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Unit 0: Preface
These notes serve as a skeleton for the course. They document together with the assignments the course outline and course content. All references in the notes refer to the textbook by Gelfand and Fomin if not otherwise stated. The notes are a guide to read the textbook. They are no textbook. Please report missprints or your comments to the teacher.
1.1 Functionals
Denition. Let V be a linear space of functions (e.g. L2) or an ane linear space. A map F :V R is called a functional on V
1.2 Functionals
Example. [Functional] Let V = {y C 1[a, b]|y(a) = A, y(b) = B} length of a curve J[y] =
b a
(Cont.)
1 + y (x)dx
velocity of a particle moving along a curve through xed points A, B denes a time the particle takes to move from A to B as a function of the curve. more general: J[y] =
b F (x, y(x), y a
J[y; a, b] =
i=1
We only treat these kind of functionals here. Example. [nonlocal functional] Center of mass of a curve with homogeneous mass distribution J[y] =
b x a b a
1 + y 2dx 1+y
2 dx
b xds(x) a b ds(x) a
J[y1, . . . , yn] =
i=1
F (xi, yi,
with yi = y(xi).
Varia-
J[y1, . . . , yn] n
: V R is called a
1.10: Examples
Examples for norms: In Rn: 2-norm (Euclidean norm) v In C[a, b]: -norm f
2
n 2 1/2 vi i=1
= maxx[a,b] |f (x)|
In C 1[a, b]: C 1-norm f = maxx[a,b] |f (x)| + maxx[a,b] |f (x)| In L2[a, b]: L2-norm f
2
1/2 b f (x)2dx a
1.11: Completeness
Denition. [Cauchy sequence] Let V be a normed linear space, and let {vi} V be a sequence with the property i=0 > 0 N N m, n > N : vm vn < .
Denition. [Complete Space] A linear space V is called complete if for any Cauchy sequence {vi} V there exists an element v V such that i=0 limi vi = v .
C. Fhrer (Lund University, Sweden): FMA200: Calculus of Variations u 13
Let J be a functional on V.
(Note, the mixed use of norm and absolute value in this denition.) C. Fhrer (Lund University, Sweden): FMA200: Calculus of Variations u 14
Denition. [ane space] An ane linear space is a (point) set A together with a linear space V and a map + : AV A with (a, v) a+v such that For every a A is the map v a + v a bijection on A. For every w, v V and a A holds a + (w + v) + a = (a + w) + v.
C. Fhrer (Lund University, Sweden): FMA200: Calculus of Variations u 15
(Cont.)
Note, that the usual operations as + and product with a scalar are not dened in A. But we can dene b a = (a + w) (a + 0) =: w. (The dierence between two points is a vector.) Examples: A = {(, 2)| R} R2 The set of all polynomials of degree 2, which pass through the point (1, 1). The course book calls the elements of an ane linear function space admissible functions.
C. Fhrer (Lund University, Sweden): FMA200: Calculus of Variations u 16
(Cont.)