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The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before. Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labor and draft-animalbased economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialization. The impact of this change on society was enormous. The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians. Eric Hobsbawm held that it 'broke out' in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Some 20th century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among historians. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy. The Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.
2002, the compound annual GDP growth rate (CAGR) was 7.5 per cent. Growth has been high especially in manufacturing. Between 1960 and 1969, the CAGR of manufacturing value added was 16.5 per cent and between 1970 and 1979 it was 17.6 per cent. Growth in agricultures value-added has been continuously declining, falling from 5.1 per cent in the 1960s to only 1.7 per cent during 1990-2002. Rapid growth has been associated with significant structural changes (Figure 5). In 1965, the share of manufacturing in GDP was 14 per cent and that of agriculture 39 per cent. 5.4 Taiwan Province of China Like Korea, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic growth over the past half century. The average annual growth rate during that period has been 8.4 per cent, reaching almost 10 per cent in the 1960s and 1970s (Liang and Mei, 2005). Economic growth has been heavily based on the growth of manufacturing, and from the 1960s onwards on export-orientation. At the outset, the country specialized in labour-intensive production and later shifted towards capital-intensive and high-tech production.
Where India has excelled, Pakistan has faltered. Where India has won, Pakistan has lost. India has been placed alongside China as the next economic Super Power whereas Pakistan is still trying to find its footing in every sector other than defense. India has used its enormous work force to establish industrial stability whereas Pakistan is still considered a developing country. India is a safe investment option for foreign companies whereas Pakistan is considered a liability. Any existing companies are cutting their losses and leaving our shores. Our dependence on foreign aid is increasing instead of being reduced. Pakistan is currently under debt to the World Bank, the IMF and various countries amounting to $51bn. Why has India managed to become an Industrial Powerhouse, while Pakistan has not? Pakistan is one of the largest producers of cotton, wheat, rice and sugarcane in the world. Pakistan is producing 44, 15, 5 and 2 million tons of sugar-cane, wheat, rice and cotton annually. Pakistan manufactured cotton wool and fabric is exported worldwide. But despite this fact, our per-hectare production is abysmal to say the least. The prices of sugar and wheat are increasing. Pakistan was considered a gas rich country. Nowadays, the price of natural gas has leveled that of petroleum. Pakistan has an abundance of gypsum, copper, chromites and rock salt. But there isnt a single industry worthy of notice on domestic soil. In the area of defense, Pakistans might, eclipses that of even India. With all these advantages in Pakistans favor the question arises. Where did we go wrong? Why arent we the shining beacon for the Muslim Ummah as we were destined to be? Industrialization has proven to be our Achilles heel and the main hurdle between us and our rightful place in the world. Although Industrialization depends upon numerous factors, I have highlighted only four in this article. Agriculture, energy, raw materials and work force. The secret to success in any field is to always play to your strengths. Pakistan has a versatile agricultural industry. 75% of our population depends upon agriculture for their living. We should be using our agricultural expertise as the backbone of our industrial sector. If we realize our potential, Pakistan could be sufficient in food stuffs along with being a major exporter in wheat, cotton and rice. But a major percentage of our fertile land goes to waste, the reasons being lack of irrigation, plant diseases, and water logging. Feudalism is also rampant among the agricultural community. Feudal Lords buy up land and do not utilize it. Thus that land is of no use to anyone. As in all walks of life, we need to look further what Islam says about a problem. Hazrat Umar said: If any one doesnt utilize his land for three years, the state will take it back and will provide it to the person that can utilize it. Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: The land is the land of Allah, and the servants are the servants of Allah. If anyone brings barren land into cultivation, he has more right to it. - Dawud :: Book 19 : Hadith 3068 Hoarding is the first cousin of feudalism and equally responsible for the price hike in all food crops. Hoarders withhold their crops from the market creating an artificial shortage. When the prices increase, they slowly inject their goods into the market for immense profits.
Another bane for small scale farmers are taxes. The taxation policy on land and crops leaves the farmers with such a small profit ratio, that they are discouraged form further cultivation. The crops grown in Pakistan are useless unless they are exported to earn foreign exchange. For this to take place effectively, they need to be transported to port cities such as Karachi. Transportation has become such a large expense that most farmers cannot afford it. The reason for transportation being so expensive is the rising price of fuel. This brings us to the critical point of energy. Availability of energy is the cornerstone of a successful industry. Without electricity, no industry can be set up in Pakistan. The government policy on energy leaves much to be desired. In Karachi alone, there is a deficit of 246 MW. We are buying energy from foreign sources. Oil comprises Pakistans chief import which amounts to $6.5bn. This alone lays a heavy blow on our foreign exchange reserves, but Islam directs us to exploit cheap energy resources (Available in our land) and provide it to the public on actual cost without any profit. The Holy Prophet said: Muslims have common share in three (things). Grass, water and fire. - Dawud :: Book 23 : Hadith 3470 The word fire here means all sorts of energy commodities which are owned collectively by the public and the governmental sector is just to administer its production and distribution on actual cost, hence entities in this sector cant be privatized, and cant be made a source of huge profit making. Imagine the scenario if electricity generated in Pakistan is sold on actual price then this inexpensive electricity will provide the opportunity to the industries to grow and to deliver their products on cheap price in the international market, so that our industries can easily compete with others. We should be reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and look for alternative forms of energy. Pakistan is a nuclear power. But our production of electricity from nuclear energy is negligible. Pakistan has an abundance of high grade coal. But no steps are taken to utilize theses sources of energy. The only possible outcome from this situation is increasing debt and power shortages. Pakistan is blessed with an abundance of raw materials. But the refining of these materials isnt carried out here. The refining creates a needless expense which proves to be a hurdle for industrialization. Why cant high grade raw materials be produced on domestic soil? We have the work force. What is stopping us from fulfilling our true potential? Industrialization requires initial capital which the government is unwilling or unable to spend. From the above study we can clearly see that Pakistans vision is short-term. Within our out dated infrastructure, lies the source of income of too many important people. We believe in making hay while the sun shines. Instead of planning for the future, we take what we can and give nothing back. What we forget is that, God helps those who help themselves. It all comes down to a simple equation. If a countrys exports are larger than its imports, the country excels, where as the reverse case spells certain doom. It does not take a genius to guess
that Pakistan falls into the latter category. The only hope for salvation for Pakistan lies in its industrialization. Unless Pakistan establishes domestic industries which generate revenue and reduce dependence on imports, there is no hope for a better, brighter future.