FAQ-Chapter5 -Cell Division

A must not leave Chapter. Coulb be asked in Paper 1 and Paper 2..Hardly for paper 3....The two types of cell division : Mitosis and Meiosis. * What? *Why occurs? *Where? *When? *How... -The phases in Cell Cycle : The Interphase and the M phase, the cytokinesis : in plant and animal cell ! -The stages/phases in mitosis: PMAT -The behaviours of chromosomes (at least 1-2 sentences to describe : chromosomes, spindle fibers, centrioles, ) -The DRAWING with labels for all the stages. -Meiosis : Meiosis I and meiosis II - Its significance. The DRAWING, the chromosomes behaviours.. Uncontrolled mitosis~ relate it with cancer cells- how it occurs. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis- Prepare a Table. Application of mitosis in CLONING and TISSUE CULTURE (In ESSAY Qs) -Should be able to explain steps in tissue culture of a given plant such as banana, orchid.

Malfunction of Cell Cycle

A respond to Farid of SEMASHUR: WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CELL CYCLE MALFUNCTION TO THE BODY ? Cell reproduction is the leading cause of growth and developement in our bodies. This reproduction is caused by the cell cycle, which is defined as the life of a cell from its origin in the division of its parent cell until its own division into two. The cell cycle goes through 5 main steps in order to reproduce: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. When prophase occurs, changes take place in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The cell is now prepared for anaphase, the following step, which is where the chromatid detach from one another and travel to opposite poles of the cell. If a problem occurs in the cell cycle, and a malfunction in cell growth results, malignant tumors, also known as cancer may form. The cell cycle is important for regulation of production of new, healthy cells in the body. If and when these cells stop dividing, ( they may do so at random points in the cycle or between phases ) , the cells usually have an irregular number of chromosomes, and if a tumor spreads through circulatory passage ways, it can cause harm or even death to the entire organism. I hope it helps..

Cell Division-Sampel Qs

Diagram shows the phases in a cell division in cell X. The phases are not in the correct sequence.

(a) (i) Name the type of cell division. (ii) State an organ where this cell division takes place. (b) State the number of chromosomes of cell X during phase P and phase U. c) (i) State the name of each phase of the cell division in Table 3 Phase Name of the phase P Q R S T U (ii) State the phase that brings about variation in organism. Explain your answer. (d) Cell X is treated with a type of chemical that retards the function of centrioles. Explain what will happen to the chromosomal behavior in phase P. Suggested Answer:

4(a) (i)Meiosis (ii) Ovary // Testis (b) 4 , 2

(c)(i) Phase Name of the phase P Anaphase I Q Metaphase I R Telophase I/ Prophase II S Anaphase II T Prophase I U Telophase II

(c) (ii))Phase T/Prophase I - Crossing-over occurs. -Exchange of genetic material / segment of chromatid between members of homologous chromosomes. -Daughter cells have different gene combination.

(d) The centrioles form spindle fibers to separate chromosomes (during anaphase). -so the retarded centrioles will cause spindle fibres cannot be formed. - (As a result) the chromosomes cannot pulled to the opposite poles.

Cell Division
Brief Account The necessity for the production of new cells in organisms Explain the need for producing new cells in life (significance of mitosis) 1. produces new cells for growth 2. repair and replaces cells that are dead or damage. 3. to increase the number of unicellular organisms 4. ensure that the offspring/new cells are genetically identical to the parent 5. mitosis preserves the diploid number of chromosomes The necessity for the production of new cells identical to parent cells Explain the necessity for the production of new cell identical to parent cells 1. Species survival 2. preserve the diploid number of chromosomes 3. preserve the genetic information 4. to preserve the parent characteristics Definition of Mitosis -A type of cell division which involves the division of the nucleus to produce two daughter cells, --which are genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell // each contain same number and same kind of chromosomes as the parent cells. Places where the mitosis occur during the division of cell - all somatic cells (in animal): which are all body cells except gametes - meristem cells ( in plant) : at the apical meristems: end of the shoots, the end of roots and lateral meristem: vascular cambium and cork cambium The cell cycle

The cell cycle is the period that extends from the time a new cell is produced until the time the cell completes a cell division. The cell cycle can be divided into two major phases : -interphase and -mitotic cell division or the M phase. Mitotic cell division consists of mitosis (nucleus division) and cytokinensis (cytoplasmic division)

Parts of the cell cycle: G1 phase: Sometimes called Interphase. The formation of two daughter cells from a parent cell in cytokinesis is an energy-consuming process. The time needed by the new cells to replenish their energy causes this "gap". After cell energy reserves are restored, the daughter cells begin to grow. This is the longest phase of the cell cycle. S phase: Synthesis means to make. After a period of growth, each cell's original DNA is duplicated in the process of replication. G2 phase: The replication of DNA is another energy-consuming process for the cell. The time taken by a cell to build up its energy reserves produces this second "gap". Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell. The cell pinches together roughly in the

center. You may either consider it the end of Mitosis or the beginning of Interphase. While each daughter cells gets identical sets of DNA, the cytoplasm and organelles are only roughly divided equally between the two cells.

Take note: In any growing tissue, cells will be found in all phases of the cell cycle. Please be alert about the Cell Cycle..You must be able to produce at least two sentences to describe what is happening during each phases Stages of cell division of mitosis process.

Interphase is a resting stage The chromosomes are not visible but appear as thread-like structures called chromatin Nucleus is large and prominent Involves synthesis of protein and organelles, replication of DNA, Prophase Chromosomes in the nucleus condense and become more tightly coiled. The chromosomes appear shorter and thicker and are visible. Each chromosome now consists of a pair of sister chromatids joined together at the centromere. The spindle fibres begin to form and extend between the centrioles. The chromatids are attached to the spindle fibres by their centrioles At the end of the prophase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane disintegrate.

Metaphase All chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate/ equatorial plane..(This is the best acceptable answer!!)

Anaphase

The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere. and are pulled apart to the opposite poles by the shortening of the spindle fibres Once separated, the chromatids are referred to as daughter chromosomes By the end of anaphase, the two poles of the cell have complete and equivalent sets of chromosomes

Telophase The final phase of mitosis is telophase. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear. The nuclear membrane is ready to divide. It's now time to split the cytoplasm in a process known as cytokinesis. The cell splits along what is called a cleavage furrow.

Cytokinesis in animal cell and plant cell: In animal cell, actin filaments in the cytoplasm contracts to pull a ring of plasma membrane inwards Forming a groove called a cleavage furrow

Whereas: In plant cell, membrane-enclosed vesicles gather at a plant cells equator between the two nuclei The vesicles fuse to form a cell plate. The cell plate grows outwards until its edges with the plasma membrane of the parent cell

Application of Knowledge on Mitosis **When application is concerned, most FAQ are : 1. Cloning 2. Culture tissue 3. Uncontrolled mitosis/ cancer Sample Essay Question : 1. (a) Explain the principles used in the cloning technique. [3marks] (b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the cloning technique of tissue cullture. [7marks] (c) List the importance of mitosis [ 3 marks ]

(d) In horticulture, bananas are commercially produced and exported. Discuss how you can produce a cloned banana plant. [ 7 marks ] Suggested Answer: 1. (a) - Cloning is a technique used to produce organisms or clones that are similar to the parent cell in all aspects. 1m - Cloning is a form of asexual reproduction because it is based on mitotic cell division. 1 m - The clones that are produced will have the same genetic content and chromosomal number with one another and with the parent cell. 1m (b) The advantages: Cloned plants are uniform in size and shape Plants can be produced all the year around Plants maintain the same desired characteristics of the mother plant Tissue culture techniques are cost effective The disadvantages: 1. Clones can be produced in vast numbers in a short time 2. Clones are susceptible to new diseases 3. Clones are easily destroyed if there is a change in the environment (c)Able to state the important of mitosis in growth process // to increase the number of cells ( during the growth process) Cell replacement // To replace dead and damaged Regeneration // Production of new cells Asexual reproduction // the production of new individuals ( from parent organism ) (d) Able to discuss how to produce a cloned banana plant Remove an explant, from a parent banana plant and cut it into small pieces Sterilise the pieces of tissues with dilute sodium hypochlorite solution Place each sterile tissue onto a growth medium The tissue cells are left to divide by mitosis to produce a mass of loosely arranged and undifferentiated cells called callus The callus is then stimulated with shoot stimulating hormones to form multiple shoots Separate the shoots in nutrient medium with root stimulating hormones to encourage rooting Once the roots grow, the plantlets ( little plants ) are planted in sterile compost to grow. Happy Revising