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STEPS FOR DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS 1. Preliminary Investigations 2. Design consideration/Formulation of design criteria 3. Design Calculations 4. Preparation of drawings and BOQ 5. Subsequent modifications.
1. Preliminary Investigations
These consist of the following activities: i. Obtain MAPS and DRAWINGS that furnish the following information about the area;
Population Density, water Consumption, Soil Characteristics, Natural Slopes, Disposal Points, Groundwater Table, Rocks, Underground Structure, Rainfall Data, Location of Water and Gas Pipes, Electric Conduits, Cellars,
MAPS should also show the location of Streets, Railways, Parks, Buildings, Ponds, Streams etc.
Where;
V = R = S = n = velocity, m/sec hydraulic mean depth = D/4, when pipe is flowing full or half full slope of sewer Co-efficient of roughness for pipe (0.013 for R.C.C pipes)
2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont) viii. Qd/Qf Ratios: WASA recommends the Qd/Qf ratios in order to provide air space in the upper portion of sewers for ventilation purpose.
Sewer Size
225 380 mm 460 1220 mm 1370 mm and larger
Qd/Qf Ratio
0.7 0.75 0.8
3. Design Calculations
By design of sewer, we mean the following two things The size of sewer & its slope. Equation of continuity is used to find size (diameter). Mannings equation is used to find slope/grade.
Nomograms are available for sizing the pipes by using mannings equation.
4. Preparation of Drawings and BOQs Typical drawings include; Sewer joints Manholes Disposal station Sewer profiles or L - sections
5. Subsequent Modifications
Mostly done due to some unforeseen incident, to accommodate some additional