Chapter 1

Source: HVAC Systems Design Handbook
Chapter
1
HVAC Equations for Everyday Use
1.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to place the frequently (and not so frequently) used equations for everyday HVAC calculations in one location. Have you ever needed to know how to calculate the brake horsepower of a pump quickly but dont remember the equation for it? Or have you ever needed to calculate the EDR of a steam system in order to size a steam condensate return pump and receiver? It can be a tedious and time-consuming process to nd this information. Therefore, this chapter will give some of the most important as well as some of the least known HVAC equations for your use in one convenient location. The following equations are stated without derivation or example applications. Some of the equations will be used in examples in later chapters of this book. This chapter is divided into two parts. The rst covers frequently used equations. The second part contains equations that will not be frequently used but are needed for comprehensiveness. It is the responsibility of the user to understand and apply the equations in the proper and correct manner. We suggest that this chapter be used after basic HVAC knowledge has been attained by the reader.
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Chapter One
PART 1FREQUENTLY USED HVAC EQUATIONS 1.2 Air Side Equations
1.2.1 Abbreviations and Denitions for Air Side Equations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
CFM cubic ft per min V velocity, ft/min TMIXED mixed air temperature, F TOA outside air temperature, F TRA return air temperature, F TSAROOM supply air temperature to room, F TSROOM desired sensible room temperature, F TSACOIL supply sensible air temperature leaving coil, F TSADUCT duct supply air temperature, F EAT entering air temperature, F LAT leaving air temperature, F SP static pressure, in of H2O VP velocity pressure, in of H2O TP total pressure, in of H2O ACH air changes per hour BTU British Thermal Unit (1 BTU = energy to raise 1 pound of water 1F) BTUH British Thermal Units per hour BTUHSROOM sensible load of the room/space MBH 1000 BTUH MAT mixed air temperature, F BHP brake horsepower h enthalpy, BTU/lbm lbm pound mass density of air, lbm/ft3 L duct length, ft Dh hydraulic diameter, in pf total static pressure differential, in of water P perimeter of duct, in A area of duct, in2 a major axis, in b minor axis, in
32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.
De SH dr te tl ta D L U d KA
equivalent duct diameter, in specic heat at design temperature and pressure, Btu/lb F density ratio for air compared to sea level temperature air entering duct section temperature air leaving duct section temperature air surrounding duct section diameter of duct, in length of duct, ft overall heat transfer coefcient of duct wall, BTU/h ft2 F density of insulation, lb/ft2 Dimensional constant for altitude
1.2.2 Air Side Equations
Supply CFM to room: CFM =
BTUHSROOM (TSROOM TSAROOM ) 1.08
(1.2.1)
Basic outside air requirement for the space breathing zone: Vbz = Rpz Pz + Raz Az1 uncorrected outside air to the breathing zone, CFM CFM/person (See Table 22.2) zone/room population CFM/ft2 of the zone/room (see Table 22.2) oor area of the zone/room, ft2 ( CFM ) 60 minutes hour Air changes per hour: ACH = volume room (ft 3 ) Duct velocity (FPM): V= CFM or area ft 2 Where Vbz Rpz Pz Raz Az (1.2.1a)
(1.2.2) (1.2.3a) (1.2.3b) (1.2.4) (1.2.5a)
V = 4005 VP Total pressure (in of H2O): TP = SP + VP VP(standard air): V VP = 4005

2
Chapter One
V(based on pressure): V(standard air): V(at given pressure):
V = 1096.7
VP
(1.2.5b) (1.2.5c) (1.2.5d) KA (1.2.5e)
V = 4005 VP V = K A VP 4005 dr
Where 4005 = dimensional constant at sea level Dimensional constant: See Table 4.3 for values of dr. CFM in duct: Mixed air temperature: CFM = area ( ft 2 ) ( V KA =
(1.2.6)
CFM SA CFM RA CFM SA CFM OA MAT = TOA + TRA (1.2.7) CFM SA CFM SA Fan heat (motor in air stream): watts BTUH Q fan = BHP 745.7 3.413 watt hp
(1.2.8)
Fan heat air temperature rise: t of =
Q fan
CFM fan 1.08
) (
(1.2.9)
Where CFMfan is adjusted for altitude. See Table 4.3. Total cooling coil Load:
BTUH total = CFM h( EAT ) h( LAT ) 4.5 0density .075 lbs

ft3
(1.2.10)
Where
density 0.075 lbs 3

ft
is the air density ratio adjustment based on altitude
or temperature. See Table 4.3 for elevation adjustment. Coil sensible load: BTUH sensible = CFM (1.08 T) 0density .075 lbs
ft3
(1.2.11)
Air factor: AF = (air density) SH 60 min/hr (1.2.12)
VAV terminal unit coil heating capacity:

BTUH total = TSROOM TSADUCT Heating CFM space 1.08 + BTUH SROOM
) (
) ( )
ft 3 F min See Table 4.3 for values at different elevations. Rectangular to round duct equivalent2: 1.3 ( wh)0.625 De = w + h 0.250
Where 1.08
1.08
BTU/hr
(1.2.13) at sea level
Where
(1.2.14)
w duct width h duct height De equivalent round duct diameter, in See Chapter 6. Round to at oval duct equivalent2 De = 1.55 A0.625 P0.25 (1.2.15)
b2 A= +b ab 4
(1.2.16) (1.2.17)
See Chapter 6.
2(a
b)
Duct insulation heat gain/loss2: UPL t + t Q= e l ta 12 2 2 Duct leaving air temperature : tl = y= y= te y 1 + 2ta y +1 2.4 A Vd rectangular ducts U P L
(1.2.18a)
(1.2.18b) (1.2.18c) (1.2.18d)
0.6 D Vd round ducts UL See Chapter 6, Equation 6.11.
Chapter One
1.3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Fan Laws
1.3.1 Fan Law Abbreviations
CFM cubic ft per min D fan diameter, in SP static pressure (in of H2O) TP total pressure (in of H2O) RPM revolutions per min HP horsepower d density of air, lbs/ft3 CFMMAX maximum CFM of fan based at critical speed CFM1 original CFM of fan RPMMAX critical speed HPName Plate motor name plate horsepower Subscript1 original condition; subscript2 new condition; subscripttested actual eld-tested values 13. SE static efciency
1.3.2 Fan Law Equations1
D RPM 2 CFM 2 = CFM1 2 D1 RPM1 D RPM 2 d2 SP2 = SP 2 1 D1 RPM1 d1 D RPM 2 d2 HP2 = HP 2 1 D1 RPM1 d1 D CFM 2 = CFM1 2 D1
2 5 3 2 2
(1.3.1)
(1.3.2)
(1.3.3)
RPM 2 d1 RPM1 d2
(1.3.4)
D SP2 d1 RPM 2 = RPM1 1 SP d2 D2 1 D SP 2 d1 HP2 = HP 2 2 1 d2 D1 SP 1

2 3
(1.3.5)
(1.3.6)
D CFM 2 RPM 2 = RPM1 1 D2 CFM1 d2 CFM 2 D SP2 = SP 1 1 d 1 CFM1 D2 CFM 2 d2 D HP2 = HP 1 1 CFM1 d1 D2 CFM based on critical speed of fan: RPM MAX CFM MAX = CFM1 RPM1 New brake horsepower at critical speed: BHPmax rpm RPM MAX = HP 1 RPM1
3 4 3 4 3
(1.3.7)
(1.3.8)
(1.3.9)
(1.3.10)
(1.3.11)
Maximum RPM of fan with original motor: RPM max horsepower = RPM tested 3 HPnameplate BHPtested (1.3.12)
Maximum RPM of fan based on fan pressure class: RPM at max sp = RPM tested SPmax fanclass SPtested (1.3.13)
Fan actual BHP based on total pressure and static efciency: BHP = 1.4 1. 2. 3. 4. CFM TP 6356 SE (1.3.14)
Heat Transfer Equations2 Q heat, BTU/hr U U-value of material (conductance), BTU/h ft2 F A area, ft2 SHGC solar heat gain coefcient, dimensionless
1.4.1 Abbreviations and Denitions for Heat Transfer Equations
Chapter One
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
CLTD cooling load temperature difference, F Tin interior air temperature, F Tout exterior air temperature, F L thickness, in Apf total area of glass, ft2 Et incident total irradiance, BTU/hr ft2 SC glass shading coefcient dimensionless MSHGF maximum solar heat gain factor for fenestration exposure CLF cooling load factor
1.4.2 Basic HVAC Heat Transfer Equations2
1. Basic conduction: Q U A (T1 T2) 2. Basic glass heat gain: Q U Apf (tout tin) (SHGC)Apf Et or Q U Apf (tout tin) A SC MSHGF 3. SC = SHGC 0.87 U A CLTD
(1.4.1) (1.4.2a) (1.4.2b) (1.4.3) (1.4.4)
CLF
4. Q 1.5
1.5.1
Fluid Handling
Abbreviations and Denitions for Fluid Handling1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
GPM gallons per min lbm /minute pound mass per min EWT entering water temperature LWT leaving water temperature ft hd head in ft of water T temperature difference, F P pressure, lbs/in2 Z height above datum, ft P absolute pressure, lbs/in2 abs Pgage gauge pressure, lbs/in2 P atmospheric pressure, lbs/in2, 14.7 psia @ sea level atm SG or specic gravity, mass of liquid/mass of water at 39 F water 1, dimensionless 13. Cp = specic heat, BTU/lb F
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
SW specic weight at given temperature, lbs/ft3 Q Btu/hr BHP brake horsepower ft lbs 1BHP = 33, 000 minute eff pump efciency, dimensionless fraction 1 RPM speed, revolutions per min Subscript1 original condition; subscript2 new condition H feet of head, ft. hd. hg system pressure, ft. hd. V2 23. hv velocity head, , ft. hd. 2g T P abs 1 PSI EWT Pgage LWT P atm 1 (1.5.1) (1.5.2) (1.5.3)
1.5.2 Fluid Handling Equations
2.31 ft hd for clear water, SG
Calculating required GPM for all uids: (Q 7.48 gallons ft 3 GPM = C p ( EWT LWT SG SW 60 min hr
(1.5.4)
Simplied required GPM required using clean water: GPM = Head loss for open system: H Pump brake horsepower: BHP = Z hg hv (1.5.6) Q 500 EWT LWT
(1.5.5)
(GPM ) ( ft hd ) (3960) ( eff )

GPM1 = GPM 2
2
(1.5.7)
Pump laws (based on constant impeller size, SG, piping system and variable pump speed): Change of ow: H f1 Hf2 (1.5.8)
10
Chapter One
Find new ow based on pump speed: RPM 2 GPM 2 = GPM1 RPM1 New brake horsepower BHP: RPM 2 BHP2 = BHP (1.5.10) 1 RPM1 Pump laws (based on variable impeller size, constant pump speed, SG and piping system): Diameter2 GPM 2 = GPM1 (1.5.11) RPM1 Diameter2 H 2 = H1 RPM1
2 3
(1.5.9)
(1.5.12)
3
Diameter2 BHP2 = BHP 1 RPM1 1.6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Power and Energy Eff efciency, dimensionless ratio Kw kilowatts VA volt amps Amps amperes PF power factor, dimensionless real power watts P = = apparent power S volt amps HP horsepower hpout output horsepower Wattsin input watts V volts 3 three-phase
(1.5.13)
1.6.1 Abbreviations and Denitions for Power and Energy
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1.6.2 Power Equations3
Efciency: Eff =
(746) ( hp )
out
Wattsin
(1.6.1)
11
Three-phase power: Kw3 = V Amps PF 3 1000 (1.6.2) (1.6.3) (1.6.4)
VA3 = V Amps 3 Amps3 = Eff3 = Single-phase power: Kw = 746 HP 3 V Eff PF 746 HP V Amps PF 3 V Amps PF 1000 746 HP V Eff PF
(1.6.5)
(1.6.6) (1.6.7) (1.6.8)
Amps = Eff = 1.7

1.7.1
746 HP V Amps PF
Steam Equations
Steam Abbreviations and Denitions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
hfg enthalpy of steam at given pressure (latent heat of vaporization) Q heating load in BTU/hr v specic volume t temperature, F m mass ow rate, lbs/hr hf 1 enthalpy of condensate before steam trap, BTU/lb hf 2 enthalpy of condensate at ashed condensate pressure, BTU/lb hf g 2 latent heat of vaporization at ashed condensate pressure, BTU/lb 9. P % of ashed steam
1.7.2 Steam Equations
Heating coil required steam ow rate: m= Q h fg (1.7.1)
12
Chapter One
Where hfg = Latent heat of vaporization at specic operating pressure. See any steam tables for value of hfg. Steam condensate trap sizing: Steam trap capacity minimum 2 lb/hr requirement of steam heating coil capacity, heat exchanger or main piping drip locations. Steam ash tank sizing: Percent of condensate ashed to steam: hf 1 hf 2 P= 100 h fg 2 PART 2INFREQUENTLY USED HVAC EQUATIONS 1.8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Air Side Equations duct roughness factor, ft v kinematic viscosity, ft2/s V duct velocity, ft/min pf duct friction loss, in of water f, f Colebrook equation duct friction factor, dimensionless Dh Hydraulic diameter, in Re Reynolds number, dimensionless TR temperature, R Rankine T(F) 459.67 PSIA absolute pressure, lb per sq in Ra gas constant for dry air (53.352 ft lbf/lbm R) Rw gas constant for water vapor (85.778 ft lbf/lbm R) WS humidity ratio at saturation, lba/ lbda W humidity ratio, lba/ lbda relative humidity, % degree of saturation pws saturation pressure, psia pws(t*) saturation pressure for t*, psia t* thermodynamic wet bulb temperature, F t dry bulb temperature of moist air, F W * humidity ratio at given t* s Mw mass of water vapor in air sample, lbm (1.7.2)
(1.7.3)
1.8.1 Air Side Abbreviations and Denitions
13
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
Ma mass of dry air in sample, lbm q specic humidity, dimensionless va specic volume of dry air, ft3/lb R universal gas constant, 1545.32 ft lbf/lb mol R density of air, lbm/ft3 P perimeter of duct cross-section, in
1.8.2 Duct Friction Loss2
Darcey equation for duct friction loss: 12 fL V pf = Dh 1097 Hydraulic radius for noncircular ducts: Dh 1 4A/P (1.8.2) Colebrook equation for duct friction loss: 12 2.51 = 2 log + f 3.7 Dh Re f 12 68 f = 0.11 + Dh Re
' 0.25 2
(1.8.1)
(1.8.3)
Altshul/Tsal equation for duct friction loss: (1.8.4)
If f 0.018: f f If f 0.018: f 0.85f 0.0028 Reynolds number for all air conditions: Re = Reynolds number for standard air Re
1.8.3 Psychrometrics2
DhV 720v
(1.8.5a)
8.56DhV
(1.8.5b)
PSIA
gauge pressure
atmospheric pressure M humidity ratio W = W Ma
(1.8.6)
See Section 20.2.
14
Chapter One
specic humidity relative humidity Saturation pressure from ln( pws ) = =
q=
W (1 + W )
(1.8.7) (1.8.8)
1 1
)( f p /p )
s ws
148F to 32F
( 5.37657944 03)T + (1.92023769 07)T ( 3.55758316 10)T + ( 9.03446883 14 )T ( 4.1635019) ln (T )

R 3 R R
1.021416462 + 04 + ( 4.89350301 + TR
2 4
R R
(1.8.9) +
Saturation pressure from 32F to 392F ln( pws ) = 1.044039708 + 04 + ( 0.112946496 + TR
( 2.7022355 02 )T + (1.2890360 05)T ( 2.478068 09)T + (6.5459673) ln T

R 3 R R
(1.8.10)
Humidity ratio at saturation temperature t*: Ws* Humidity ratio: p t* ws = 0.62198 p pws t *
* * s
( ) ( ) (
(1.8.11)
(1093 0.556t )W W=
0.240 t t *
*
1093 + 0.444t t
(1.8.12)
Humidity ratio at saturation: pws t Ws = 0.62198 p pws t = Volume of moist air mixture v W | Ws t , p
Degree of saturation:
() ()
(1.8.13)
(1.8.14)
15
RT v = a R 1 + 1.6078W p
(1.8.15)
Enthalpy of the moist air h
(BTU/lb): 0.240t W(1061 0.444t) (1.8.16)
Moist air sample water vapor partial pressure, psia: pw = 0.62198 + W
( pW )
(1.8.17)
Dew-point temperature for 32F to 200F: td 100.45 33.193ln(pw) 2.319ln(pw)2 0.17074ln(pw)3 1.2063(pw)0.1984 (1.8.18)
Dew-point temperature for less than 32F: td 90.12 26.142ln(pw) 0.8927ln (pw)2 (1.8.19)
Adiabatic mixing of two air streams: h2 h3 W2 W3 ma1 = = h3 h1 W3 W1 ma 2 Where ma 1.9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. mass ow rate of air, lb dry air/min. (1.8.20)
Fluid Handling1,2,3 Cp specic heat, BTU/lb F Hf head friction loss, ft of H2O f Colebrook equation friction factor, dimensionless K sum of resistance coefcients for ttings and valves in piping section, dimensionless L length of piping, ft D inside pipe diameter, ft d inside pipe diameter, in g gravitational constant 32.2 ft/sec2 V velocity, ft/sec Re Reynolds number e absolute roughness of pipe, ft
1.9.1 Abbreviations and Denitions
16
Chapter One
12. w density of uid, lb/ft3 13. dynamic viscosity lb/ft sec 14. SG or specic gravity mass of liquid/mass of water at 39F, water 1, dimensionless
1.9.2 Fluid Handing Equations
Piping friction loss (Darcy-Weisbach equation): Hf = f L V2 V2 +K 2g D 2g (1.9.1)
Colebrook equation for piping friction factor: 1 e 2.51 = 2 log10 + f Re f 3.7 D (1.9.2)
Reynolds number for piping: Re = VDw all uids, Re = 7742 Vd for water (1.9.3)
1.9.3 Steam Equation
EDR Where: EDR 1.10
steam load BTUH 240
(1.9.4)
equivalent direct radiation
Smoke Management Equations4 Q t Hc
Steady state re mass consumption: m= Where m Q t Hc (1.10.1)
total fuel mass consumed (lb) or (kg) heat release rate (BTUsec) or (kW) duration of re (sec) heat of combustion of fuel (BTUlb) or (kJkg)
t-squared re mass consumption: m= 333t 3

2 H ctg
(1.10.2)
17
Where m tg t Hc total fuel mass consumed (lb) or (kg) growth time of re (sec) duration of re (sec) heat of combustion of fuel (BTUlb) or (kJkg)
1.10.1 Smoke Layer Calculations
Steady state res (uniform cross section for height, A/H2 0.9 to 1.4, z/H 0.2, prior to smoke exhausting) 13 tQ 4 3 z = 0.67 0.28 ln H (1.10.3a) A H H2 Where z distance from the base of the re to the bottom of the smoke layer (ft) H ceiling height above the re surface (ft) t time (sec) Q heat release rate for steady state re (BTUsec) A cross-sectional area of the space being lled with smoke (ft2) 13 tQ 4 3 z = 1.11 0.28 ln H H A H2 Where z H t Q A distance from the base of the re to the bottom of the smoke layer (m) ceiling height above the re surface (m) time (sec) heat release rate for steady state re (kW) cross-sectional area of the space being lled with smoke (m2)
(1.10.3b)
Unsteady res (t-squared res) (uniform cross section for height, A/H2 = 0.9 to 2.3, z/H > 0.2, prior to smoke exhausting)
18
Chapter One
1.45 4
z = 0.23 H t 25 H 45 g Where z H t tg A
3 A 5 H2 t
(1.10.4a)
distance from the base of the re to the bottom of the smoke layer (ft) ceiling height above the re surface (ft) time (sec) growth time (sec) cross-sectional area of the space being lled with smoke (ft) z = 0.91 H t 25 H 45 g 3 A 5 H2 t
1.45 4
(1.10.4b)
Where z H t tg A distance from the base of the re to the bottom of the smoke layer (m) ceiling height above the re surface (m) time (sec) growth time (sec) cross-sectional area of the space being lled with smoke (m)
The following are the empirical equations from NFPA 92B for atrium res that are not under balconies: 2 (1.10.5a) zl 0.533Qc 5 when z zl, m when z Where zl Qc z m limiting elevation (ame height) (ft) convective portion of heat release rate (BTUsec) distance above the base of the re to the smoke interface layer (ft) mass ow rate in plume at height z (lbsec) m 0.071Qc 3
1
(0.022Q z )
c
13 53
0.0042Qc
3
(1.10.5b) (1.10.5c)
z l, m
0.0208Qc 5 z
z 3
5
0.0018Qc
(1.10.5d)
19
when z
zl, m when z
(0.022Q z )
c
13 53
0.0042Qc
3
(1.10.5e) (1.10.5f)
z l, m
0.0208Qc 5 z
Where zl Qc z m limiting elevation (m) convective portion of heat release rate (kW) distance above the base of the re to the smoke interface layer (m) mass ow rate in plume at height z (kgsec) Qc (1 ) mC p
The smoke layer temperature can be calculated from the following:4 Ts = To + Where Ts To Qc m Cp smoke layer temperature, F(C) ambient temperature, F(C) convective portion of HHR, BTUsec (kW) mass ow rate of exhaust air, lbsec (kgsec) specic heat of plume gases, BTUlb (kgkJ) wall heat transfer fraction (dimensionless) Qc Qc Q Xc XcQ (1.10.7) (1.10.6)
The convective portion of the HHR is determined by:4 Where
convective portion of heat release rate, BTUsec (kW) heat release rate, BTUsec (kW) convective heat fraction (0.7 default)
Density of the plume gases can be calculated from the following equation:4 T (1.10.8) = r r s Ts Where density of exhaust gases, lbmft (kgm ) s Ts temperature of exhaust gases, absolute, R (K) Tr reference temperature absolute, R (K) density at reference temperature, absolute, lbmft (kgm ) r
2 3 2 3
The following are the empirical equations from NFPA 92B for atrium balcony spill plume: 1 (1.10.9a) m 0.12 (QW 2) 3 (zb 0.25H)
20
Chapter One
Where m Q W zb H mass ow rate in plume, (lbsec) heat release rate (HHR) of re (BTUsec) width of the plume under the balcony (ft) height above the underside of the balcony to the smoke layer interface (ft) height of the balcony above the base of the re (ft) m Where m Q W zb H mass ow rate in plume (kgsec) heat release rate (HHR) of re (kW) width of the plume under the balcony (m) height above the underside of the balcony to the smoke layer interface (m) height of the balcony above the base of the re (m) 0.36 (QW 2) 3 (zb
1
0.25H)
(1.10.9b)
References
1. ASHRAE Pocket Guide for Air Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation and Refrigeration (Inch-Pound Edition), 1993. 2. ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, 2005. 3. Engineering Cookbook, 1999, Loren Cook Company, Inc. 4. NFPA 92B Standard for Smoke Management in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces, 2009.

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Source: HVAC Systems Design Handbook

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

PART 1FREQUENTLY USED HVAC EQUATIONS 1.2 Air Side Equations

1.2.1 Abbreviations and Denitions for Air Side Equations

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

1.2.2 Air Side Equations

Supply CFM to room: CFM =

BTUHSROOM (TSROOM TSAROOM ) 1.08

(1.2.2) (1.2.3a) (1.2.3b) (1.2.4) (1.2.5a)

V = 4005 VP Total pressure (in of H2O): TP = SP + VP VP(standard air): V VP = 4005

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

V(based on pressure): V(standard air): V(at given pressure):

(1.2.5b) (1.2.5c) (1.2.5d) KA (1.2.5e)

Fan heat air temperature rise: t of =

CFM fan 1.08

BTUH total = CFM h( EAT ) h( LAT ) 4.5 0density .075 lbs

density 0.075 lbs 3

is the air density ratio adjustment based on altitude

Air factor: AF = (air density) SH 60 min/hr (1.2.12)

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

VAV terminal unit coil heating capacity:

(1.2.13) at sea level

(1.2.18b) (1.2.18c) (1.2.18d)

0.6 D Vd round ducts UL See Chapter 6, Equation 6.11.

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

1.3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

1.3.1 Fan Law Abbreviations

D SP2 d1 RPM 2 = RPM1 1 SP d2 D2 1 D SP 2 d1 HP2 = HP 2 2 1 d2 D1 SP 1

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

1.4.1 Abbreviations and Denitions for Heat Transfer Equations

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

1.4.2 Basic HVAC Heat Transfer Equations2

(1.4.1) (1.4.2a) (1.4.2b) (1.4.3) (1.4.4)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

1.5.2 Fluid Handling Equations

2.31 ft hd for clear water, SG

(GPM ) ( ft hd ) (3960) ( eff )

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

1.6.1 Abbreviations and Denitions for Power and Energy

1.6.2 Power Equations3

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

Three-phase power: Kw3 = V Amps PF 3 1000 (1.6.2) (1.6.3) (1.6.4)

(1.6.6) (1.6.7) (1.6.8)

Amps = Eff = 1.7

1.7.2 Steam Equations

Heating coil required steam ow rate: m= Q h fg (1.7.1)

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

1.8.1 Air Side Abbreviations and Denitions

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

HVAC Equations for Everyday Use

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

1.8.2 Duct Friction Loss2

Altshul/Tsal equation for duct friction loss: (1.8.4)

atmospheric pressure M humidity ratio W = W Ma

See Section 20.2.