y N Y No No No es o es
Y N N Ye No No es o o s
Nvidi S S PCM aoffi A US US Fir A A C CIA/ cial T B2 B1 eW G T S PC drive A .0 .1 ire P A I card r IA32
Ati r30 0 TV Nvidia fre tuner,v free e Aud ideo softwa sof io editing re tw orweb driver are cam dri ver
[edit]Networking 10Networkin Gigabit NE2000/RTL80 RTL813 gigabit Wireles Bluetoot IrD g Etherne Etherne s LAN supported 29 9 h A t t Linux FreeBSD OpenBSD NetBSD DragonFly BSD OpenSolaris AuroraUX Darwin OpenDarwin Minix FreeDOS Haiku KolibriOS MenuetOS GNU Mach GNU Hu rd ReactOS L4 Fiasco Pistachio Plan 9 AROS Syllable Inferno FreeRTOS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Yes No No No No No No
10Networkin Gigabit NE2000/RTL80 RTL813 gigabit Wireles Bluetoot IrD g Etherne 29 9 Etherne s LAN h A supported t t [edit]Network
technologies
Firewall TCP/I IPv IP PP PPPo DHC bridg TUN/TA ssh OpenVP X P P 6 E P e P N Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes None None None Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Ye Yes s Yes Yes Yes Yes Ye Yes s Ye Yes s Yes Yes Yes Yes[No
te 1]
Linux FreeBSD OpenBSD NetBSD DragonFly BSD OpenSolaris AuroraUX Darwin OpenDarwi n Minix FreeDOS Haiku KolibriOS MenuetOS GNU Mach GNU H urd ReactOS L4 Fiasco Pistachio Plan 9 AROS Syllable Inferno FreeRTOS
Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s
Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s
Yes Yes
ipmux
Yes No Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Ye s
No
Yes Yes
Ye s No No
ipmux
Yes
Yes No
Ye s
No No No Yes Ye Yes s
No Ye s
No No
1. 2.
^ NetBSD has a kernel-only PPPoE driver. ^ OpenSolaris has support for a TUN driver with TAP support. [1]
[edit]Supported
file systems
I FAT1 S RA 6/ Rei U H Mi O N SM M Z Other dosfs, NT Ex Ex XF UF HF BF U ser FS F nix 9 F BF disk F special file FAT3 FS t2 t3 S S S+ S DF FS 2 S fs 6 S S /tmp S 2/ systems 6 vfat fs 0 9P,[Note FUSE,[Note 5] sysfs, [Note 5] configfs,[N
5]
Yes
Y es
ote 5]
Reiser4,[Not
e 5][Note
6]
Yes
OpenBSD
Yes
Ye Ye s[No s te 3] Ye s[No
No No
Ye N Y Ye Y Ye No No No No s o es s es s
Yes
N o
AFS
NetBSD
Yes
te 3][N ote 2]
Ye s
Ye Ye s s
Ye s[No
te 3]
Ye Y [No Y Ye s es te 3] es s
Yes
N PUFFS, LF o S, EFS
DragonFl y BSD
Yes
Ye Ye s[No s te 3] Ye s[No
Ye s
Y es
Y es
N HAMMER, o nullfs
OpenSola ris
Yes
te 2][N ote 7]
No No No No
Ye s
N Y Ye Y Ye No No No o es s es s
Yes
AuroraU X
Ye s[No Yes
te 2][N ote 7]
Ye Ye Ye No No s s s
N Y Ye Y Ye No No No o es s es s
Yes
DarwinO penDarwi n
Ye s[No Yes
te 3][N ote 2]
Ye s
Y Ye es s
Y Ye Y Ye es s es s
Minix FreeDOS
Yes Yes
No No No No No No No Ye s [N
ote 2]
Ye No s No No Ye s Y es Y es Yes
Haiku
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes Ye s Ye s No No Y es Y es
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes No
Ye No No No No s
Plan 9
Yes
Ye N Y Y Ye No No No No No No No No No s o es es s
Yes
Fossil, Vent i, most system services SFS, AFFS AFS kfs, most system services
AROS Syllable
Yes Ye Y s es Yes
Yes
No No No No No No No
N Y N No No No No No Yes o es o
Yes
Ye s[No
te 3]
Yes
MMFS, ROMfs, JFF S2,YAFFS TarFS, TFTP FS, IMFS, miniIMFS devfs
RTEMS
Yes
Y es
Yes
HelenOS
Yes
No
Ye N N N N No No No No No No No No No No Yes s o o o o
E/OS
Yes
No
Ye Ye N Ye [No Y Y Ye No No No No No No s No s o s te 8] es es s
Yes
No
I FAT1 S RA 6/ Rei U H Mi O N SM M Z Other dosfs, NT Ex Ex XF UF HF BF U ser FS F nix 9 F BF disk F special file FAT3 FS t2 t3 S S S+ S DF FS 2 S fs 6 S S /tmp S systems 2/ 6 fs vfat 0
a b
1. 2. 3. 4.
^ ^ ^
a bc de f g
a bc de f ghijk lmno pq r
^ read/write access without journalling; HFS+ with journal either be opened read-only or be written with journal ignored (potentially corrupting the file system).
5. 6. 7. 8.
OpenSolaris also has an in-kernel, native CIFS server built directly on the ZFS DMU.
[edit]Supported
Yes
Yes
Yes
Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS, snapshots, transparent data repair Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS, snapshots, transparent data repair
AuroraUX Darwin OpenDarwin Minix FreeDOS KolibriOS MenuetOS GNU Mach GNU Hurd ReactOS L4 Fiasco Pistachio
Yes
Yes Yes
No
No
Unix-like, no root
No
64-bit, journaling, extended file attributes per-process namespace, usermountable file systems
No Yes
No Yes
No Yes
No No
features
Software executable space protection Operating system-level Virtualisation virtualization Chroot, namespace and cgroups[Note 2] , LinuxVServer [Note 1] ,OpenVZ[Note
1]
Userspace protection
Others
Linux
KVM
IPFilter, IPTables
SeBSD 4] ,TrustedBSD
[Note 3] [Note
ProPolice/SSP[Note 5]
jail jail
IPFW, PF IPFW PF
IPF IPF
1.
^ a b c d e f g available as a patch(not integrated into the linux kernel or the userland uttilities),see the security features of the Linux distribution for more details
2. 3. 4. 5.
^ LXC is a front-end to this; also see lwn.net ^ not integrated into the Operating system ^ see here for more details ^ ProPolice/Stack-Smashing Protector has been enabled in base system since FreeBSD 8.0RELEASE.