Umts Model

Specialized Models User Guide
10 UMTS Model User Guide

This manual provides an overview of the features of the UMTS model suite, shipped as part of OPNETs specialized model library. The manual assumes that you are familiar with the UMTS protocol and that you are comfortable using the OPNET software. For your convenience, a brief protocol overview and a list common UMTS acronyms are included in the appendices. For more detailed information about UMTS, refer to one of the documents listed in Reference Documents on page SPM-10-6.
General Model Description

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a Third Generation (3G) wireless protocol that is part of the International Telecommunications Unions IMT-2000 vision of a global family of 3G mobile communications systems. UMTS is expected to deliver low-cost, high-capacity mobile communications, offering data rates up to 2Mbps. OPNETs UMTS model suite allows you to model UMTS networks to evaluate end-to-end service quality, throughput, drop rate, end-to-end delay, and delay jitter through the radio access network and core packet network. It can also be used to evaluate the feasibility of offering a mix of service classes given quality of service requirements. This model is available as part of OPNETs specialized model library. The UMTS model of the packet wireless network is based on 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 1999 standards. The network architecture of this release is divided into the radio access network (RAN) and the core network as shown in Figure 10-1. The UMTS module models the UMTS RAN and the UMTS functionality of the core network (see highlighted elements in Figure 10-1). The radio access network for UMTS contains the User Equipment (UE), which includes the Terminal Equipment (TE) and Mobile Terminal (MT), and the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which includes the Node-B and Radio Network Controller (RNC). UMTS uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) access scheme. This version of W-CDMA uses direct spread with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps and a nominal bandwidth of 5 MHz. The model supports one of W-CDMAs two duplex modes: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD). Time Division Duplex (TDD) is not supported. In FDD mode, uplink and downlink transmissions use different frequency bands. The radio frame has a length of 10 ms and is divided into 15 slots. Spreading factors vary from 256 to 4 for an FDD uplink and from 512 to 4 for an FDD downlink. With these spreading factors, data rates of up to 2 Mbps are attainable.
rd
Modeler/Release 10.0
SPM-10-1
The packet domain core network includes two network nodes: the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and the gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). The GPRS support nodes (GSNs) include all GPRS functionality needed to support GSM and UMTS packet services. The SGSN monitors user location and performs security functions and access control. The GGSN contains routing information for packet-switched (PS) attached users and provides interworking with external PS networks such as the packet data network (PDN). The models CN nodes include both SGSN and GGSN functionality. The circuit switched (CS) core network, which is not currently modeled, includes the mobile switching center/visitor location register (MSC/VLR). The MSC/VLR is used in the packet domain architecture to efficiently coordinate PS and CS services and functionality. The Home Location Register (HLR) contains GSM and UMTS subscriber information. The Charging Gateway Functionality (CGF) collects charging records from the SGSN and GGSN. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) stores information about user equipment identity. The HLR, CGF, and EIR are included in this description for completeness, but are not currently modeled.
Figure 10-1 Overview of Packet Domain Architecture
Standards Representation
OPNET Representation
UTRAN
Model Features and Limitations

As this model is still under development, there are several features that are not yet implemented, but are scheduled for inclusion in upcoming releases. The features and limitations described below are current as of the 9.0.A release.
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Model Features
The following table summarizes the main UMTS features included in the implementation of the UMTS model.
Table 10-1 Model Features (Part 1 of 2)
Feature GPRS attach Description The GPRS attach procedure informs the SGSN when the user equipment (UE) is at power-on and of its GPRS capability. The model assumes that a PS signaling connection is already set up. On receipt of PDUs (protocol data units), the UE or network activates a PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context if one is not already activated. The PDP context activation includes the requested QoS (Quality of Service) profile associated with the traffic class of the PDUs received. Once activated, a PDP context remains active for the rest of the simulation. The model assumes that a PS (packet switched) signaling connection is already established for the PDP context activation procedure. When a UE receives data belonging to a traffic class for which a PDP context has already been activated, but no RAB (Radio Access Bearer) exists, it can dynamically request the setup of a RAB through the service request procedure. RABs are set up by the network, which later releases the RAB if it detects that the RAB has been idle for some time. Reference GPRS Attach on page SPM-10-34
PDP context activation
PDP Context Activation and RAB Assignment (MS-Connected State) on page SPM-10-35
RAB Setup, Release, and Preemption
RAB Assignment with Prior PDP Activation (MS-Connected State) on page SPM-10-37
RABs can also be released due to preemption to free resources in the cell for the admission of higher priority QoS RABs.
An SGSN can also initiate a RAB for a UE that receives data for a QoS category for which it does not have an active RAB. Service Request RLC Modes: AM, UM, TrM See above (RAB setup/release). Three RLC modes are supported: acknowledged mode (AM), unacknowledged mode (UM), and transparent mode (TrM). RLC modes impact throughput and delay due to their different algorithms. Each traffic class is assigned a different priority and the MAC can handle data flows of different priority levels. UE Process Model Architecture on page SPM-10-14 UE Node Model Architecture on page SPM-10-12
Priority handling of data flows based on traffic class at MAC Traffic classes
The four traffic classes defined in UMTS are supported: conversational, streaming, interactive, and background. You can use a mix of different traffic classes for each UE. Each traffic class is associated with a configurable QoS profile (consisting of: data rate, priority level, preemption capability, vulnerability,...). This QoS profile is the QoS requested by the UE in the PDP context activation procedure. TCP (UDP) and IP layers are implemented at the UE. The IP layer is also implemented at CN nodes.
One QoS profile per traffic class of a UE
Support of TCP/IP stack
UE Node Model Architecture on page SPM-10-12
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Table 10-1 Model Features (Part 2 of 2)

Feature W-CDMA air interface (FDD mode only) Description Only the FDD mode is supported. Packet dropping probability is based on curves obtained from another set of simulations of the W-CDMA air interface (accurate to the waveform level). Two admission control algorithms are modeled: a default algorithm and a throughput-based algorithm. Dedicated channels (DCH) are supported both in uplink and downlink directions, which are used by UEs in CELL_DCH state. DCHs are configurable on a per-QoS basis for each RNC. The model supports the DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel), which can be used by UEs in CELL_DCH state for downlink communications. Each RNC deploys a single DSCH for each cell it manages. All DSCHs of an RNC use the same customizable configuration. The UE CELL_FACH state is modeled. A UE in the FACH state uses the RACH channel for uplink transmissions and the FACH channel for downlink transmissions. FACH scheduling follows a weighted round-robin approach and allows you to assign weights according to QoS class. Contention in the RACH channel is based on the Slotted ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication. The power ramp up procedure is modeled as an open loop power control feature. Access service classes are configurable and can be mapped from the UMTS QoS classes. Power control Outer loop power control is supported. For outer loop power control, the model increases the receivers target signal to noise ratio (Eb/No) by 1.0 dB for every received packet it rejects because of unrecoverable bit errors. When the receiver gets a packet that has no unrecoverable errors the model decreases the target Eb/No by x dB, where x is 1* requested BLER (block error rate). Then, by using the new target Eb/No, changes, the model adjusts the power accordingly. (Based on algorithm presented in Holma and Toskalasee reference documents.) UE mobility Intra-RNC hard and soft handovers Movement of a UE within a cell is modeled. UMTS models both hard and soft handovers of the UEs between the Node-Bs of the same RNC. Soft handovers within an RNC is modeled based on 3GPPs release 1999 standards. UMTS also supports soft handover events 1A, 1B, and 1c (active cell addition, removal, and replacement procedures, respectively. Signal Flows for Hard Handover on page SPM-10-40 and Signal Flows for Soft Handover on page SPM-10-41 Cell Creator Utility on page SPM-10-7 RNC Process Model on page SPM-10-23 Reference
Admission Control
RNC Process Model on page SPM-10-23
DCH
DSCH
FACH (Forward Access channel) RACH (Random Access Channel)
UE Process Model Architecture on page SPM-10-14
Cell creator
The model suite includes a cell creator utility that allows you to add a visual depiction of the hexagonal cell sectors of a UMTS network.
End of Table 10-1
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Model Limitations
The following UMTS protocol features are not explicitly modeled. Synchronization at power-on. The various synchronization that occurs when a user powers-on is not modeled, with the exception of the GPRS attach procedure. PS signaling connection establishment. Since PS (packet-switched) signaling connection affects only set up time delay (to establish and re-establish the PS signaling connection), it is not modeled. The model assumes that a PS signaling connection is already established when a user powers-on and that this connection is maintained for the entire simulation. GMM-Idle mode. Only the GMM-Connected mode is modeled. GPRS detach. It is assumed that a UE remains attached for the remainder of the simulation. PDP context deactivation and reactivation. During a simulation, PDP context activation occurs only once for each QoS profile. The PDP context is not deactivated and is reused the next time a UE requests the QoS profile associated with the PDP. No negotiation of the requested QoS. The SGSN model either grants the UEs requested QoS in its entirety or rejects the request. One logical channel per transport channel. The model does not support multiplexing of dedicated channels on the MAC. The MAC header length varies depending on logical channel mapping into the transport channel. DPDCH, PCPCH. The model sends data and signaling traffic on dedicated channels only. The physical dedicated data channel (DPDCH) and physical common packet channel (PCPCH) are not modeled. Tunneling between the UTRAN and GGSN. Tunneling between the RNC portion of the UTRAN and the GGSN are not modeled. System information, cell selection, and PLMN are not modeled. One Node-B per cell. The model does not support more than one Node-B in a cell and requires that each cell contain a Node-B. In other words, the model requires a one-to-one relationship between cells and Node-Bs. No mobility prior to attachment. At start time, the model attaches each UE to the closest Node-B (distance-wise). No mobility is modeled prior to attachment and UEs begin monitoring their location after attachment. At least one UE per Node-B. The model requires that each Node-B has at least one UE attached to it at simulation start time for complete initialization. Signaling over FACH/RACH. All signaling travels over a dedicated channel (DCH) rather than common channels. Only datanot signallingtravels over the FACH/RACH channels.
Modeler/Release 10.0 SPM-10-5
Reference Documents
This manual documents OPNETs UMTS simulation model and assumes that you are familiar with the UMTS protocol. For background information about UMTS, refer to the appendix for a basic summary of UMTS or to one of the references listed below for detailed information. The UMTS model suite is implemented based on information available from the following sources. H. Holma, A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996. 3G TR 25.922: Radio resource management strategies (Release 1999). 3G TR 25.931: Technical Specification Group RAN (Release 1999). 3G TS 22.060: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 1 (Release 1999). 3G TS 23.003: Numbering, addressing and identification (Release 1999). 3G TS 23.060: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 2 (Release 1999). 3G TS 23.107: Quality of Service, Concept and Architecture (Release 1999). 3G TS 24.007: Mobile radio interface signalling layer 3; General aspects (Release 1999). 3G TS 24.008: Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification; Core Network Protocols Stage 3 (Release 1999). 3GPP TS 25.101: Technical Specification Group Radio Access Networks; UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.211: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.212: Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.213: Spreading and modulation (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.214: Physical layer procedures (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.301: Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.303: Interlayer Procedures in Connected Mode (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Specification (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.322: RLC Protocol Specification (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.331: RRC Protocol Specification (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.401: UTRAN Overall Description (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.402: Synchronization in UTRAN Stage 2 (Release 1999).
3G TS 25.413: UTRAN Iu Interface RANAP Signalling (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.433: UTRAN Iub Interface NBAP Signalling (Release 1999).
Creating a UMTS Network Topology

Available Node Models
The node models shipped as part of the UMTS specialized model library are grouped in the UMTS and UMTS_advanced object palettes.
Table 10-2 Node Models
Node model umts_station Description General client node that includes UE and generic traffic generation functionality. This node can only send traffic to (and receive traffic from) other umts_station nodes served by the same SGSN. General workstation node (with full OSI stack) that includes UE and client/server application functionality. General server node (with full OSI stack) that includes UE and client/server application functionality. Node-B portion of the UTRAN. RNC portion of the UTRAN. Functions like core network node, but does no IP routing. Routes packets to and from umts_station nodes, exclusively. General gateway node that includes SGSN and GGSN routing functionality and Ethernet and SLIP interfaces. Used only in networks with umts_wkstn and umts_server nodes. Not used with umts_station nodes.
umts_wkstn
umts_server
umts_node_b umts_rnc umts_sgsn
umts_ethernet_slip8_gtwy
End of Table 10-2
Cell Creator Utility

While creating or working with your UMTS network topology, you may want a visual depiction of the hexagonal cell sectors in a UMTS network. The Cell Creator utility allows you to draw a grid of cells on an OPNET map in the Project Editor. The Cell Creator utility takes an existing OPNET map and superimposes on it a grid structure with the parameters you specify. It then creates a new OPNET map that you can use in your network topology. When using the utility, you specify the rectangular area of the map where you would like to draw the cells. Define the rectangle using the longitude and latitude coordinates of two
diagonally opposite corners of the rectangle. For example, you can specify either the upper-right corner and lower-left corner, or the lower-right corner and the upper-left corner. The order that you specify the corners in doesnt matter, whats important is that the corners you specify are diagonally opposite each other. The Cell Creator utilitys input parameters are listed below.
Table 10-3 Cell Creator Input Parameters
Input Parameter longitude 1 Description Longitude (in degrees) of the first corner of the rectangular area of cells. Latitude (in degrees) of the first corner of the rectangular area of cells. Longitude (in degrees) of the second corner of the rectangular area of cells. This corner should be diagonally opposite the first. Latitude (in degrees) of the second corner of the rectangular area of cells. This corner should be diagonally opposite the first. Distance from the center of the hexagon to the furthest vertex. Note that the hexagons drawn by this utility are not regular hexagons, so all vertices are not equidistant from the center. Unit of the cell radius. Name of the OPNET map on which the cell grid is drawn. Include the filename of the map only, do not include the file extension. Name for the modified map.
latitude 1
longitude 2
latitude 2
radius
miles|kilometers input map name
output map name End of Table 10-3
Procedure 10-1 Using the Cell Creator Utility 1 Configure the machine to use the External Model Access (EMA) package by verifying that the following directory listed in your PATH environment is one of the following: Windows: <opnet_dir>/<rel_dir>/sys/pc_intel_win32/bin Solaris: <opnet_dir>/<rel_dir>/sys/unix 2 Configure the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment attribute to include the full path to the directory of OPNET kernel libraries (Solaris only). Windows: No special configuration is required.
Solaris: At the command prompt, enter the following command: setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH <reldir>/sys/ sun_sparc_solaris/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH 3 Change to <reldir>/models/std/umts, the umts directory. 4 Run cell_creator in the OPNET console (Windows) or at the command prompt (Solaris). cell_creator -input <longitude 1> <latitude 1> <longitude 2> <latitude 2> <radius> [miles | kilometers] <input map name> <output map name> End of Procedure 10-1
Supported Configurations
You can configure your UMTS network model to use either of the following configurations: UMTS workstation nodes routing application traffic (e-mail, ftp,...) through one or more CN nodes to other UMTS workstation or server nodes, or to workstations and servers running over other technologies, such as Ethernet or WLAN. UMTS station nodes sending generic data traffic to other UMTS station nodes though a single SGSN node. You cannot send application traffic to a UMTS station node, nor can you send traffic generated by a station node to a UMTS workstation or server node. When using the UMTS workstation nodes, use the application models to generate traffic as you would for any workstation node. Refer to the application model documentation for additional information on configuring application traffic. Using the station and SGSN nodes allow you to configure a traffic generation pattern that is not application-based. This avoids the need to use the application models when you are not interested in application-specific performance in the UMTS network. Consider using the station nodes and SGSN nodes when the following apply: You want to model raw traffic data within the UMTS network You are not interested in the external IP network You are not modeling CN to CN data transfer
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The following diagrams illustrate the supported types of UMTS network configurations:
Figure 10-2 Simple UMTS Network Using Application Traffic
Figure 10-3 Simple UMTS Network Using Raw Traffic Generation
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Model Architecture
The GPRS network architecture modeled in Opnet is shown in Figure 10-4. This section describes the nodes shown in the figure, including their process and node models.
Figure 10-4 UMTS Network Architecture
When a user powers-on, the model assumes that synchronization and a PS signalling connection are established. This PS signaling connection is kept for the entire simulation. Because of this, when a user powers-on it can immediately perform a UMTS GPRS attach with the SGSN to gain access to GPRS services. Packets are queued when they are received from higher layers. Since each user supports four QoS profiles, the traffic is queued on one of four QoS queues. If no PDP context has been activated for that QoS profile, an Activate PDP Context Request is sent to the SGSN. This PDP context activation message includes the QoS requested. The model assumes that the SGSN, after consulting the RNC, either grants the QoS requested by the user in its entirety or rejects it. No negotiation by the SGSN/GGSN or RNC of the requested QoS is done at this stage.
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On receipt of the Activate PDP Context Request, the SGSN sends a RAB Assignment Request to the RNC along with the QoS requested. The UTRAN performs admission control to determine if the request can be granted. If the uplink and downlink have sufficient capacity to accommodate the request, the request is granted. If the request can be granted, the RNC sends a Radio Bearer Setup request to the UE. On receipt of the Radio Bearer Setup request, the UE sets up the channel as specified in the request and sends a Radio Bearer Complete to the RNC. On receipt of the Radio Bearer Complete, the RNC sends a RAB Assignment Response, which includes the granted QoS, to the SGSN/GGSN. The SGSN then sends the Activate PDP Context Accept message, which also includes the granted QoS. The UE can send packets to the destination on receipt of the Activate PDP Context Accept message from the SGSN. Before reaching their destination, these packets are first tunneled through serving the RNC and SGSN/GGSN, then routed through the IP cloud. If the destination network is also a UMTS network, then they are finally queued at the destination SGSN/GGSN node. Once a channel is set up at the destination, the packets are forwarded to the destination UE.
UE Architecture
Three types of UEs are supported in the UMTS model: simple mobile stations (umts_station), advanced workstations (umts_wkstn), and advanced servers (umts_server). You can model your UE nodes as either fixed (fix) or mobile (mob). Use the mobile node when the UE you are modeling moves during the simulation. You can reduce simulation run times by using the fixed nodes to model UEs that do not move during simulation.
UE Node Model Architecture
The UMTS station model shown in Figure 10-5 includes an application layer that feeds directly into the GMM layer. It also includes the RLC/MAC layer, a radio transmitter and receiver, and one antenna. The advanced workstation and server (Figure 10-5) include the full TCP(UDP)/IP protocol stack between the application layer and GMM layer. The GMM layer contains functions from the GMM, GSM, and RRC layers. It has mobility management functions (such as GPRS attach), session management functions (such as PDP context activation), and radio resource control functions (such establishment and release of radio bearers). The RLC/MAC layer contains the RLC and MAC layers. It includes priority handling of data flows, the three types of RLC modes, and segmentation and reassembly of higher-layer packets.
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The links between the radio transmitter and the RLC/MAC layer and between the radio receiver and the RLC/MAC layer represent transport channels. On the uplink, there can be one random access channel (RACH), one common packet channel (CPCH), and one dedicated channel (DCH) where signaling and data traffic converges. Each transport channel in the dedicated channel has a unique spread code that distinguishes it from other transport channels. On the downlink, there can be one forward access channel (FACH), one downlink shared channel (DSCH), one acquisition indicator channel (AICH), and one dedicated signaling channel per user, and up to four data channels. The number of signaling and data channels on the downlink is equal to the number of signaling and data channels on the uplink; the exception to this is the DSCH, which has one extra channel. Each channel is assigned a different spread code and traffic on all channels can be sent simultaneously.
Figure 10-5 Simple and Full-Protocol Stack UE Node Models
umts_station: contains only traffic source/sink and UMTS layer
umts_wkstn and umts_server: contains full stack
The queue structure at the GMM and RLC/MAC layers is shown in Figure 10-6. The GMM layer has four queues, one for each QoS class the UE can support. When a data packet from the application layer arrives at the GMM layer, it is forwarded to the RLC/MAC layer if a channel has already received a RAB setup message for the RAB of the packets QoS class. Otherwise, the packet is enqueued at the GMM layer in the queue corresponding to its QoS profile. The RLC/MAC layer uses queues to transmit packets coming from higher layers, to
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retransmit packets in RLC acknowledged mode, and to receive packets from lower layers and reassemble them to build the PDUs from these packets. Each category requires one queue for signaling and four queues for each QoS supported.
Figure 10-6 Queue Structure for GMM and RLC/MAC Layer at the UE Node
UE Process Model Architecture
The process models for the application layer of the UE station node model are shown in Figure 10-7 (umts_client_mgr) and Figure 10-8 (umts_client_child). When the umts_client_mgr process model is invokedeither at the start of a new session for a particular QoS class or when triggered by another user (passive session)it spawns the umts_client_child process. The child process is killed when the session ends. There are as many simultaneous child processes opened, as there are simultaneous sessions active at the UE.
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When peer-to-peer communication is enabled at the caller side, transfer is done in both directions. In this case, the application layer at the originating UE, referred to as the mobile origination, first starts an active session. To set up a channel, the mobile origination (MO) sends a SETUP message to the mobile termination (MT). Once a channel is set up, the mobile termination sends a CONNECT message to the MO and starts sending data to MO. When the MO receives the CONNECT, it also starts sending data packets to MT. When peer-to-peer communication is not enabled, transfer occurs only in one direction. When a channel is setup on the mobile origination side, packets are sent directly to the mobile termination. No initial message sent to set up the channel on both sides as in peer-to-peer communication. Therefore, data packets are queued at the termination side until a channel is set up with the mobile termination.
Figure 10-7 umts_client_mgrApplication Manager Process for the UE
Station Node
Figure 10-8 umts_client_childApplication Child Process for the UE
Station Node
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Figure 10-9 shows the process model for the UEs GMM layer. Upon completion of GPRS attach, the UE waits in the CONNECTED state. As soon as the GMM layer receives packets from higher layers for a new QoS class, it sends a request to the SGSN to activate the PDP context. Once the PDP context is activated and a channel is set up, the UE can send packets to their destination. If the GMM layer receives packets from higher layers in the CONNECTED state when the PDP context is already activated but no radio bearer is set up, the UE sends a service request to SGSN. A channel is then set up and the UE can start sending packets to its destination. The radio bearer release is also modeled in this process model. If the PS connection is released, the user moves to the IDLE state. The IDLE state and the RAU (Routing Area Update) state are not modeled in the current release.
Figure 10-9 umts_gmmGMM Layer Process Model on the UE
Figure 10-10 shows the process model for the RLC/MAC layer, umts_rlc_mac. This process handles segmentation and reassembly of higher layers PDUs into and from smaller RLC PUs. It also handles transparent, unacknowledged, and acknowledged RLC modes. In unacknowledged and acknowledged RLC modes, umts_rlc_mac adds RLC and MAC headers to each PU. Packets coming from higher layers are buffered in different queues according to the channel a packet will be sent on. Packets are taken out of the buffer in each frame. If the frame boundary corresponds to the beginning of a transmission time interval (TTI) for that channel and the packet was received early enough to
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allow for processing time, the packet is segmented, RLC and MAC headers are added when appropriate, and the resulting packet is sent to the transmitter on the correct channel. For packets received from lower layers, packets are simply delayed by the processing time, and then forwarded to higher layers.
Figure 10-10 umts_rlc_mac Process for the UEs RLC/MAC Layer
The RLC/MAC layer models all three RLC retransmission modes. For RLC Transparent Mode (TrM), Protocol Data Units (PDUs) from higher layers are segmented into smaller RLC Payload Units (PUs) and transparently transmitted to lower layers, and vice versa for reassembling PDUs from lower layers. There is no need to add RLC/MAC headers to or remove RLC/MAC headers from these packets. In RLC Unacknowledged Mode (UM), PDUs are segmented and reassembled, and RLC/MAC headers are added to each segment. Each segment is tagged with a sequence number but missing segments are not retransmitted. For RLC Acknowledged Mode (AM), PDUs from higher layers are segmented into smaller RLC PUs, and RLC and MAC headers are added to each segment. Similarly, the RLC and MAC headers are removed from segments from lower layers, which are then reassembled into PDUs. As in the unacknowledged mode, each segment is tagged with a sequence number. When the RLC/MAC layer of the receiving UE or UTRAN detects a missing segment, it sends a STATUS REPORT to the transmitting UTRAN or UE asking for the missing segment. On receipt of the STATUS REPORT from the receiver, the transmitting UE or UTRAN retransmits the missing segment. Retransmitted segments have higher priority than segments being transmitted for the first time. A segment can be retransmitted up to MAX_DAT times before it is discarded. The transmitter and receiver also have a Transmission Window Size and a Receiver Window Size. The Maximum Send state variable (VT(MS)) is equal to the Transmission Window Size plus the sequence number of the next in-sequence PU expected to be acknowledged (VT(A)) plus the sequence number of the next PU to be transmitted for the first time (VT(S)). The Maximum acceptable Receive state variable (VR(MR)) is equal to the Receiver Window
Size plus the sequence number of the next in-sequence PU expected to be received. The number of segments sent to the receiver, but awaiting acknowledgement should not exceed the Transmission Window Size. Similarly, the receiver will not accept segments exceeding the Receiver Window Size from the transmitter, and discards excess segments. The RLC Acknowledged Mode also uses several timers. STATUS REPORT messages are sent every Timer_Status_Periodic and each time a missing segment is detected at the receiver if the Missing_PU_indicator is set to TRUE. Every time a STATUS REPORT is sent, another timer Timer_Status_Prohibit is started. The receiver cannot send a STATUS REPORT while the Timer_Status_Prohibit is active. On expiry of Timer_Status_Prohibit, a STATUS REPORT is sent if Timer_Status_Periodic expired or missing segments were detected while Timer_Status_Prohibit was active. Every segment sent by the transmitter for the first time is copied and saved in a retransmission buffer. When the transmitter receives an acknowledgement from the receiver, it removes the acknowledged segments from the retransmission buffer. If a segment stays in the retransmission buffer longer than Timer_Discard, it is discarded. This prevents build-up of buffer length at the transmitter when there are frequent retransmissions. Figure 10-11 shows the retransmission procedure in RLC acknowledged mode between the UTRAN (transmitter) and the UE (receiver) including the variables required to keep track of missing packets. In Figure 10-11, the Transmission Window Size and the Receiver Window Size are 8 PUs. When VT(S) and VT(MS) equal 8, the transmitter cannot send additional PUs until it receives an
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acknowledgement from the receiver. When the transmitter receives a STATUS REPORT, it retransmits the missing PUs and updates its VT(A) and VT(MS) variables based on the sequence number acknowledged in the STATUS REPORT.
Figure 10-11 RLC AM Retransmission
When the UE is in the CELL_FACH state, the RACH (random access channel) is used to transmit data in the uplink direction. When packets are buffered at the RLC/MAC layer, the RLC/MAC spawns the umts_rach process, which models the random access channel. The umts_rach process model, shown in
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Figure 10-12, follows the slotted aloha contention algorithm. The process uses the preamble ramp-up procedure to begin sending preambles. Once it receives an acknowledge from the node B, umts_rach notifies the RLC/MAC so that data messages can be sent.
Figure 10-12 umts_rach Process Model on the UE
Node-B Architecture
The Node-B manages the network's air interface for UEs in the same cell as the Node-B. The model requires a one-to-one relationship between cells and Node-Bs in a UMTS network. That is, each Node-B represents and manages exactly one cell. An RNC will connect to multiple Node-Bs to communicate with the UEs of the network and to manage multiple calls.
Node-B Node Model Architecture
The Node-B node model includes a node_b processor module that is connected to an ATM stack, a transmitter module, and a receiver module. Each packet stream between the node_b module and the transmitter represents a downlink channel and each stream between the node_b module and the receiver represents an uplink channel. In the downlink direction, packets are forwarded to the transmitter on the FACH or DSCH streams, or on the dedicated channel
SPM-10-20
via op_pk_deliver(). In the uplink direction, all packets travel over the RACH, CPCH (not modeled in the current release), or DCH streams. All DCH packets converge at the DCH input stream, regardless of their channel or spreading code.
Figure 10-13 Node-B Node Model
Node-B Process Model Architecture
When the simulation starts, Node-Bs initialize the data structures used in the pipeline stages, sets radio transmitter and receiver attributes for all UEs and Node-Bs in the UMTS network (only the first Node-B to start performs this task), and initializes ATM-VC connections to the RNC for each QoS class and signalling data channel. Besides relaying packets between UEs and the RNC, the Node-B also assists the RNC with radio resource management through NBAP (Node-B Application Protocol) signalling messages. When the RNC receives a request to add a new radio link, it informs the Node-B of the addition of this link for the call. The
SPM-10-21
Node-B then responds to the request with assigned spreading code for the radio link. A similar communication happens between Node-B and RNC for radio link deletions. RNC informs Node-B about the deletion request, and Node-B frees the spreading code assigned for that link, before responding to the RNC.
Figure 10-14 umts_node_b Process Model
RNC Architecture
The RNC manages the resources of the air interface of all the UEs on Node-Bs serviced by the RNC. The RNC does the following management tasks: Coordinates the admission control process of establishing and tearing down a RABs for UEs requesting service over various QoS classes Manages the handovers of UEs between its Node-B due to UEs movements between the cells Buffers packets destined for UEs per QoS class, Communicates with the SGSN allowing the SGSN to send and receive data to and from the UEs it services. Performs related tasks as the peer of the RIC and MAC layers of the served UEs. Monitors the activity on the established radio bearers to tear them don in case of inactivity.
RNC Node Model
The RNC Node model consists of a single processor module that runs a process that performs the functionality of the RNC. It has nine ATM stacks attached to it, one of which connects to the SGSN servicing the RNC. The other eight will connect to Node-B ATM stacks. The RNC process model can determine which type of node exists at the other end of any given connection, so the RNC can
SPM-10-22
connect any of these stacks to either a Node-B or SGSN so long as no more than one RNC connects to it and at least one Node-B connects to it. The total number of supported node-Bs can be increased by adding more ATM stacks to the node structure.
Figure 10-15 RNC Node Model
ATM stack
ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack
ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack
RNC Process Model
The RNC maintains arrays of queues that each serve a specific purpose: transmission, reception, retransmission, segmentation, and reassembly. Each position in the array represents the set of buffers (or queues) that are assigned to a specific channel. Some of these channels are assigned and released dynamically during the simulation while others are assigned for the duration of the simulation. The RNC designates an equal number of slots in this array for each Node-B it services. A queue array created for a Node-B has the structure depicted in Figure 10-16.
Figure 10-16 Queue Allocation Structure at the RNC
Tx Buffers Rx Retx Seg Reass
Connection 0
Connection 1
Connection 2
...
Connection M
Tx
Buffers Rx Retx Seg
Reass
Connection array for FACH/RACH FACH/RACH DSCH DCH DCH DCH DCH
...
Queue array for Node-B 1
Node-B 0
Node-B 1
...
Node-B N
The active connections for the FACH/RACH and DSCH channels are stored in two distinct arrays.
SPM-10-23
When the simulation starts, the RNC dedicates slot 0 to the FACH/RACH and slot 1 to the DSCH, both of which point to the appropriate connection arrays. After startup of the UEs via the GPRS Attach procedure, the RNC establishes a signalling DCH for each UE. As the RNC creates DCHs, it dedicates slots in the array in the section it reserved for the Node-B serving the UE that the RNC establishes the channel for. As the simulation progresses and as the UEs send service request messages to get DCH RABs, the RNC creates channels for the new RABs that do not run over common channels. The RNC also designates unused slots in its queue arrays to service the UEs newly established RABs. If the newly created RAB runs over common or shared channels, a new connection slot is assigned.
Figure 10-17 Sample Queue Allocation for an RNC
Tx Retx Seg Reass [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0) ] [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0) ] [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0) ] [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0) ]
Figure 10-18 umts_rnc Process Model
CN Architecture
Two CN node models are availablea generic gateway node that includes UMTS and IP routing functionality (the gateway CN node), and a simple SGSN node that includes UMTS functionality and packet-switching functionality between the SGSNs UE station nodes (the simple CN node).
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CN (SGSN/GGSN) Node Model
The simple CN node model (Figure 10-19) includes the SGSN module and variable ATM stacks for communications with the RNCs. You can configure the nodess Network Delay attribute to model the delay that would be introduced by the network cloud between the source and destination UMTS network within the node model.
Figure 10-19 Simple CN Node Model ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack
ATM stack ATM stack
The gateway CN node model (Figure 10-20) includes the SGSN module, variable ATM stacks for communications with the UTRANs, and a router node protocol stack with an IP module and IP interfaces running other layer-2 technologies.
Figure 10-20 Gateway CN Node Mode
l
IP stack
ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack
ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack
ATM stack ATM stack
The SGSN module is modeled as a queue and is common to both CN nodes. The number of queues depends on the number of users in the cells and on the number of QoS classes supported per user. Data packets arriving at the CN node are queued when no PDP context has been activated for that QoS class
SPM-10-25
or when no channel has been set up with the terminating UE. The packets are queued by QoS class as shown in Figure 10-21. If the PDP context is already activated for the packets QoS class and if a channel is already set up, the packet is transparently forward to the RNC.
Figure 10-21 Queue Structure at CN Node
CN Process Model
The process model that resides in the SGSN module of the CN node model is shown in Figure 10-22. The current model implements the GPRS attach procedure, PDP context activation, and RAB establishment and release. The paging state is used to receive data packets from the RNC or IP network. The current release does not model the following: GPRS detach state PDP context modification and deactivation states Security state Tunneling between the RNC and the CN
SPM-10-26
Figure 10-22 Process Model for SGSN/GGSN Node
UMTS Timing
The following timing delays are modeled: Encoder delay Processing delay Buffering delay Propagation delay (configurable) IP delay (configurable) Figure 10-23 shows how these delays are implemented in the model. The encoder delay represents all delay incurred by the encoder in the first and subsequent frames of a burst (Tdelay). At the RLC/MAC layer, data is first buffered for one transmission time interval (TTI), which can last from one to eight times the length of one radio frame (10-80 ms). Data is then processed (coded, interleaved,...). The processing delay is the time required by the transmitter and receiver to process the packet. The processing delays at the UE, RNC, and SGSN/GGSN are labeled tpc1, tpc2, and tpc3, respectively.
SPM-10-27
At the UE and UTRAN, packets can be sent on a frame boundary if the channel is not already busy. For example, if a packet at the UE is received from higher layers at least tpc1 before the frame boundary, the packet can be sent at the next frame boundary, if it is available. Otherwise, it waits an additional transmission time interval. At the receiver, the buffering time (Tbuffer) represents the time needed by the receiver to buffer all of the radio frames required to decode the signal. The propagation delay is based on the distance and on the type of channel link: tpd1 represents the propagation delay between the UE and UTRAN and tpd2 represents the propagation delay between the UTRAN and SGSN/GGSN. The IP delay (tip) is the delay through the IP cloud.
Figure 10-23 Delay in RAN and CN Network
Radio-Air Interface
OPNETs Wireless module includes 13 pipeline stages to model the radio interface. You can model the air interface between the UE and the UTRAN by modifying some of these pipeline stages. To model specific W-CDMA behavior, the following pipeline stages must be modified:
Received Power
The standard received power pipeline stage (dra_power.ps.c) is modified to include a path loss model and shadow fading model that depends on the environment (pedestrian outdoor, vehicular outdoor, indoor office).
SPM-10-28
The propagation path loss models are based on formulas specified by the International Telecommunications Union as shown below (Recommendation ITU-R M.1225 Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT-2000, 1997). The Hata model for frequency between 1500 MHz and 2000 MHz and the free space model are also supported. Shadow fading is modeled as a log-normal distribution with zero mean and a standard deviation depending on the environment but settable by the operator. The environment is settable by the operator.
Vehicular Outdoor L pMax
40(1 4 * 10
hb ) log10 R 18 log10 hb
21 log10 freq 80
where R is the distance between the mobile station and base station in kilometers, hb is the base station antenna height (meters), and freq is the carrier frequency in MHz.
Pedestrian Outdoor L pMax
40 log10 R 30 log10 freq 49
where R is the distance between the user and base station in kilometers, freq is the carrier frequency in MHz, and LpMax is valid in non-line-of-sight case and describes worst case propagation.
Indoor Office
L pMax 30 log
10
( R * 1000 )
18 . 3 n
n 2 n 1
0 . 46
37
where R is the distance between the user and base station in kilometers, n is the number of floors in the path, and LpMax is valid in non-line-of-sight case and describes worst case propagation.
Background Noise
The background noise pipeline stage (dra_bkgnoise.ps.c) is modified to include thermal noise and noise figure of the mobile and base station receiver.
Interference Noise
The interference noise pipeline stage (dra_inoise.ps.c) has not been modified in Release 1 but will be modified in Release 2 to include same-cell and other-cell interference calculation.
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Bit Error Rate

The bit-error rate pipeline stage (dra_ber.ps.c) is modified to include the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus block error ratio (BLER) curves that depend on the coding scheme and rate and transmission time interval for each transport channel, and the transport format combination chosen. Release 1 supports convolutional codes rate half and rate third in AWGN and in multipath conditions with three equal paths. Release 1 assumes perfect power control. Bounds on the BLER have been developed under these different conditions. These bounds have then been verified using detailed link-level simulations (to the chip level) of the W-CDMA air interface for uplink and downlink reference measurement channels as specified in [7]. Details on the air interface modeling are given in Appendix 1.
Air Interface Modeling

Error Probability Bounds for Convolutional Coding
A convolutional code has a transfer function
T ( D, N ) =
d =d f
a D
d
N fd
The coefficient d is the number of alternative paths through trellis which differ in d coded bit positions from the correct path; d is sometimes called the Hamming distance between the two paths (or more precisely, between the code vectors associated with the paths). The lower limit
d f is known as the free distance, which is the minimum Hamming distance

between the two alternative paths. The exponent is the number of information bits that differ between two paths, which differ by a Hamming distance of d. The union bound is an upper bound on the total probability of error. Assuming coherent detection and soft-decision Viterbi decoding, the union bound on the probability of choosing the wrong path through the trellis at a given stage is
fd
Pe
d =d f
ad Pe (d ) =
Q( x ) =
d =d f
a Q
d
2dEs N0
where
1 2
e
x
t 2 2
dt
.
SPM-10-30
If r is the code rate, and
E s = rEb , where Es is the energy per symbol (coded bit) N 2
is the energy per data bit. 0 is the two-sided noise power spectral density, assumed to include other-user interference as well as thermal noise. For a rate 1/n code, each stage in the trellis corresponds to a data bit (n coded bits), so the union bound on the block error probability, for a block of B bits, is
2dE s PB B a d Q N d =d f 0
Eb
The union bound on the bit error probability is
Pb
d =d f
f d Pe (d ) =
d =d f
Q
d
2dEs N0
where
d = ad f d .
The coefficients
{ad } and { f d } depend on the specific code.

df
, the better the code performance in
Clearly the larger the free distance general. For the rate-1/2 code,
d f = 12
and for the rate-1/3 code,
d f = 18
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The coefficients {ad } and { d } are shown for the two codes in the tables below, and Figure 7 shows the union bounds on block error rate vs. Eb/N0 for a block length of B = 100 bits, for the two rates.
Table 10-4 Transfer Function Coefficients for Rate-1/2 Convolutional Code
d
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
End of Table 10-4
ad
11 50 286 1630 9639 55,152 320,782 1,859,184 10,777,264
d
33 281 2179 15,035 105,166 692,330 4,580,007 29,692,894 190,453,145
Table 10-5 Transfer Function Coefficients for the Rate-1/3 Convolutional Code
d
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
End of Table 10-5
ad
5 7 36 85 204 636 1927 5416 15,769
d
11 32 195 564 1473 5129 17,434 54,092 171,117
As can be seen, the curves can be closely approximated by first-order regression lines of the form:
log PB b0 + b1 (Eb N 0 )dB

where the coefficients:
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b0 and b1 are as shown on the graph below.

Since the bound on PB is proportional to the block length B,
PB = B P100 100
and
log PB = log P100 + log B 2

Thus, in terms of the specific coefficients derived from the curves,
log PB = log B + b0 2 + b1 (Eb N 0 )dB

For a specific target block error rate, therefore, the required
Eb N 0
is closely approximated as:
(E b
N 0 )dB
log B + b0 2 log PB b1
Figure 10-24 Block Error Rate (Union Bound) for Rates 1/2 and 1/3 Convolutional Codes
1 0 -1
c o n v o lu tio n a l c o d in g , K = 9 c o h e re n t d e te c tio n s o ft-d e c is io n V ite rb i d e c o d in g n o s ig n a l v a ria tio n d u rin g a b lo c k u n io n b o u n d b lo c k le n g th = 1 0 0 b its
10 Block Error Probability
-2
1 0 -3
r e g r e s s io n c o e ffic ie n ts
ra te 1 /2 ra te 1 /3
1 0 -4
ra te 1 /2 b 0 = 2 .3 5 b1 = 1 .7 1
1 0 -5
ra te 1 /3 b 0 = 1 .3 3 b1 = 1 .5 4
1 0 -6
3 E b/N 0, d B
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For the specific cases of interest here, this becomes:
(Eb (Eb
N 0 )dB
log B + 0.35 log PB 1.71 rate 1/2 log B 0.67 log PB 1.54 rate 1/3
N 0 )dB
Signal Flows
GPRS Attach
For completeness, the entire GPRS Attach procedure without prior CS (Circuit Switched) traffic is shown in Figure 10-25. However, the model assumes (and does not explicitly model) that a PS signaling connection is already established at power-on. The GPRS Attach procedure is performed to inform the SGSN of a users location and to set up a PS signaling connection. Once a PS signaling connection is established, the UE and SGSN move from the PMM-Detached State to the PMM-Connected State. The PS signaling connection includes the RRC signaling connection between the UE and UTRAN, and the Iu signaling connection between the UTRAN and CN. If there has been no prior CS traffic, a signaling connection is set up between the UE and UTRAN. Once an RRC signaling connection is established between the UE and UTRAN, a Service Request (signaling) message is sent to the SGSN to set up the Iu connection between the UTRAN and SGSN. Once the PS signaling connection is established, the UE initiates the GPRS Attach procedure by sending a GPRS Attach Request message to the SGSN. The GPRS Attach Request includes the Follow On Request indication that indicates that the Iu connection should be released or kept after the GPRS Attach procedure. At this stage, the model assumes that the PS signaling connection is maintained for the duration of the simulation.
Figure 10-25 GPRS Attach with no Prior CS Traffic
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Here is how OPNET explicitly models GPRS attach signalling: 1) UE initiates the GPRS Attach procedure by sending a GPRS Attach Request (IMSI, Attach Type, Follow On Request) message to the SGSN. UE starts timer T3310 when sending the GPRS Attach Request message. The Attach Type is set to GPRS Attach only and the Follow On Request indication is set to keep the Iu connection. 2) Upon receipt of the GPRS Attach Request message, the SGSN sends the UE an Attach Accept (P-TMSI) message and starts timer T3350. In the current model, P-TMSI is always included in the Attach Accept message. 3) Upon receipt of the GPRS Attach Accept message, the UE stops timer T3310 and responds to the SGSN with an GRPS Attach Complete message. On receipt of the GPRS Attach Complete message, the SGSN stops timer T3350, which completes the GPRS Attach procedure.
PDP Context Activation and RAB Assignment (MS-Connected State)
The PDP Context Activation procedure is required when the PDP context for the requested class of service is inactive. Figure 10-26 and Figure 10-27 show the PDP Context Activation procedures initiated by the UE and CN, respectively. If the UE is in PMM-Idle State, the UE first performs a Service Request Procedure to set up a PS signalling connection and enter the PMM-Connected State before initiating the PDP Context Activation procedure. Once the GPRS Attach procedure is completed, the UE remains in the PMM-Connected State for the rest of the simulation.
Figure 10-26 PDP Context Activation Procedure Initiated by the UE (Connected State)
1) When the UE receives Protocol Data Units (PDUs) from higher layers, it initiates the PDP Context Activation Procedure if the PDUs belong to a quality of service that does not yet have an activated PDP context. The UE initiates the PDP Context Activation procedure by sending an Activate PDP
SPM-10-35
Context Request (PDP Type, QoS Requested) message to SGSN. The UE starts T3380 when sending an Activate PDP Context Request message. In the model, only one PDP Context per QoS is set up and the PDP Type corresponds to the QoS requested. 2) On receipt of the Activate PDP Context Request, the SGSN sends a RAB Assignment Request message to the RNC (Radio Network Controller) to establish a RAB (Radio Access Bearer). The SGSN starts the TRABAssgt timer when sending a RAB Assignment Request message. 3) On receipt of a RAB Assignment Request message, the RNC performs admission control. If sufficient uplink and downlink capacity is available, the RNC establishes the appropriate radio bearer by sending a Radio Bearer Setup message to the UE. 4) On receipt of a Radio Bearer Setup message, the UE sets up the appropriate radio bearer as specified by the RNC. The UE then sends a Radio Bearer Complete message to the RNC. 5) On receipt of the Radio Bearer Complete message, the RNC sends a RAB Assignment Response message to the SGSN. 6) On receipt of a successful RAB Assignment Response, the SGSN normally sends a Create PDP Context Request (PDP Type, QoS Negotiated) to the GGSN. However, since the SGSN and GGSN are modeled as a single node, this procedure is not modeled. However, a new entry in the PDP context table is created as would be done at the GGSN. When completed, the SGSN sends an Activate PDP Context Accept message to the UE. If the RAB Assignment procedure is unsuccessful because the requested QoS profile cannot be provided, the UE tries to activate the PDP Context at a later time. Because the model always negotiates a QoS that matches the QoS Requested, the SGSN model does not send a new RAB Assignment Request message with a different QoS profile. On receipt of a RAB Assignment Response, the SGSN stops the TRABAssgt timer. 7) The UE stops the T3380 timer on receipt of an Activate PDP Context Accept message, completing the PDP Context Activation procedure. The UE is now ready to send any PDUs with a QoS matching the PDP context it has activated.
SPM-10-36
Figure 10-27 PDP Context Activation Procedure Initiated by the Network (Connected State)
8) Since the SGSN and GGSN are modeled as a singe node, the PDU Notification procedure is not modeled. Instead, the combined SGSN/GGSN node initiates the Network-Requested PDP Context Activation procedure by sending a Request PDP Context Activation message to the UE. It starts T3385 when sending the Request PDP Context Activation message. The combined SGSN/GGSN stores any subsequent PDUs for the same quality of service until the PDP context has been activated. 9) On receipt of the Request PDP Context Activation message, the UE initiates the PDP Context Activation procedure, as described above. The CN stops T3385 on receipt of the Activate PDP Context Request message from the UE.
RAB Assignment with Prior PDP Activation (MS-Connected State)
If an active PDP context for the requested QoS already exists, the PDP Context Activation procedure is not required. However, if there is no radio access bearer for the active PDP context, the RAB Assignment procedure must be initiated. Figure 28 and 29 show the RAB Assignment procedure initiated by the UE and CN, respectively when a PDP context for the requested QoS is already active. If the UE is in the PMM-Idle State, the UE first needs to perform a Service Request Procedure to set up a PS signalling connection and enter the
SPM-10-37
PMM-Connected State before initiating the RAB Assignment procedure. Once the GPRS Attach procedure is completed, the UE remains in the PMM-Connected State for the rest of the simulation. Thus, the diagrams assume that the UE is already in PMM-Connected State.
Figure 10-28 RAB Assignment Procedure Initiated by the UE (Connected State)
1) On receipt of PDUs from higher layers, the UE initiates the RAB Assignment procedure if these PDUs belong to a quality of service for which a PDP context has already been activated but for which no radio bearer has been established. The UE initiates the RAB Assignment procedure by sending a Service Request (P-TMSI, Service Type) message to the SGSN. Service Type specifies the requested service. Service Type can be set to Data or Signaling. In this case, the Service Type is set to Data. The UE start T3317 when sending the Service Request message. The timer T3317 has not been modeled yet in the simulation model because the Service Accept message was missing from the standard 23.060 v3.4.0. 2) On receipt of the Service Request, the SGSN sends a Service Accept message to UE. The UE stops its timer T3317 on receipt of the Service Accept message. 3) On receipt of the Service Request (Data), the SGSN initiates the RAB Assignment procedure by sending a RAB Assignment Request to the RNC. The RAB Assignment procedure was previously described.
Figure 10-29 RAB Assignment Procedure Initiated by the Network (Connected State)
SPM-10-38
4) On receipt of PDUs, the CN determines if the Network-Requested PDP Context Activation procedure has to be initiated. Since a PDP Context is already active for the quality of service requested, the combined CN node initiates the RAB Assignment procedure previously described.
RNC to Node-B Signal Flow
The signalling messages for adding and deleting a radio link are shown in the following diagram:
Figure 10-30 Signal Flows for Adding and Deleting a Radio Link
Node-B
ink adio L BAP R est N equ Add R
RNC
Node-B
Link Radio NBAP equest R Delete
RNC
NBAP Add R Radio Lin k espo nse
NBA P Delet Radio Lin e Re k spon se
Adding a Radio Link
Deleting a Radio Link
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Signal Flows for Hard Handover
Figure 10-31 illustrates the signalling messages used in hard handover.

Figure 10-31 Signaling Messages for Hard Handover
UE GMM RLC/MAC Layer1 Mgr Uu Interface Node-B Iub Interface RNC
ort ment rep measure

measurement report
equest L Add R NBAP R

NBAP RL Add Respo nse
admission to the new cell
ration annel Reconfigu RRC Physical Ch
RRC Physical Channel Reconfiguration Comp lete
CRLC Configuration Request
equest elete R P RL D NBA
NBAP
RL D
elete
Resp on
se
Resource released from old cell for new admissions
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Signal Flows for Soft Handover
Figure 10-32 illustrates the signalling messages used in soft handover.

Figure 10-32 Signaling Messages for Soft Handover: In Case of Event 1C (Cell Replacement)
UE GMM RLC/MAC Layer1 Mgr Uu Interface Node-B Iub Interface RNC
ort ment rep measure

measurement report
L NBAP R
uest(s) Add Req
admission to the new cell(s)
NBAP RL Add
Respon se(s)
Update RRC Active Set
RRC Active Set Updat e Complete
CRLC Configuration Request
st(s) Reque Delete RL NBAP
NBAP
RL D elete Resp onse
(s)
Resource released from old cell(s) for new admissions
Model Interfaces
The following sections describe topics needed to interface with the UMTS model.
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Packet Formats
The UMTS model suite uses the following packet formats. See the descriptions provided (in the Packet Editor) for each packet field for more details.
Table 10-6 Packet Formats (Part 1 of 2)
Packet format umts_L1_pdu.pk.m umts_client_message.pk.m umts_clock.pk.m Description Physical layer packet. Station UE data packet. Clock packet used to synchronize UEs with the RNC that services it. Packet carrying channel configuration data from the UE's GMM to the UE's RLC/MAC. GPRS attach accept packet. GPRS attach complete packet. GPRS attach request packet. Service accept packet. Service reject packet. Service request packet. PDP activation accept packet. PDP activation reject packet. PDP activation request packet (UE to SGSN). Request for PDP activation request packet (SGSN to UE). MAC layer packet. NBAP radio link addition request packet. NBAP radio link addition response packet. NBAP radio link addition request packet. NBAP radio link deletion response packet. PDCP PDU packet. RANAP RAB assignment (release) packet. RANAP RAB assignment (setup) packet.
umts_crlc_config_req.pk.m
umts_gmm_attach_accept.pk.m umts_gmm_attach_comp.pk.m umts_gmm_attach_req.pk.m umts_gmm_service_accept.pk.m umts_gmm_service_reject.pk.m umts_gmm_service_req.pk.m umts_gsm_activate_pdp_accept.pk.m umts_gsm_activate_pdp_reject.pk.m umts_gsm_activate_pdp_req.pk.m
umts_gsm_req_pdp_activation.pk.m
umts_mac_pdu.pk.m umts_nbap_rl_add_req.pk.m umts_nbap_rl_add_resp.pk.m umts_nbap_rl_del_req.pk.m umts_nbap_rl_del_resp.pk.m umts_pdcp_pdu.pk.m umts_ranap_rab_assgn_req_release.pk.m umts_ranap_rab_assgn_req_setup.pk.m
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Table 10-6 Packet Formats (Part 2 of 2)

Packet format umts_ranap_rab_assgn_resp.pk.m umts_ranap_rab_release_req.pk.m Description RANAP RAB response packet. RANAP RAB release request packet (UTRAN to SGSN). Acknowledged mode PDU packet (RLC layer). Status PDU for acknowledged mode transmissions packet (RLC layer). Unacknowledged mode PDU packet (RLC layer). Radio resource control connection setup packet. Measurement report packet (UE to UTRAN) packet. Physical channel reconfiguration request packet. Physical channel reconfiguration complete packet. RB procedure complete packet. RB release packet. RB setup packet.
umts_rlc_am_pdu.pk.m
umts_rlc_status_pdu.pk.m
umts_rlc_um_pdu.pk.m
umts_rrc_conn_setup.pk.m
umts_rrc_measurement_report.pk.m
umts_rrc_phy_chnl_reconfig.pk.m
umts_rrc_phy_chnl_reconfig_comp.pk.m
umts_rrc_rb_comp.pk.m umts_rrc_rb_release.pk.m umts_rrc_rb_setup.pk.m End of Table 10-6
ICI Formats
The following table describes the interface control information (ICI) formats used in the UMTS model suite.
Table 10-7 ICI Formats
ICI umts_control_pkt_ici umts_data_pkt_ici umts_rrc_conn_setup Description Contains modeling information for signaling packets. Contains modeling information for data packets. Contains modeling information used when establishing RRC connections.
End of Table 10-7
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Debugging/Simulation Tracing
The UMTS model provides several simulation runtime tracing and debugging features. These include labeled traces and diagnostic block code execution when simulation is run under the control of OPNET simulation debugger (ODB). The following table describes the various label traces you can use in ODB to view the behavior of the UMTS models.
Table 10-8 UMTS Traces
Use this trace label... umts_atm umts_attach umts_gmm umts_layer1_mgr umts_node_b umts_rab umts_rlc_mac umts_sgsn umts_utran umts End of Table 10-8 To print information about... umts_atm_iface process model GPRS attach procedure umts_gmm process model umts_layer1_mgr process model umts_node_b process model RAB procedures umts_rlc_mac process model umts_sgsn process model RNC process models all of the above
Model Attributes
Local Attributes
Local attributes apply to individual nodes in the network model. This section lists the most important model attributes for the UE, Node-B, RNC, and CN node models. For detailed information about a particular attribute, refer to its description by clicking on the Details button from within the attribute dialog box.
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UE Attributes
.
Table 10-9 UE Attributes (Part 1 of 2)

Use This Attribute... UE CN ID To... Specify the CN Identifier of the CN (SGSN) node that the UE should attach to (applies only to workstation and server UE nodes). When auto-assigning IP addresses, the model uses this attribute value to ensure that the UE is in the same IP subnet as the CN node. If the network modeled contains only one CN, no configuration is necessary since the default value of all CN IDs and UE CN IDs is 0. Specify the International Mobile Subscriber Identity of the UE. You should set this attribute if you need to specify a source and destination for traffic that is going to be generated between station UE nodes. Specify the following timers:
UE IMSI
UMTS GMM Timers
T3310, which starts when the UE sends a GPRS attach request message. T3380, which starts when the UE sends an activate PDP context request message to the SGSN. T3317, which starts when the UE sends a service request message to the SGSN.
QoS Profile Configuration
Configure each UMTS service class (conversational, streaming, interactive, and background). The majority of UMTS QoS profile configuration attributes are described below. Specify the expected maximum bit rates for the uplink and downlink communication These values need to be specified carefully. A too low value may cause consistent saturation of the QoS buffer and hence the loss of communication. A too high value would cause resource wastage in the cells with which the UE has established radio links. Specify if SDUs must be delivered in order. When set to Yes, this attribute ensures that SDUs are delivered to higher layers in sequence. Configure parameters for the allocation and retention of a RAB during admission control. Use this attribute to enable queuing for the RAB request, and to specify if the RAB request can preempt or be preempted by other requests. Map the QoS classes to RACH access service classes available in the current cell.
Bit Rate Config (sub-attribute of QoS Profile Configuration)
Delivery Order (sub-attribute of QoS Profile Configuration) Allocation/Retention Priority (sub-attribute of QoS Profile Configuration) UMTS RACH QoS to ASC Mapping
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Table 10-9 UE Attributes (Part 2 of 2)

Use This Attribute... UMTS RLC Processing Time To... Specify the Reliable Link Control processing time, which is primarily due to software processing and information transfer within nodes. The default value is15ms for uplink and downlink communication. (modeled on 3G TR 25.853) Specify the UMTS QoS class (conversational, streaming,...) used for each IP application ToS class (best effort, background, standard,...). Available on workstation and server UEs. Specify the state the UE is in, CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH.
UMTS ToS to QoS Mapping
UMTS UE Cell State End of Table 10-9
Node-B Attributes Table 10-10 Node-B Attributes (Part 1 of 2)

Use This Attribute... UMTS CPICH Transmission Power To... Specify the transmission power of the Node-B common pilot channel in Watts. This is a key parameter of cell evaluation (and consequently handover procedures). Specify the environment around the Node-B. The environment settings determine how the model computes cell pathloss. (Based on UMTS 30.03 TR 101 V3.2.0) Specify the standard deviation of the log normal distribution used to model shadow fading of the antenna signal. Typical attribute values are 12dB for indoor environments and 10dB for outdoor and vehicular environments. Specify the surrounding environment (Vehicular, Pedestrian, Indoor Office,...), which defines the path loss model used for the cell. specify the number of floors when using Indoor office Environment in the Pathloss Model. Set this attribute to Not Used for other path loss models.
UMTS Cell Pathloss Parameters
Shadow Fading Standard Deviation (sub-attribute of UMTS Cell Pathloss Parameters) Pathloss Model (sub-attribute of UMTS Cell Pathloss Parameters) Number of Floors (sub-attribute of UMTS Cell Pathloss Parameters.
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Table 10-10 Node-B Attributes (Part 2 of 2)

Use This Attribute... UMTS FACH Transmission Power To... Specify the FACH transmission power of the surrounding Node-B. The FACH transmission power can be explicitly configured in watts or it can be computed as distance-based to cover an imaginary circle of the specified radius around the Node-B. Specify an identifier for the Node-B and the cell that it is associated with, which can be useful to identify the cells in the debugger. Define the QoS of each ATM SVC that carries a particular class of UMTS traffic.
UMTS Node-B Cell ID
UMTS to ATM QoS Mapping
End of Table 10-10
RNC Attributes Table 10-11 RNC Attributes (Part 1 of 3)

Use This Attribute... UMTS Handover Parameters To... Configure the RNC to support hard or soft handovers and the parameters used in handover decisions. Based on TR 25.922. Specify parameters (such as uplink and downlink loading factors and maximum available power) used to compute uplink and downlink capacity in the admission control algorithm. Configure RNC Timers Specify how long packets are delayed for processing at the RNC. This attribute does not include the time required for buffering on a transmission time interval. (Based on 3GPP TR 25.853) Specify the maximum length of time a radio bearer can be inactive before it is released. Specify the maximum time a RAB assignment for setup can be queued during admission control. If the assignment is not served within this time, it is discarded. Configure dedicated, common, and shared transport channels carrying data and signaling traffic. For data channels, you can configure channel parameters for each UMTS service class. The main transport channel attributes are described below. Note that the configurable transport channel parameters depend on the channel type. For example, RB Mapping info does not apply to common channels because it is specified on a per-UMTS-class basis for the UEs in CELL_DCH state. Configure parameters for radio link control operations.
UMTS RNC Admission Control Parameters
UMTS RNC Timers Processing Time (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Timers) Tinactivity (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Timers) Tqueuing (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Timers) UMTS RNC Channel Configuration
RLC Info (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Channel Configuration)
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Table 10-11 RNC Attributes (Part 2 of 3)

Use This Attribute... UL RLC Mode and DL RLC Mode (sub-attributes of RLC Info) To... Specify the RLC mode used on the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) channels. Because retransmissions triggered by TCP can incur larger delay in the unacknowledged mode, using an RLC in the acknowledged mode may reduce response times when TCP is running over a noisy channel. Specify the number of RLC PUs that can be sent or received without an acknowledgement. This attribute applies only to the RLC Acknowledged Mode.
Transmission Window Size and Receiving Window Size (sub-attributes of RLC Info) RLC Discard Info (sub-attribute of RLC Info) In-Sequence Delivery (sub-attribute of RLC Info)
Specify the timers used to determine when and how packets in the transmitters RLC buffer are discarded. Specify if the RNC preserves the order of packets received from higher layers. When this attribute is set to No, the RNC forwards packets to the SGSN as they are received. When this attribute is set to Yes, the RNC will only send packets to the SGSN in sequenced order. That is, if the RNC receives packet 21 but has not received packet 20, it will hold packet 21 until it receives and forwards packet 20 to the SGSN or until it realizes that packet 20 will never be fully received and sent to the SGSN. Specify how often downlink status reports are sent from the RNC to the CN. When the Missing PU Indicator sub-attribute is set to True, status reports are sent out each time a missing PU is detected, subject to the maximum and minimum intervals permitted between status reports. These maximum and minimum values are specified by the Timer Status Periodic and Timer Status Prohibit sub-attributes, respectively. Specify how often the RNC checks to see if it should send status reports to the UEs. Once the time specified by this attribute has elapsed, the RNC determines if it needs to send status reports to UEs. If a status report is required, the RNC sends the report and resets this timer. Specify if a missing PU triggers the RNC to send a status report to the UEs. After the Timer Status Prohibit timer elapses, the RNC checks to see if a missing PU was detected. When this attribute is set to True, the RNC will send a status report to the appropriate UEs if it detects a missing PU. When this attribute is set to False, missing PUs do not trigger a status report. Define how often the RNC sends status reports to UEs if it detects missing PDUs. The RNC starts this timer when it receives its first AM packet and the timer is continually reset after expiration. Upon detection of a missing PDU, this timer triggers a status report to be sent at the end of the current Timer Status Prohibit timer. Configure the parameters required to map the radio bearers to different channel types for the UEs that are in CELL_DCH state. The radio bearers for UEs in CELL_FACH state are mapped to FACH and RACH for down link and uplink, respectively. Define parameters required to compute the channel data rate from the information rate based on the channel coding employed. Currently, the model supports convolutional channel coding types, with puncturing.
DL RLC Status Info (sub-attribute of RLC Info)
Timer Status Prohibit (sub-attribute of DL RLC Status Info)
Missing PU Indicator (sub-attribute of DL RLC Status Info)
Timer STATUS Periodic (sub-attribute of DL RLC Status Info)
RB Mapping Info (sub-attribute of Transport channel Parameters) UL TrChnl Info and DL TrChnl Info (sub-attribute of Transport channel Parameters)
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Table 10-11 RNC Attributes (Part 3 of 3)

Use This Attribute... UMTS to ATM QoS Mapping Scheduling Weights To... Define the QoS of each ATM SVC that carries a particular class of UMTS traffic. Assign weights to each QoS class for use in the FACHs weighted round-robin scheduling algorithm. Specify the format of the UE identification number used over FACH communications. Both C-RNTI (16-bit) and U-RNTI (32-bit) are supported. Configure the RACH access service classes that define the level of service for RACH procedures. Set the timing relation between PRACH and AICH channels.
UE ID Type
ASC Parameters
AICH Transmission Timing End of Table 10-11
CN Attributes Table 10-12 CN Attributes (Part 1 of 2)

Use This Attribute... UMTS CN ID To... Define the CN identifier, which is used by IP Auto-Addressing to ensure that the UEs connected to this CN are in the same IP subnet. All nodes bearing the same CN ID or UE CN ID are assigned to the same IP subnet. Note that each CN must have a unique CN ID. Specify timers used in the operation of the CN. Specify the length of the GPRS attach timer.
UMTS CN Timers T3350 (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers TRABAssgt (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers T3385 (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers
Specify the length of the RAB assignment timer.
Specify the length of the PDP activation timer.
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Table 10-12 CN Attributes (Part 2 of 2)

Use This Attribute... Processing Time (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers Maximum Retry on Timer Expiry (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers UMTS CN ToS to QoS Mapping Specify the UMTS QoS class (conversational, streaming,...) used for each IP application ToS class (best effort, background, standard,...) for traffic arriving at the SGSN from higher IP layer and destined to UEs. To... Specify the processing time for data services, transcoding, and so on.
Specify the maximum number of times a signaling message is sent after the RAB assignment timer expires.
End of Table 10-12
Simulation Attributes
Unlike local attributes, which apply to individual nodes, simulation attributes apply collectively to all nodes in the network. The UMTS model suite has the following simulation attributes.
Table 10-13 Simulation Attributes
Attribute UMTS UE Mobility Distance Threshold Description This attribute defines the shortest (distance) movement of a UE that triggers an update of the tables tracking UE location and related parameters. In other words, the UE is considered to be in the same location as long as it does not move more than the threshold distance away from its last recorded location. This attribute does not affect simulations that use only fixed nodes. UMTS Sim Efficiency Mode There are two simulation efficiency modes:
Noneefficiency mode is not active, Constant BLERdisables outer loop power control and uses the initial BLER negotiated for each radio link (at the start of the connection) for the remainder of the simulation. This mode reduces simulation run times avoiding repeated power and interference calculations.
End of Table 10-13
UMTS Statistics
To analyze the performance of your UMTS network, you can collect several statistics during a simulation.
Node Statistics
The following UMTS node statistics are available. For details on a particular statistic, refer to its description by right-clicking on the statistic name in the Choose Results dialog box and selecting Statistic Description from the pull-down menu.
Table 10-14 Node Statistics (Part 1 of 3)
UMTS CN Total Number of Requests Granted Total Number of Requests Queued Total Number of Requests Released UMTS CN (per QoS) CN-CN Delay Number of Requests Granted Number of Requests Queued Number of Requests Released Total UTRAN-CN Delay UTRAN_CN Delay per ATM Link per QoS UMTS CN ATM VC Load Throughput Utilization UMTS GMM GPRS Attach Delay PDP Context Activation Delay Service Activation Delay UMTS GMM (per QoS) End-to-End Delay RAN Downlink Delay UMTS Handover Active Set Cell Count Cells Added to Active Set Cells Removed from Active Set UMTS Node-B Cell Active Data DCH count Total Cell Downlink Throughput Total Cell Uplink Throughput UMTS Node-B ATM VC Load Throughput Utilization
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UMTS RACH Access Delay Acknowledgments Received Acquisition Indicators Received Messages Sent Negative Acknowledgments Received Preamble Cycles Per Message Preamble Power Level Preambles Sent Preambles Sent Per Message Unsuccessful Contentions UMTS RNC Total Received Throughput Total Transmit Load UMTS RNC (per Node-B) DSCH Number of Active RABs FACH Number of Active RABs UMTS RNC (per QoS class) CN-UTRAN Delay RAN Uplink Delay UMTS RNC (per transport channel) Downlink Retransmission Delay Number of Downlink Transmissions Required RAN Uplink Delay Received Sequence Number Received Throughput Transmit Load UMTS RNC ATM VC Load Throughput Utilization UMTS UE GMM (per QoS class) End-to-End Delay RAN Downlink Delay
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UMTS UE RLC/MAC Total Received Throughput Total Transmit Load UMTS UE RLC/MAC (per physical channel) Uplink Actual Eb/No Uplink Average Interference Uplink reception Power Uplink Target Eb/No Uplink transmission Power UMTS UE RLC/MAC (per transport channel) Number of Uplink Transmissions Required Received Sequence Number Received Throughput Transmit Load Uplink Retransmission Delay End of Table 10-14
Global Statistics
The following UMTS global statistics are available. For details on a particular statistic, refer to its description by right-clicking on the statistic name in the Choose Results dialog box and selecting Statistic Description from the pull-down menu.
Table 10-15 Global Statistics
UMTS GMM GPRS Attach Delay PDP Context Activation Delay Service Activation Delay UMTE GMM (per QoS) End of Table 10-15 End-to-End Delay
Appendix I: Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in UMTS

Table 10-16 Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in UMTS (Part 1 of 4)
Abbreviation 2G 3G 3GPP AAL Description 2nd generation 3rd generation 3rd Generation Partnership Project ATM Adaptation Layer
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Abbreviation AM ATM BLER BSC BSS BTS CGF CN CPICH CPCH CS DCCH DCH DL DPCCH DPCH DPDCH DSCH DTCH EIR EMA FACH FER GGSN GPRS GSM Description Acknowledged Mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode Block Error Rate Base Station Controller Base Station Subsystem Base Transceiver Station Charging Gateway Functionality Core Network Common Pilot Channel Common Packet Channel Circuit Switched Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Channel Downlink (Forward Link) Dedicated Physical Control Channel Dedicated Physical Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel Downlink Shared Channel Dedicated Traffic Channel Equipment Identity Register External Model Access Forward Access Channel Frame Error Rate Gateway GPRS Support Node General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile Communications
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Abbreviation GTP HLR IMSI IP MAC MCC MM MNC MSC OPNET OSI PCCH PCH PCPCH PCCPCH PDCP PDN PDP PDSCH PDU PMM PRACH PS PU QoS RAB Description GPRS Tunneling Protocol Home Location Register International Mobile Subscriber Identity Internet Protocol Medium Access Control Mobile Country Code Mobility Management Mobile Network Code Mobile Switching Center Optimized Network Engineering Tool Open System Interconnection Paging Control Channel Paging Channel Physical Common Packet Channel Primary Common Control Physical Channel Packet Data Convergence Protocol Packet Data Network Packet Data Protocol Physical Downlink Shared Channel Protocol Data Unit Packet Mobility Management Physical Random Access Channel Packet Switched Payload Unit Quality of Service Radio Access Bearer
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Abbreviation RACH RAN RANAP RB RRC RLC RNC SCH SGSN SM TCP TDMA TE TMSI TrM TTI UE UL UM UMTS UTRAN VLR W-CDMA End of Table 10-16 Description Random Access Channel Radio Access Network Radio Access Network Application Part Radio Bearer Radio Resource Control Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Synchronization Channel Serving GPRS Support Node Session Management Transport Control Protocol Time Division Multiple Access Terminal Equipment Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Transparent Mode Transmission Time Interval User Equipment Uplink (Reverse Link) Unacknowledged Mode Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Visitor Location Register Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
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Appendix II: UMTS Protocol Background

The packet domain core network includes two network nodes: the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and the gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). The GPRS support nodes (GSNs) includes all the GPRS functionality required to support GSM and UMTS packet services. Using the notation defined in Figure 10-33 on page SPM-10-57, 3G-SGSN and 3G-GGSN refer to the UMTS functionality of the SGSN and GGSN respectively. The SGSN monitors users location and performs security functions and access control. The GGSN contains routing information for packet-switched (PS) attached users and provides interworking with external PS networks such as the packet data network (PDN). The circuit switched (CS) core network includes the mobile switching center / visitor location register (MSC/VLR). The MSC/VLR is used in the packet domain architecture to coordinate PS and CS services and functionality more efficiently. The association between SGSN and MSC/VLR is created, for example, to coordinate users that are both GPRS-attached and IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)-attached. The Home Location Register (HLR) contains GSM and UMTS subscribers information. The Charging Gateway Functionality (CGF) collects charging records from the SGSN and GGSN. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) stores information about user equipment identity.
Figure 10-33 Overview of Packet Domain Architecture
A Iu UMTS TE R MT Uu UTRAN Iu Gb BSS MSC/VLR Gs D Gr SGSN Gn Ga GGSN Ga CGF EIR Gi PDN Billing System HLR
GSM
TE
MT
Um
Gf Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Figure 10-34 Equivalent OPNET Representation
Protocol Stack (Control and User Plane) The user plane and control plane of the layered protocol structure between the UE and 3G-GGSN is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively.
In both planes, the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer handles functions such as priority handling between data flows of one UE, and multiplexing/demultiplexing of higher layer protocol data units (PDUs) into/from transport blocks delivered to/from the physical layer. The Reliable Link Control (RLC) layer supports transfer of user data in transparent, unacknowledged, and acknowledged mode. Transparent mode supports segmentation/reassembly of higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC payload units (PUs) and transfer of user data. Unacknowledged mode supports segmentation and reassembly, concatenation, padding, transfer of user data, ciphering, and sequence number check. The acknowledged mode supports segmentation and reassembly, concatenation, padding, transfer of user data, error correction, in-sequence delivery of higher layer PDUs, duplicate detection, flow control, and ciphering. In the user plane, the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer handles transmission and reception of PDUs using services provided by the RLC protocol, and header compression and decompression. The GPRS tunneling protocol for the user plane (GTP-U) uses a tunneling mechanism to carry data packets between UTRAN and 3G-SGSN, and between the GSNs in the backbone network. The GPRS tunneling protocol for the control plane (GTP-C) tunnels signaling messages between SGSNs and GGSNs, and between SGSNs in the backbone network. Control Plane signaling is used to create, modify and delete tunnels. The Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP) in the control plane encapsulates and carries higher-layer signaling, handles signaling between the UTRAN and 3G-SGSN, and manages the GTP connections on the Iu interface. In the control plane, signaling is transferred via a Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) connection on the Iu interface. The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer handles functions such as the establishment, maintenance, and release of RRC connections between the UE and UTRAN, establishment, reconfiguration, and release of Radio Bearers, RRC connection mobility functions, and UE measurement reporting functions. The GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM) layer handles functions such as attach, detach, security, routing area update, and PDP context activation and deactivation.
Figure 10-35 MS-GGSN User Plane for UMTS
Application e.g. IP, PPP, PDCP RLC MAC L1 UE Uu PDCP RLC MAC L1 UTRAN relay GTP-U UDP/IP AAL5 ATM Iu-PS GTP-U UDP/IP AAL5 ATM 3G-SGSN relay GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1 Gn e.g. IP, PPP, GTP-U UDP/IP L2 L1 3G-GGSN
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Figure 10-36 MS-GGSN Control Plane for UMTS

GMM, SM RRC RLC MAC RRC RLC MAC relay RANAP SCCP Signaling Bearer AAL5 L1 UE Uu L1 UTRAN ATM Iu-PS GMM, SM RANAP SCCP Signaling Bearer AAL5 ATM 3G-SGSN L1 Gn L1 3G-GGSN relay GTP-C UDP/IP L2 GTP-C UDP/IP L2
Mobility Management and Session Management

Figure 10-37 shows the Packet Mobility Management (PMM) States for UMTS only. These functions are handled in the GMM layer of the UE and 3G-SGSN in Figure 10-36. A mobile station cannot use GPRS services before registering in the GPRS network. A mobile station is in the Packet Mobility Management Detached (PMM-Detached) State if it is not registered in the GPRS network as shown in Figure 10-37. In that state, there is no communication between the UE and the 3G-SGSN. The 3G-SGSN cannot reach the UE because it has no valid location or routing information for the UE. The UE makes its presence known to the network by performing the GPRS Attach procedure. This makes the UE available for paging via the 3G-SGSN. A PS (Packet Switched) signaling connection is also established between UE and 3G-SGSN by performing the GPRS Attach procedure. When the PS signaling connection is established between the UE and 3G-SGSN, UE and 3G-SGSN move to the PMM-Connected State. The PS signaling connection consists of an RRC connection between UE and UTRAN and an Iu connection between the UTRAN and 3G-SGSN. If the PS signaling connection is released or broken, the UE and 3G-SGSN move to the PMM-Idle State. Once in the PMM-Connected State, the mobile station needs to request a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) address used in the Packet Data Network (PDN) if it wants to exchange packet data with external packet networks. The mobile station accomplishes this by activating the PDP context that it wants to use. The PDP context characterizes the session. It includes the PDP type (e.g. IPv4 or Ipv6), PDP address, QoS requested, etc. With an active PDP context, the mobile station is known to external packet data networks and can send and receive PDP PDUs. The MS and SGSN can move to the PMM-Detached State by performing a GPRS Detach procedure. In the PMM-Idle State, the mobile station is attached to the GPRS network but data transmission and reception is not possible. There is no PS signaling connection between the UE and 3G-SGSN. To re-establish the PS signaling connection between the UE and 3G-SGSN in the PMM-Idle State, the UE
SPM-10-59
performs a Service Request procedure with the 3G-SGSN. Once the PS signaling connection is re-established, the UE and 3G-SGSN move back to the PMM-Connected State. The mobile station may initiate the activation of a PDP context while in the PMM-Idle State.
Figure 10-37 UE PMM States
PMM-Detached
PS Detach
PS Attach
PS Detach
PMM-Idle
PS Signaling Connection Release PMM-Connected PS Signaling Connection Establish
Radio Resource Management

Radio resources are allocated to the mobile station in a very flexible manner depending on the level of activity and the amount of data that needs to be sent. Packets can be sent over the physical random access channel (PRACH), the physical common packet channel (PCPCH), or the dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH). For a small amount of data, the PRACH is normally used. For small to medium amounts of data, the PCPCH is preferred. For large amounts of data, the DPDCH can be used. On receipt of PDUs from higher layers, the UE begins the RAB (Radio Access Bearer) Assignment procedure if no radio bearer has been established. If these PDUs do not belong to a quality of service for which a PDP context has been activated, the UE first initiates the PDP Activation Procedure. On the other hand, if a PDP context already exists, the UE initiates the RAB Assignment procedure by sending a Service Request message to the 3G-SGSN as shown in Figure 6. The Service Request procedure is used to setup a PS signaling connection with the network if the UE is in PMM-Idle State or to request resource reservation to the network if the UE is in PMM-Connected State. In the RAB Assignment procedure, the 3G-SGSN sends a RAB Assignment Request message to the UTRAN to establish one RAB. The UTRAN establishes the appropriate radio bearer by sending a Radio Bearer Setup message to the UE
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if there is sufficient uplink and downlink capacity available to support the new radio link. On receipt of a Radio Bearer Setup message, the UE setups the appropriate radio bearer as specified by the UTRAN. Once a radio bearer is set, the UE can start sending/receiving PDUs on the uplink/downlink.
Figure 10-38 RAB Assignment Procedure
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Specialized Models User Guide

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General Model Description

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Model Features and Limitations

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

PDP context activation

RAB Setup, Release, and Preemption

One QoS profile per traffic class of a UE

Support of TCP/IP stack

UE Node Model Architecture on page SPM-10-12

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Table 10-1 Model Features (Part 2 of 2)

RNC Process Model on page SPM-10-23

FACH (Forward Access channel) RACH (Random Access Channel)

UE Process Model Architecture on page SPM-10-14

End of Table 10-1

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Creating a UMTS Network Topology

umts_node_b umts_rnc umts_sgsn

End of Table 10-2

Cell Creator Utility

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

miles|kilometers input map name

output map name End of Table 10-3

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Figure 10-3 Simple UMTS Network Using Raw Traffic Generation

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10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

umts_station: contains only traffic source/sink and UMTS layer

umts_wkstn and umts_server: contains full stack

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

UE Process Model Architecture

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Figure 10-8 umts_client_childApplication Child Process for the UE

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10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide

10 UMTS Model User Guide

Specialized Models User Guide