Dietary Reference Intake

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It has been suggested that Reference Daily Intake be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2009.

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada and is intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include: Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes Industries developing new food stuffs Healthcare policy makers and public health officials

The DRI was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The DRI values are not currently used in nutrition labeling, where the older Reference Daily Intakes are still used.
Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 Current recommendations

2.1 Vitamins and minerals

2.2 Macronutr ients

3 Calculating the RDA 4 Recent developments 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

[edit]History

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the United States National Academy of

Sciences in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35).[1] The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35). The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety." Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account. The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, United States Department of Agriculture nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.
[edit]Current

recommendations

The current Dietary Reference Intake recommendation is composed of:

Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient by the Food and Nutrition Board to meet the requirements of nearly all (9798%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. It is calculated based on the EAR and is usually approximately 20% higher than the EAR (See "Calculating the RDA", below).

Adequate Intake (AI), where no RDA has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.

Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like vitamin A) that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of daily consumption that current data have shown to cause no side effects in humans when used indefinitely without medical supervision.

The RDA is used to determine the Recommended Daily Value (RDV) which is printed on food labels in the U.S. and Canada.
[edit]Vitamins

and minerals

EARs, RDA/AIs and ULs for an average healthy 25-year old male are shown below. EARs shown as "NE" have not yet been established or not yet evaluated. ULs shown as "ND" could not be determined, and it is

recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects. Amounts and "ND" status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants may be much different.[2]
Nutrient EAR RDA/AI UL Unit Top Sources in Common Measures, USDA[3]

Vitamin A

625

900

3000

turkey, carrot juice, pumpkin

Vitamin C

75

90

2000

mg

orange juice, grapefruit juice, peaches

Vitamin D[4][5]

10

15

100

sockeye salmon, swordfish, rainbow trout (also fortified foods and beverages)

Vitamin K

NE

120

ND

kale, collards, spinach

Vitamin B6

1.1

1.3

100

mg

fortified cereals, chickpeas, sockeye salmon

-tocopherol (Vitamin E)

12

15

1000

mg

fortified cereals, tomato paste, sunflower seeds

Biotin (B7)

NE

30

ND

beef liver, egg, salmon[6]

Calcium[4][5]

800

1000

2500

mg

fortified cereals, condensed cow's milk, cheese

Chloride

NE

2300

3600

mg

table salt

Chromium

NE

35

ND

broccoli, turkey ham, grape juice[7]

Choline

NE

550

3500

mg

beef liver, condensed milk, chicken

Copper

700

900

1000 0

beef liver, oysters, lobster

Cyanocobalamin (B12)

2.0

2.4

ND

beef liver, turkey, clams

Fluoride

NE

10

mg

public drinking water

Folate (B9)

320

400

1000

egg yolks, enriched white rice, fortified cereals, enriched cornmeal

Iodine

95

150

1100

iodized salt

Iron

45

mg

fortified cereals, turkey, chicken

Magnesium

330

400

350

mg

buckwheat flour, trail mix, bulgur

Manganese

NE

2.3

11

mg

oat bran, whole grain wheat flour, bulgur

Molybdenum

34

45

2000

legumes, grain products, nuts and seeds[8]

Niacin (B3)

12

16

35

mg

fortified cereals, yellowfin tuna, sockeye salmon

Pantothenic acid (B5)

NE

ND

mg

fortified cereals, beef liver, shiitake mushrooms

Phosphorus

580

700

4000

mg

cornmeal, condensed milk, wheat flour

Potassium

NE

4700

ND

mg

tomato paste, orange juice, beet greens

Riboflavin (B2)

1.1

1.3

ND

mg

spaghetti with meat sauce, beef liver, turkey

Selenium

45

55

400

Brazil nuts, rockfish, yellowfin tuna

Sodium

NE

1500

2300

mg

onion soup mix, miso, table salt

Thiamin (B1)

1.0

1.2

ND

mg

fortified cereals, enriched wheat flour, breadcrumbs

Zinc

9.4

11

40

mg

oysters, fortified cereals, baked beans

EAR: Estimated Average Requirements; RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowances; AI: Adequate Intake; UL: Tolerable upper intake levels.

It is also recommended that the following substances not be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:
Substance RDA/AI UL units per day

Arsenic

ND -

Silicon

ND -

Vanadium -

1.8 mg

[edit]Macronutrients

RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 4050 years.[2]
Amount (males) Amount (females)

Substance

Top Sources in Common Measures[3]

Waterb

3.7 L/day

2.7 L/day

iceberg lettuce, beer

Carbohydrates

130 g/day

130 g/day

condensed milk, pie crust, barley

Proteinc

56 g/day

46 g/day

duck, chicken, turkey, beef

Fiber

38 g/day

25 g/day

barley, bulgur, legumes

Fat

2035% of calories

pie crust, white chocolate, trail mix

Linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid (polyunsaturated)

17 g/day

12 g/day

alpha-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid(polyunsaturated)

1.6 g/day

1.1 g/day

Cholesterol

As low as possible

chicken giblets, turkey giblets, beef liver

Trans fatty acids

As low as possible

Saturated fatty acids

As low as possible

white chocolate, coconut meat, ricotta cheese

Added sugar

No more than 25% of calories

condensed milk, deglet noor dates, white chocolate

b c

Includes water from food, beverages, and drinking water. Based on 0.8 g/kg of body weight

[edit]Calculating

the RDA

The equations used to calculate the RDA are as follows: "If the standard deviation (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is symmetrically distributed, the RDA is set at two SDs above the EAR: RDA = EAR + 2 SD(EAR). If data about variability in requirements are insufficient to calculate an SD, a coefficient of variation (CV) for the EAR of 10 percent is assumed, unless available data indicate a greater variation in requirements. If 10 percent is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount when added to the EAR is defined as equal to the RDA. The resulting equation for the RDA is then RDA = 1.2 EAR. This level of intake statistically represents 97.5 percent of the requirements of the population."[1]
[edit]Recent

developments

In September 2007, the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled The Development of DRIs 19942004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges.[9] At that meeting, several speakers stated that the current Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRIs) were largely based upon the very lowest rank in the quality of evidence pyramid, that is, opinion, rather than the highest level randomized controlled clinical trials. Speakers called for a higher standard of evidence to be utilized when making dietary recommendations.
[edit]See

also

Healthy diet

Acceptable daily intake (United Kingdom) Vitamin poisoning Canada's Food Guide Food guide pyramid Dietary mineral Essential amino acid Essential fatty acid Essential nutrient