Experiment No. 3 Aim: To generate a TDM-PAM signal and demodulate it.

APPARATUS/COMPONENTS REQUIRED: TDM Pulse Amplitude Modulation-Demodulation Trainer (ST2102), Patch cords, CRO etc. Theory: Multiplexing: Multiplexing is the process of combining signals from different information sources so that they can be transmitted over a common channel. Multiplexing is advantageous in cases where it is impracticable and uneconomical to provide separate links for the different information sources. The price that has to be paid to acquire this advantage is in the form of increased system complexity and bandwidth. The two most commonly used methods of multiplexing are 1. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) 2. Time division multiplexing (TDM) Frequency Division Multiplexing: Frequency division multiplexing is the process of combining several information channels by shifting their signals to different frequency groups within the frequency spectrum so that they can all be transmitted over a common transmission channel. The information signals are shifted in different frequency groups by making them modulate carrier signals at different frequencies e.g. Let us suppose two information signals occupy a frequency range of 300 - 3400Hz speech signal). Only lower side band is transmitted. The first signal modulates a 64 KHz carrier; the modulated signal occupies a frequencies band of 60.6 KHz to 63.7 KHz. The second signal modulates a 68 KHz carrier; the modulated signal occupies a frequency band of 64.6 KHz to 67.7 KHz. As it can be seen from above example, the modulated signals occupy different frequency ranges in the frequency spectrum. Hence they can be transmitted over the same channel.

At receiver, filters having different pass band frequency range are used to separate the various information signals. The pass band is chosen so as to extract the information from one channel. A separation between two modulated signals in frequency band reduces call interference and also allows for the gradual roll-off gradient of the filters. 18

Time Division Multiplexing : Time division multiplexing is the process of combining the samples from different information signals, in time domain so that they can be transmitted over the same channel. The fact utilized in TDM technique is that there are large intervals between the message samples. The samples from the other sources can be placed within these time intervals. Thus every sample is separated from other in time domain. The time division multiplexing system can be simulated by two rotating switches, one at transmitter and the other at receiver. (See figure 4) The two wipers rotate and establish electrical contact with one channel at a time.

Figure 4

Each signal is sampled over one sampling interval and transmitted one after the other along a common channel. Thus part of message 1 is transmitted first followed by part of message 2, message 3 and then again message 1 so on. It can be anticipated from above process that the receiver switch has to follow two constraints: 1. It must rotate at the same rate as the transmitter switch. 2. It must start at the same time as the transmitting switch and it must establish electrical contact with the same channel no. as that of the transmitter. If these two conditions are met, the receiver is said to be in synchronization with transmitter. If constraint one is not met, the samples of different sources would get mixed at the receiver. If constraint two is not met, the information from source 1 will be received by some other channel which is not intending to accept the information from that particular channel. To establish synchronization, the receiver needs to know: a. Frequency/ rate of operation at transmitter. b. Sample identification. This increases the transmitter and receiver complexity and cost. Practical Aspects of Time Division Multiplexing : In time division multiplexing the correct operations of transmitter switch which creates samples, is a must. The functioning of TDM switch is complex. But its understanding is easy, provided you are aware of the existence of circuit delays and setting times. Theoretically large number of samples can be multiplexed in time domain, but its practical implementation becomes harder and harder as the time interval between consecutive samples decreases. In ST2102, the operations of transmitter switch are controlled by the transmitter timing logic. (See figure 6)

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Figure 5

switch depends upon the decoder output provided in transmitter timing logic. The decoder's output can be obtained at TP7, 8,9,10. Observe that the output at each of these test points is a train of pulses at frequency 16 KHz and with pulse duration set by the duty cycle selector switch. The decoder's output depends upon two quantities: a. Divider output b. Decoder Enable pulse train which is provided by the duty cycle control signal. The following table summarizes the switch operation for various inputs to the decoder.

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Figure 6 Divider Output Transmitter Sampling Switches

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Divider Output MSB TP3 0 0 1 1 LSB TP2 0 1 0 1

Transmitter Sampling Switches CH0 TP7 Closed Open Open Open CH0 TP8 Open Closed Open Open CH2 TP9 Open Open Closed Open CH3 TP10 Open Open Open Closed

The decoder output is decided by the divider output. But the operation takes places only when the decoder is enabled. The enable signal is active low and it is supplied from the duty cycle control switch (TP4) the switch is closed when a low signal is applied to it. The duration of a particular switch closing is decided by the duty cycle control switch whose output drives the enable input of the decoder. For different setting of the duty cycle switch, the output width driving the decoder's enable input varies. Hence the duration for which the switch remains closed also varies. The two control signals to the decoder create a problem. The problem arises when the decoder enable signal appears while divider output is changing. It causes sampling error, because the binary code at the divider output may initially correspond to a different switch. To overcome this problem, the duty cycle output is made to lag by 5% of one channel time slot. This allows the divider output to settle to a constant level before the enable signal arrives. Figure 7 illustrates the timing of the two signals when The duty cycle control is set to "9". The period allocated for transmitting one sample is called as a time slot. On ST2102 four channels are multiplexed. The groups of four time slots are termed as a frame. Procedure: 1. set the duty cycle control switch in position '5'. 2. Turn all the potentiometers in Function Generator block viz Sync Level, 250Hz, 1 KHz, 2KHz fully clockwise. 3. Make following connections with 4mm banana to banana connectors: a. 250 Hz to CH 0 input socket of Transmitter block. b. 500 Hz to CH 1 input socket of Transmitter block. c. 1 KHz to CH 2 input socket of Transmitter block. d. 2 KHz to CH 3 input socket of Transmitter block. 4. Observe the Transmitter Output (TP20) along with CH0 input (TP11) for reference with the aid of oscilloscope. Use Transmitter's CH0 Input for external triggering of oscilloscope. This will help to achieve a stable waveform. 5. Make the following connections with banana connectors: a. Transmitter Output to Receiver Input b. Transmitter Clock to Receiver Clock c. Transmitter CH0 to Receiver CH 0 6. With the help of oscilloscope, observe the Transmitter Output signal (TP20) & the Receivers CH 0 Low Pass Filter's input (TP41) 7. Display the Receiver's Low Pass Filter's input (TP41) & output (TP42) simultaneously on the oscilloscope. The signal at TP42 shows the reconstructed ~250Hz sine wave which was transmitted at CH0. Similarly view the outputs of all Receiver Low Pass Filters at TP44, 46, 48. 8. The Duty cycle Selector switch is presently in position 5 i.e. the duration of each sample is 50% of the timeslot allotted to each channel. 22

Block diagram:

Procedure:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Assemble all required apparatus. Connect the message signal with CRO, observe it. Simultaneously do the same for message signal 1,2,3,4 {m1(t),m2(t),m3(t)m4(t)} Connect the message signal to CRO & then obtain TDM output & observe it. Give PAM-TDM o/p to demodulator. 23

Observation Table:Signal m1(t) M2(t) M3(t) M4(t) clk TDM o/p m1(t) m2(t) m3(t) m4(t) amplitude frequency

CONCLUSION:-

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Questions: 1. Define synchronous TDM.

2. Define asynchronous TDM.

3. What is frame in TDM

4. List out the application of TDM

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