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REPRESSSION SUPPRESSION
CONVERSION DISSOCIATION/SYMBOLIZATION
IDENTIFICATION INTROJECTION
SUBLIMATION COMPENSATION
RATIONALIZATION PROJECTION
DISPLACEMENT UNDOING
SPLITTING REACTION FORMATION
REGRESSION FIXATION
INTELLECTUALIZATION ACTING-OUT
DENIAL FANTASY
1. REPRESSION Involuntary recall painful or unpleasant thoughts or feelings cause they are automatically
& involuntarily pushed into one’s unconsciousness.
Ex. Voluntary forgetfulness or “I rather not talk about it, right now!”
2. CONVERSION Transferring of mental conflict or emotional anxiety into physical symptom to release
tension.
#1 DM:
Somatic/somatoform Ex. A soldier experiences sudden blindness after witnessing his best friend dying from a
disease grenade blast; Diarrhea before exam; suppress anger HPN
DISSOCIATION Act of detaching of separating a strong emotionally charged conflict from one’s
consciousness.
#1 DM: Multiple
personality= destruction of Ex. A woman raped found wandering a busy highway – traumatic amnesia.
ego
SYMBOLIZATION – An object, idea, or act represents another through some common aspect and carries the
unconscious; emotional feeling associated with the other.
DM: Depression & counter Ex. Acting & dressing like Jesus Christ
transference
4. SUBLIMATION Re-channeling of consciously intolerable or Socially Unacceptable Behaviors or
impulses into personally or socially acceptable. Modify the issue, problem is still present
and connected
Ex. It wasn’t worth it; anyway, it is all for the best. Student fails an exam, blames it on the
poor lectures.
REACTION FORMATION Person exaggerates or overdevelops certain actions by displaying exactly the opposite
behavior, attitude, or feeling from what he or she normally would show in a given
#1 DM: Passive-aggressive situation. OVERCOMPENSATION. Conscious intent often altruistic. Procrastinate
personality disorder
Ex. Student hating her CI may act very courteously towards her.
8. REGRESSION A. temporary retreat to past levels of behavior that reduce anxiety, allow one to feel
more comfortable. Ex. A 27 year old acts like a 17 y.o. on her first date with a fellow
employee; smoking at parties chronic regression
FIXATION Permanent or persistence into later life of interests and behavior patterns appropriate to
an early age. Without stressors
Alcoholics, PTSD, incurable 14 y/o girl who is undergoing dialysis says, “What’s good about this, is that
illness after it I will look good & thin.” This shows that the teen is denying her
chronic illness
Cancer patient saying, “You might have mixed my result with other patients,”
is showing denial
FANTASY Imagined events or mental images. Wishful thinking; Temporary flight from reality to ↓
anxiety. Ex. Daydreaming. (permanent flight from reality: autism)
DM: Schizoid
A number of phenomena are used to aid in the maintenance of repression. These are termed Ego
Defense Mechanisms (the terms “Mental Mechanisms” and “Defense Mechanisms” are essentially
synonymous with this). The primary functions of these mechanisms are:
1. to minimize anxiety
2. to protect the ego
3. to maintain repression
• Denial: Refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening; arguing against an
anxiety-provoking stimulus by stating it doesn't exist; resolution of emotional conflict and
reduction of anxiety by refusing to perceive or consciously acknowledge the more unpleasant
aspects of external reality.
• Distortion: A gross reshaping of external reality to meet internal needs.
• Delusional Projection: Grossly frank delusions about external reality, usually of a persecutory
nature.
B. Level 2 Defence Mechanisms
These mechanisms are often present in adults and more commonly present in adolescence. These
mechanisms lessen distress and anxiety provoked by threatening people or by uncomfortable reality.
People who excessively use such defences are seen as socially undesirable in that they are immature,
difficult to deal with and seriously out of touch with reality. These are the so-called "immature"
defences and overuse almost always lead to serious problems in a person's ability to cope effectively.
These defences are often seen in severe depression and personality disorders. In adolescence, the
occurrence of all of these defences is normal.
These include:
• Fantasy: Tendency to retreat into fantasy in order to resolve inner and outer conflicts.
• Hypochondriasis: The transformation of negative feelings towards others into negative feelings
toward self, pain, illness, and anxiety.
• Acting out: Direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse without conscious awareness
of the emotion that drives that expressive behavior.
• Isolation: Separation of feelings from ideas and events, for example, describing a murder with
graphic details with no emotional response.
• Repression: Process of pulling thoughts into the unconscious and preventing painful or
dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness; seemingly unexplainable naivety, memory
lapse or lack of awareness of one's own situation and condition; the emotion is conscious, but
the idea behind it is absent.
D. Level 4 Defence Mechanisms
These are commonly found among emotionally healthy adults and are considered the most mature,
even though many have their origins in the immature level. However, these have been adapted
through the years so as to optimize success in life and relationships. The use of these defences
enhances user pleasure and feelings of mastery. These defences help the users to integrate conflicting
emotions and thoughts while still remaining effective. Persons who use these mechanisms are viewed
as having virtues.
These include:
• Altruism: Constructive service to others that brings pleasure and personal satisfaction
• Anticipation: Realistic planning for future discomfort
• Humor: Overt expression of ideas and feelings (especially those that are unpleasant to focus
on or too terrible to talk about) that gives pleasure to others. Humor, which explores the
absurdity inherent in any event, enables someone to call a spade a spade, while "wit" is a form
of displacement (see above under Category 3). Wit refers to the serious or distressing in a
humorous way, rather than disarming it; the thoughts remain distressing, but they are 'skirted
round' by the witticism.
• Identification: The unconscious modeling of one's self upon another person's character and
behavior
• Introjection: Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it becomes a part of that
person
• Suppression: The conscious process of pushing thoughts into the preconscious; the conscious
decision to delay paying attention to an emotion or need in order to cope with the present
reality; able to later access uncomfortable or distressing emotions and accept them