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Internments:CPTandothercamps ConflittiGlobali#4

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AgenziaX,Jan01,2007,191Pages DOC_INFO ISBN10:8895029046 ISBN13:9788895029047 Englishtranslationoftheforewordandoftheabstractsofthechaptersas DOC_NOTES publishedonthepublicsectionoftheChallengeWebsite [http://www.libertysecurity.org]Monday19February2007.

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FOREWORD

ThisissueofConflittiglobaliisintroducedbyamaptheoneproduced bytheresearchcollectiveMigreuropwhicheffectivelysuggeststhe ideaoftheEuropeanUnionasabigcage:almosttwohundredsfacilities dedicatedtointernment,control,andidentificationofmigrantsand displacedpeople.Thevisualeffectofthemapisthereforeofachicken pox,whosespotsaremainlyconcentratedwithinthecurrentEU border,extendingnonethelesstheirpropagationtotheEUcandidates countriesortoparticularmandatorystatesMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia ,aswellastocountrieswithwhichEuropekeepsuncertainand ambivalentrelations,likePutinsRussiaorKhadafysLibya.Moreover, themapirresistiblycallstomindthedislocationoflegionsandfortresses atthetimewhentheRomanempire,thoughstillformallyunified,began todisaggregate.Asatthattime,theimperiallimesconsistedofsmall fortressesandtowers,and,aboveall,ofsmallsizealliedkingdomswhich effectivelyworkedasbufferzonesbetweentheRomanterritoryandthe externalworld,sonowadaystherealEuropeanlimespassesthroughthe campstheEUmemberstatesarecreatingwithintheirownterritoryor outsourcing/subcontractingtoneighbourexternalcountries.Itisnotby chancethatPolandapparentlyforgettingitsowntragicpastappears tobefilledupwithinternmentfacilities,andthatWarsawisnowadays hostingtheFrontex,theEUspecialbureauforbordercontrol.

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Thetypologyofcampsisdefinitivelyvarious:fromthefacilitiesbuiltup nearbypoliceoffices,harbourdocksorairports(asintheU.K.andin othernorthernEuropeancountries),tothepermanentinternment centres,totheencloseddumpsparticularlydiffusedwithinthepoorer countriesoftheformersovietblock,witharguablyinhumaneyettotally unknownlifeconditions.Yet,thereisanotheraspectthatthemap cannotconsider:itisthecontinuitybetweentheEuropeancamp networkandtheglobalsystemofinternment.Regardlessofdifferent, discrete,penalsystems,theworldasawholeappearstobefullofextra juridicaldetentionandreclusionsites.Ifweonlyconsiderthesituation beyondtheEuropeansoutheasternborderthatis,beyondthe detentioncentresformigrantstheTurkishGovernmenthasbuiltupin ordertoquicklyanswertoEUpressures,wefindIraqinitspermanent warsituation,withAbuGhraibandseveralotherunknownorlessknown topsecurity,extraterritorialprisons.Andifweproceedsouth,werun intothePalestinianterritoriesthat,aftertheconstructionofthewall whichisenclosingtheCisJordanianandbecauseoftherelentless realisationofcheckpointsandblockadesbytheIsraeliGovernment, couldbeconsideredasahugeinternmentcampforanentirepopulation. ButwhatdoweknowaboutAfghanistan?OrColombia?Nottosayofthe wholecentralAmericanregion,usedbyUSGovernmentasafilterin ordertocontrolmigrantscomingfromthewholesoutherncontinent? AndwhataboutthesubSaharanAfrica?OrThailand,whose Governmenthasrealisedasystemofcontrolbasedupondetention centresandmilitarycontrolinordertocounterthemovementofpeople livingintheborderareabetweenMyanmarandLaos?Andwhatabout China,orTibet?Thelistofbordersareasinfestedbycampsand internmentfacilitiesshouldprobablybemuchlonger.Onasimilar background,aplacelikeGuantanamosCampDeltaseemstobethe extremeinstanceofadiversified,yetpervasiveandaboveallstructured andcoherentsystem. Actually,thecontrolofmigrantsmovementisonlythemostevidentand immediate,yetpartial,dimensionoftheglobalresorttocamps,as emptyspaceswhichareremovedfromanyjudicialandjuridical controlevenwherenominallyexists.Astestifiedbythelandfall,onthe Italiancoasts,ofmigrantsandasylumseekerscomingfromKurdistan, Iraq,Pakistan,Palestine,SriLanka,Nigeria,andsoon,theinternment systemisoneofthekeyfactorsofacomplexglobalwarmachine:itis theessentialcardanjointwhichtransformsdisplacedpeopleintoa potentialexploitedandexploitablelabourforce.Whiletransforming peopleinflightfromwarandstarvationintoclandestineandillegal presences,thecontrolandinternmentsystemrealisestwogoalswitha
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singletool:itabolishesorradicallyreducestheasylumproblemand let(illegal)migrants,oncetheyareperiodicallyreleasedbycamps,to swelltheranksoftheblacklabourmarket.Thisisparticularlytrueinthe Italiancase,wherethemigrantlabourforcesuffersfromasystematic, radicallackofrights.Beingdeprivedofrecognitionandexcludedfrom citizenshipstandards,migrantsarethuspotentiallysubjecttothemost extremeabuses.Inthelastyear,forinstance,severalcluessuggestthat acertainnumberofPolishillegalworkersliterallydisappearedinthe countrysideofPuglia,withoutprovokinganyemotionoralarmintheso calledcivilsociety,butjustashyjudicialinvestigation.Migrantslives donotmatter:theyaresimplefiguresandfactorswhichcanfuelthe machineofthematerialproductionorsatisfytherelentlessneedofan enemywhichwesterndemocraciesseemtoneedtosupporttheirmore andmorerestrictedconsensualbasis.Inbothcases,theglobalsystemof internmentwatchesoversuchadoublefunction. Besides,crucialisalsotheexternalisationandoutsourcingofthe internmentcamps:inreturnforsomemillionsofEurosaswellasforan uncertaininternationallegitimisation,MoroccoandLibyahavebuilttheir owndetentionandidentificationcamps.Nowadays,evenSenegal detainsitsownclandestinemigrants,while,intheoffshoreofthe MoroccanandMauritaniancoasts,differentEuropeanmilitarynavies cooperateinordertoprotecttheCanariasislandsfromAfrican landings.Themaineffectisthatafurtherelementofuncertainty,and thereforeofapotentialgenocide,hastobeaddedtotheseveralothers whicharedevastatingAfrica.Itwaspreciselyinordertoavoid internmentinMoroccanorLibyancampsthateightySenegalesecitizens haverenouncedtoreachEuropebyland,embarkingtoCanaryislands towedbyamerchantship,ontheChristmasdayof2005.Arguably sightedbyanavyship,thesmugglerscutthetowlineandfledaway.Six monthslater,theboatwasdiscoveredonaBarbadosbeach,two thousandsmilesawayfromSenegal,withonlyelevenmummified corpsesandthedocumentsoftheothersonboard. OnlythehypocrisycharacterisinganyEuropeandebateonmigrations andmigrationpoliciesavoidstocallwithitspropernamethisfact,as wellastheseveralshipwrecksintheSicilyCanalorinfrontofGibraltar andoftheCanariasislands:amassacre,aslaughter.Thesewrecksmay happenontheopenseaaswellasinopenland.Asamatteroffact, similarlymummifiedanddehydratedbythesun,therearethethousands ofcorpsestheMigradiscoverseveryyearintheArizonadesert.And whiletheimmediatereasonofthesedeathshastobefoundinthe barbedwireandthewallsurroundingtheUSMexicanborder,aswellas
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themilitarynaviesmonitoringtheEuropeancoasts,yettheyareall symptomsofabroaderglobalsystemofinternment,whosemaindevice ispreciselythecamp,thedumpinggroundwheretodetainadisposable humanity. Thisissueofthejournalintendstoexplorethepoliticalsenseofthe Europeanmapmentionedabove,startingbyanumberofquestions:isit possibletoascribecurrentcamps,inalltheirpossiblephenomenologies (formigrants,refugees,asylumseekers,internallyorexternallydisplaced persons),toamoregeneralform?Canwecatchthespecificviolence propertoacampinthewayitinformsanddeformslanguage?Isit possible,besides,todiscoveramatrixofcurrentinternmentsystemin thesequenceofeventshappenedin1938inFrance,wheninternment campsemerged,asHannahArendtsuggests,astheonlypossible territoryforpeoplewhodonotbelonganywhere?And,overandabove possiblegenealogies,canwereadintheextremeinstanceofthe prolongeddetentionforenemycombatants(likeCampDeltainthe Guantanamobase)akindofinternmentwhichinvestsapersonforwhat he/shecouldpotentiallycommitinthefutureratherthanwhathe/sheis supposedtohavedoneinthepast? Whilethefirstsectionoftheissuegenerallyinvestigatesthepossible meaningofthecampform,thesecondonedirectlydescribesacertain numberofinternmentsituations:fromtheenclosedPalestine,where forthefirsttimethecampformseemstoassumeastateform,tothe strategiesofconfinementofmigrants,beduinsandrefugeesinthe adjacentGhorValley;fromtheparticularlaboratoryofdeportations andintermentswhichisemergingbetweentheislandofLampedusaand Libya,totheemergencyreconstructionprocesscharacterisingthepost tsunamiSriLanka,andthespecificformsofdomesticreclusionsuffered bymigrantcaregivers.Besidethesesituations,wherecampsemergeas dispositifsproducingnewformsofsovereigntyandradicalstatus differences,theanalysistakesintoaccountthespecificformsof resistance,oppositionandflightinvestinganykindofcamps,fromthe ItalianCPTtotheAustraliandetentioncentres.Anditalsotriestogivea visualaccountofthesequenceofwalls,fencesandenclosureswhichare followingandredrawingpresenttimeborders.Inthemiddleofthetwo sections,asaninterlude,wepublishanexcerptofViktorKlemperer diaries,thequestioninggazeofasurvivedintheGermanyof1945,and fewversesofanAmericanminorpoet,RandallJarrel,whocastsa moonlightshadowoneverydaylifeatwartime.

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LaformacampoFedericoRahola Europa,1938GrardNoiriel IllinguaggioneicampiLucaGuzzetti ModelloGuantanamoJessWhyte BalcancitiesKyongPark spettri Giugno1945.IdiaridellamarezzaViktorKlemperer CinquepoesiediguerraRandallJarrell materiali FortezzefotografiediBrunaOrlandi LaguerraaipiratidelXXIsecoloRobertoCiccarelli GliannidiOsloelaPalestinareclusaMarcoAllegra Rifugiati,migrantienomadiMauroVanAken ControiconfiniAngelaMitropoulos,BrettNeilson TraLampedusaelaLibiaRutvicaAndrijasevic RicostruzionidiemergenzaCamilloBoano InternidomesticiFrancescaScrinzi PercorsidiliberazioneEmilioQuadrelli

ABSTRACTS

spaces

Thecampform.Agenealogyofpresenttimedetentionandtransit byFedericoRahola Thedisplacedpeopleofpresenttimearegovernmentallyclassified throughaseriesofpartages,definitionsandcategories(temporary refugees,internallydisplacedpersons,asylumseekers,forcedor economicmigrants),whichreifythelackofbelongingcharacterizingtheir statusandsubsumeitunderthecommonspecterofacamp.While suggestingtorefertothedifferentmanifestationscampsassumein presenttimeastoabroaderanddialecticalform,thearticlestresses thewayhumandisplacementisproducedasapoliticalsurplus(thus economicallyexploitable)insofarasinternmentcampsarenotonlythe soleactualterritoriesavailabletodisplacedpeople,butalsowhat definestheirlivesaspotentiallyinternableanddeportable.Asdevices

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thatdirectlyintroducearadicalpoliticaldifference(expressedinterms ofthepossibilitytobeadministrativelyinternedanddeported)even withinapoliticallyhomogeneousterritory,ratherthanasimple exclusion,campsproduceadifferentialcompositionwithinthevery notionofcitizenship,materiallyrealizingakindofapartheidregime. Outliningagenealogyofthisparticulardispositiffromthecolonialorder totheglobalpresentthearticlestressestheoriginallinkbetween internmentcampsandageneralstateofwar(ratherthanaspecificstate ofexception,whichalwaysalludestoauniqueandstaticnotionof sovereignty),thussuggestingtheinternational,oreventuallythe global,asthespecificspaceoftheoutside(opposedassuchtotheany internal,nationalorder)thecampformbelongsto. CritiquingtheViolenceofGuantanamo.AgainsttheMonopolisationof theFuture byJessWhyte Thearticleseekstounderstandtheconceptionofhistoryandofthe futurethatisadequatetoGuantanamoBayasaninterrogationcamp.It willarguethatthedetentionofsocalledenemycombatantsrepresents anindividualizationofthedoctrineofpreemption,whichassertsthat threatsmustbeneutralizedbeforetheyareallowedtoemerge. Preemption,itwillargue,occursnotatthelevelofactionsbutatthe levelofintent.Preemptionisnecessary,wearetold,becauserogue statesandterrornetworksareseekingtoacquireweaponsofmass destruction.Thesegroupshaveexpressedanintention,theyareseeking acapacity.Thesegroupsaredeservingofpreemptiveattacknotbecause ofactionstheyhavealreadytaken,butbecausetheydesiretheabilityto act,andmustbefrustratedinthatdesire.UsingWalterBenjamins CritiqueofViolence,Iwilllinkthedoctrineofpreemptiontotheneedfor anylegalsystemtomonopoliseviolenceandarguethatpreemptionaims toensureasovereignfutureinwhichtheUSisthesolepartywiththis capacitytouseviolence. TheLanguageoftheCamps:Lager,Gulag,CPT byLucaGuzzetti AccordingtoWittgenstein,languagedependsfromtheformoflifeof whichitsapart,inotherwordsthelanguagegamesareaconsequence ofhumanrelations.AtthebeginningofPhilosophicalinvestigations, Wittgensteingivestheexampleofaverysimplelanguagegame,defining
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itasacompleteprimitivelanguage.Similarlanguagegamescanbe foundintheliteratureregardingconcentrationcamps,Lagers,Gulags. Thehypothesisinvestigatedinthispaperregardsthepossibilitytouse thelanguagegamesplayedinspecificcontexts,tohaveimportant evidenceregardingthesocialrelationstheredominant.Astheperfect identitybetweenthelanguagesofNaziLagersandSovietGulagstellsus somethingaboutthesimilarroleplayedbytheconcentrationcampsin thetwototalitarianregimes,thesimilarnatureofthelanguagegames playedinthedetentioncentresformigrantsinEuropeshouldmakeus awareoftherisksofcreatingfragmentsoftotalitarianstatewithin democraticpoliticalsystems. Bedouins,refugeesandmigrants.Technologiesofmobility,departing fromtheJordanValley byMauroVanAken Inthelasthalfacentury,theEastBankoftheJordanValleyhas constitutedapoliticallaboratoryforthelocationandcontrolofmobility. Severalmobilecommunitieshaveencounteredhere,fromBedouin tribesobligedtosettledinthenationalincorporation,Palestinian refugeesassimilatedintoaJordaniandevelopmentmissionofintensive agricultureandEgyptianmigrantlabourers,whoweretransformedin fewdecadesfromwelcomedArabbrothersintoillegalmigrants. Thesegroupsfacedanewdisciplineofplaceofruraldevelopment planninglinkedtothenationalconstruction.Theagriculturalcolonyhas representedthemain,althoughapparentlyneutral,toolforintroducing projectsofsocialengineeringinthelastcentury,basedonanewcontrol ofspace,ofundisciplinedpatternsofmobilityandonaninventionof communities.Incontrast,thedislocatedgroupsrelyontheirhistoriesof mobilityandonthepresentdislocatedsocialnetworkintheattemptto buildaspaceofautonomy. Exceptionaltimesandnongovernmentalspacings byBrettNeilsonandAngelaMitropoulos InlateApril2003,around500peopletravelledtothenewlyconstructed BaxterdetentioncentreintheSouthAustraliandesertforathreeday protest.Atthetime,Baxterheldsome300detainees,includingmigrants fromIraqandAfghanistan.Thedecisiontobuildthishighlyfortified structurehadbeenmadejustdaysafteranearlieraction,preciselya
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yearbefore,inwhichsome50inmateshadescapedfromthedetention centreatWoomera.Inretrospect,itisnoexaggerationtoclaimthat Woomera2002andtheSeptember2000protestsagainsttheWorld EconomicForuminMelbournewerethemostsignificantlocal expressionsofthatcongeriesofnongovernmentalactorsthat,atthe turnofthecentury,composedthesocalledmovementofmovements. Yet,betweentheprotestsatWoomerain2002andthoseatBaxterin 2003,littlewouldremainthesame.Notonlywouldthenewcamp involveadvancedtechnologiesofsurveillance,biometricsandisolation, butduringtheinterveningperiod,therewouldoccuranincreased militarisationofthepolicingofprotestsparalleledbytheAustralian governmentswillingparticipationinthewarinIraq.Attheborder, politicsrisksexposingitselftotheimpolitical,toasenseofmovement beyonditsconventionalsociopoliticaldefinitions,andtoanexpression ofthepoliticalwithoutasovereigntone.Onemightsaythatitisthisrisk whichisalsotosay,thischanceforalifeotherwisethatamigratory politicsseeksout.Andyet,justastheprospectformovementseemsto becomeevermorelimited,suchlimitsarereinforcedbynostalgic repetitionnolessthanthroughtheproliferationofborders. BetweenLampedusaandLibya byRutvicaAndrijasevic Duringthepastyearsthetemporaryholdingcentreforirregularmigrants inLampedusahasbeenrepeatedlydenouncedforinstancesof proceduralirregularitiesandhumanrightsviolations.Thedegrading treatmentreservedtothirdcountrynationals,thedifficultyingaining accesstotheasylumdeterminationprocessandthelargescale expulsionstoLibya,broughtLampedusatotheattentionofEuropean andinternationalinstitutions.TheEuropeanParliament,theEuropean CourtofHumanRightsandtheUnitedNationsHumanRights CommitteeallcalledonItalytorefrainfromcollectiveexpulsionsof asylumseekersandirregularmigrantstoLibya,andtorespectasylum seekersrighttointernationalprotection.Usingthematerialprovidedby theItalianauthorities,EuropeaninstitutionsandtheNGOs,thisstudy presentsanoverviewofeventsandpoliciesimplementedbytheItalian andLibyangovernments,theEuropeanUnionandtheInternational OrganizationforMigrationandoutlinesthecontentionssurrounding thesepolicies.Thepaperarguesthattheimplementationofthe detentionandreturnschemes,commonlydiscussedintermsofthe externalizationofasylum,doesnotactuallyrelocatetheasylum proceduresoutsidetheEUsexternalbordersbutratherdeprivesasylum
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seekersofthepossibilityofaccessingasylumdeterminationprocedure. TheanalysisofmigratorypatternsinLibyafurthersuggeststhatthese policies,implementedtodeterirregularmigratoryflowsintoEuropeand combatsmugglinginmigrants,mightparadoxicallyresultinillegalizing themovementofmigrantsbetweenLibyaandneighbouringAfrican states,andinincreasingtheinvolvementofsmugglingnetworks.The studyendsbyraisingtheissueofthepoliticalresponsibilityofallactors involved,whethertheyaregovernments,supranationalbodiesor agencies,andputtingforwardpolicyrecommendationsforaneffective EUframeworkfortheprotectionofasylumseekers. Emergencyreconstructions Territories,maps,andcamps:theposttsunamiinSriLanka byCamilloBoano Thearticleaddressasortofgeographicalpoliticaleconomyofthe tsunamicaseinSriLanka,arguingthatthisspecificeventbroughtinto uneasyandtroublingfocussomeofthetensionsbetween interdependentcategoriesthatlieatthecoreofgeography:natureand culture;environment,societyanddevelopment;globalinterconnection, humanitarianismandthepoliticsofaid;ethics,careandresponsibility; knowledge,expertiseandempowerment.Thestudyconsidersthe tsunamiasagenerativeeventabletocreatenewspatialitiesand temporalities.Intermsofspatialities,thetsunamidefinedsome noveltiesatbothatmacroandmicrolevel.Inmacroterms,allthe affectedcountrieswereunifiedunderthetsunamiaffectedlabel, insteadofbeingconceivedasaseriesofdiscretegeopoliticalunits.The relationshipbetweenthisnewIndianOceanregionandtherestof theworldwasalsoredefinedthankstotheoutpouringofinternational aidfromacrosstheglobe.Inmicroterms,theaidflowshapeddifferent spacesnoreconstructionzones,newrelocationsites,townships, uniquenessofgeographicalplaceandpersonalcircumstanceswere spatialisedacrosstheregion.Ontemporalities,thetsunamihasbrought temporalchallengesinandthroughspace.Therewasasenseinwhich theclockwaszeroedorresetopeningatsunamieraandcallingforan immediatepost,withallthepsychosocialmeaningofthetsunami remembering.

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Domesticinternments byFrancescaScrinzi Cetarticle,bassuruneenquteethnographiqueraliseenItalie, prsentelesconditionsdetravaildesemploy(e)sdemaisonmigrantes demeure,vuescommeunindicateurdesarticulationsentrelesrapports sociauxdesexe,deraceetdeclasse.Cesdernierssontdabord analysslalumiredesliensentrelespolitiquessociales,demploiet dimmigration.Ensuite,cesrapportssociauxsontaucoeurdelarelation deservicedomestique.Letravaildesemploy(e)sdemaisondemeure, souventsanspapiers,secaractriseparlebrouillementdesespaceset destempsdetravailetdenontravail,parunedisponibilitquasiment totaleetparunechargeimportantedetravailmotionnel,quiestrendu invisible.Enfin,sontprsentslesmodesdemiseautravailauxquels fontrecourslesemployeursainsiquelesstratgiesparlesquellesles employ(e)sdemaisonrsistentlexploitationetleursparcoursde sortiedusecteurdomestiquedemeure.

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