EXPERIMENT NO - 1 NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF THE CEMENT Objective: To determine the quantity of water for cement paste for normal

consistency Apparatus =Vicat apparatus with plunger of 10 mm dia, conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976 Theory: standard consistency of cement is that consistency at which the Vicat plunger penetrates to a point 5 7 mm from the bottom of Vicat mould y The percentage of water by weight of cement which produces a consistency which permits plunger having diameter 10 mm to penetrate up to depth of 5 to 7 mm above the bottom of mould is called the normal consistency of cement paste.

Temperature and Humidity -The temperature of moulding room, dry materials and water shall be maintained at 272C. The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be 655 percent. Procedure: 1. Take 400 gm of cement. 2. Add 25 % of water in dry cement and mix it. The gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes and not more than 5 minutes. The gauging time is time consumed from adding of water in dry cement to commencing to fill the mould. 3. After mixing properly, fill the vicat mould with this paste. 4. Level the surface of cement with top of mould. 5. A standard plunger, 10mm diameter and 50mm long is attached and brought down to touch the surface of the paste in the test block. 6. Release the plunger and allow it to penetrate by its own weight and note down the reading. 7. If the penetration is less than the desired one then make another trial sample by increasing water content and find the penetration. 8. Repeat the steps until the desired penetration is obtained, i.e. penetration up to 5 to 7 mm. above the bottom is achieved. EXPERIMENT NO 2 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT Apparatus 1 Vicats needle apparatus, IS:5513-1976

Temperatures and Humidity The temperature of moulding room, dry materials and water shall be maintained at 272C.the relative humidity of the laboratory shall be 655 percent. Theoretical Background Initial setting time is the time elapsed between the moments that the water added to the cement, to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity. Or Initial Setting time of cement is defined as the period elapsed between the time when the water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle of 1 mm section fails to penetrate the test block to a depth of 5 + 0.5 mm from the bottom of mould.

Final setting time is time elapsed between the moment that the water added to the cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure. Or Final setting time of cement is defined as the period elapsed between the time when the water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle of its area 1mm with 5mm diameter attachment makes an impression on the test block, while the attachment fails to make an impression on the test block.

Procedure: 1. Weigh 400 gm of cement. 2. Add 0.85 P % water by weight of cement and mix it thoroughly, where P is the normal consistency of cement. 3. Fill the mould with the cement paste and level off the cement surface with top of mould. The gauging time should not be less than 3 min and should not be more than 5 min. 4. Place the mould on the non porous plate under the needle (1mm sq) of apparatus. 5. Bring the needle in contact with the cement surface and release it. 6. The needle completely pierces through the test block. But after some time when the paste starts losing its plasticity, the needle unable to penetrate. 7. Repeat the step (5) until the needle fails to pierce the sample for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould note down this time. It is initial setting time 8. Replace the needle by needle with an annular attachment. 9. Bring the needle with attachment near the surface of cement and release it. 10. the cement shall be considered as finally set when ,lowering the attachment gently cover the test block, the centre needle makes an impression, while the circular cutting age of the attachment fails to do so. 11. Repeat the step (8) until the surface so hard that the centre needle does not pierce through the paste more than 0.5mm 12. Note down this time also, this is final setting time. BIS Requirements: According to BIS269, BIS112, BIS 12269 the setting time of ordinary Portland cement when tested by the Vicat's apparatus method shall confirm to the following requirements:1. Initial setting time - not less than 30 minutes. 2. Final setting time -not more than 600 minutes

EXPERIMENT NO 3 FINENESS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY/DENSITY OF CEMENT Apparatus IS Sieve No. 9 ( 90 microns), Balance capable of weighing 10g to the nearest 10mg Theoretical background: The fineness of the cement is a measure of the size particle of the cement and its expressed in terms of the specific surface of cement. It can be calculated from particle size distribution. It is important factor in determining the rate of gain of strength and uniformity of quantity. Procedure Weigh 100gm of cement.

1. Take IS sieve No. 9 (90 micron).break down the lumps. 2. Continuously sieve the sample for 15 minutes. 3. Weight the residue left on the sieve.
Result :Cement is/ (is not) ground well since percentage of weight retained = . Which is/ (is not) greater than 10 % SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE CEMENT THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: Specific gravity of solid particles is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of solids to the mass of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity depends upon the mixing the quantity by which it is made. It can detect the adulterating. PROCEDURE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Fill up the flask with benzene up to the mark below the bulb. Take 64 gram of cement. Pours the cement gradually into the flask through the funnel. As the benzene rise the lowest point of graduation, cement is cautiously poured. As the first gradation if achieved, stop the cement to be poured. Volume of the cement is noted down. Weight of the cement used is calculated.

EXPERIMENT NO 4 TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT A. TENSILE STRENGTH DETERMINATION APPARATUS Briquette testing machine, Balance, Mould assembly

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: y Tensile strength of cement is the measure of ability of cement mortar specimen to withstand in tensile load.

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY The temperature of moulding room, dry materials and water shall be maintained at 272C. The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be 655 percent

PROCEDURE: 1. Weigh 250 gm of cement, 750gm of sand and mix them properly. 2. Take (p/5 + 2.5) % water of the total weight of sand and cement and mix them properly. 3. Interior surface of the mould be greased. 4. Place the whole quantity of mortar in briquette by compacting it with tempering rod. 5. Put the mould at temp 27 s 2oC and relative humidity 90% for 24 hrs then placed them in water. y Test the briquette for 3 and 7 days. B. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH DETERMINATION APPARATUS 3 nos Compression testing machine, Balance, Tray , Gauging trowels, Cube Mould 7.06 cm size

Compressive strength of cement is the measure of ability of cement THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: mortar specimen to withstand in compression or we can say that compressive load. It is an important to determine the strength of cement. PROCEDURE: 1. Weigh 600 gm of cement, 1800gm of sand (for 3 cubes) and mix them properly. 2. Take (p/4 + 3) % water of the total weight of sand and cement and mix them properly. 3. Interior surface of the mould be greased. 4. Place the whole quantity of mortar in cube by compacting it with tempering rod. 5. Put the sample in vibrating table for compacting the mortar homogenously. 6. Put the mould at temp 27 s 2oC and relative humidity 90% for 12 hrs then placed them in water. 7. Test the cubes on compression testing machine for 3 and 7 days. EXPERIMENT NO 5 SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT To determine the soundness of a given cement by Le-Chatelier method. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY The temperature of the moulding room dry materials and water shall be maintained at 272C. The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be 655 percent. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: 1. Le-Chatelier apparatus 2. Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1gm 3. Water bath with electric heating arrangement 4. Measuring cylinder 5. Glass plates 6. Weights 7. Stop watch THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: The unsoundness of cement is caused by the undesirable expansions of some its constituents, sometime after setting. The large change in volume accompanying expansion results in disintegration and severe cracking. The cement is said to be sound when the percentage of free lime and magnesia is within specified limits .These materials expand in the structure and thus the concrete or mortar also expand, causing unequal expansion of paste.

PROCEDURE:

1. Place the mould on a glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78
times the water required for standard consistency.

2. The paste if gauged taking care to keep the edges of the mould gently together. 3. Cover the mould with another sheet of glass. 4. Place a small weight on the covering glass sheet and then placed the whole assembly in water and
kept for 24 hr. 5. Measure the distance between the indicator points. 6. Submerge the mould again in water. 7. Then heat the water and bring to boiling point in 25-30 minutes and kept boiling for 3 hr. 8. Remove the mould from water and allow it to cool. Measure the distance between the indicator points. Difference between the two measurements represents the expansion of cement. LIMITS- As per IS:269, when tested by Le Chatelier method, un-aerated ordinary portland cement (OPC) shall not have an expansion of more than 10 mm.

EXPERIMENT NO 6 PERCENTAGE BULKING OF THE FINE AGGREGATE APPARATUS Balance, measuring cylinder, measuring jar, tamping rod, etc.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND When mixes are specified by volume, the sand is assumed to be dry. The volume of a given weight of sand, however, varies according to its moisture content. Equal weights of dry and inundated sand have practically the same volume but the same weight of sand in a damp condition can occupy a volume as much as 40% greater. This phenomenon is known as 'bulking'. Whenever water is added to dry sand or it is absorbed from the atmosphere, its volume increases. This increase in volume due to water is known as bulking of sand, it is the ratio of increase in volume to original volume.

OBSERVATIONS W1 be the unit weight of dry compacted sand W2 be the unit weight of dry loose sand W3 be the unit weight of wet loose sand Volume of one mass unit of dry compacted sand =

1 W1

Volume of one mass unit of dry loose sand

1 W2

Increase in volume =

1 1 W1  W2 = W1W2 W2 W1 1 W1

Original volume of one mass unit =

% bulking =

(W1  W2 ) / W1W2 W  W2 v 100 ! 1 v 100 1 / W1 W2

Let x % water is added, then W3 = W 2 

x w2 100

W2 !

W3 1  x / 100

PROCEDURE 1. Weigh the empty measuring cylinder 2. Fill it with sand without compacting, level the top surface by sticking off the excess sand. Weigh it and find unit weight of dry loose sand. 3. Fill the cylinder by tamping the sand in three equal layer applying 25 strokes on each layer with tamping rod. Weigh it and found out unit weight of dry compacted sand. 4. Take about 6 liters of dry sands and add 2 % water by weight of dry sand and mix it properly. Now fill the sand in cylinder without tamping. Weigh it and found out unit weight of wet loose sand. 5. Now add 2 % more water by weight of dry sand mix it thoroughly. Fill the sand in cylinder and find out unit of dry and wet loose sand. Each time add 2 % water and find out unit weight until water content reaches to 20 %. 6. Fill the cylinder with water, weigh it and determine the weight of water in cylinder. Thus find the volume of cylinder.

EXPERIMENT NO 7 UNIT WEIGHT/WATER ABSORPTION & SP. GRAVITY OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES SCOPE This method of test covers the procedures for determining the unit weight of fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates. The method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 37.5 mm in nominal maximum size. NOTE: Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method. Some believe the proper term is unit mass or density or bulk density, but consensus on this alternate terminology has not been obtained. SAMPLE The size of sample shall be approximately 125 to 200 percent of the quantity required to fill the measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the sample of aggregate to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven 230 9oF (110 5oC). TEST PROCEDURE (RODDED WEIGHT) 1. Weigh the measure empty, fill the measure one-third full and level the top of the sample with the fingers. 2. Rod the layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the measure to two-thirds full, level and rod with 25 strokes. Fill the measure to overflowing, rod 25 times, and strike off the surplus aggregate using the tamping rod as a straight edge in such a way that any slight projections of the Larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure. 3. In rodding the first layer, do not permit the rod to forcibly strike the bottom of the measure. In rodding the second and final layers use only enough force to cause the tamping rod to penetrate the last layer of the aggregate placed in the measure. 4. Determine the net mass of the aggregate in the measure to the nearest 50 gm. 5. Calculate the unit weight of the aggregate by multiplying the net mass of the aggregate by the factor found as described in d. TEST PROCEDURE (LOOSE MASS FOR LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE) 1. Fill the calibrated measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed 2 in (50 mm) above the top of the measure. Exercise care to prevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of which the sample is composed. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure. 2. Determine the mass of the measure and its contents and record the net mass of the aggregate to the nearest 0.1 percent. Using the calibration factor of the measure, determine the loose unit mass of the aggregate. SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE, COARSE, OR MIXED AGGREGATES THEORY The Specific Gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of the material. Stones having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific gravity values. The specific gravity test helps in identification of stone.

Water absorption gives an idea of strength f rocks. Stones having more water absorption are more porous in nature and generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests. APPARATUS 1 A balance of capacity about 5 kg, to weigh accurate to 0.5 than 6.3 mm mesh. PROCEDURE 1. About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22 and 32 degree C and a cover of at least 5 cm of water above the top of the basket. 2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at the rate of above one drop per second. 3. The basket and the aggregate should remain completely immersed water for a period of 241/2 hour afterwards. 4. The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22 to 32 degree C in case it is necessary to transfer the basket and the sample to a different tank for weighing, they should be jolted 25 times as described above in the new tank to remove air before weighing. 5. The weight is noted while suspended in water W1 g. 6. The basket and aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent clothes 7. The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weighed in water W2 gm. 8. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth spread in single layer, covered and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely surface dry. 10 to 60minutes drying may be needed. 9. The aggregate should not be exposed to the atmosphere, direct sunlight or any other source of heat while surface drying. 10. 11. 12. A gentle current of unheated air may be used during the first ten minutes to accelerate the drying of aggregate surface. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed =W3 gm The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature of 110 degree C for 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an air tight container and weighed = W4 gm. At least two tests should out, but not concurrently. 2 A wire basket of not more

13.

OBSERVATIONS
Weight of saturated aggregate in water with the basket Weight of basket suspended in water = W1 gm = W2 gm

Weight of saturated aggregate in water Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate,

= Ws = W1-W2 gm = W3 gm = W3-Ws gm

EXPERIMENT NO 8 FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE APPARATUS: y y IS sieves as per IS:2386 (part-1)-1963 (from 80 mm to 4.75 mm ) for coarse aggregate From 10 mm to 150 micron for fine aggregate

Definitions 1. Fineness modulus is a numerical index of fineness. It gives some idea about the mean size of the particles present in the aggregates. 2. Fineness modulus is a measurement of the coarseness or fineness of a given aggregate. 3. Fineness modulus is an index of the fineness of an aggregate-the higher the FM the coarser the aggregate. Different aggregate grading may have the same FM. FM of fine aggregate is useful in estimating proportions of fine and coarse aggregates in concrete mixtures.

PROCEDURE:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Take 1kg amount of aggregate. Arranged the sieves in order. put the aggregate on sieve Sieve it in proper manner with hand or mechanical stirrer. Weight the aggregate retained on each sieve.

OBSERVATION: Sieve size A

10 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm Total

Material retained B

% Retained C

Cumulative % retained D

% Finer E

6. Note: - The sum of column D (D) shall be taken from 80 mm to 150 ) for both (C.A. & F.A.) D / 100 7. CALCULATION: Fm=

EXPERIMENT NO 9 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE BY VARIOUS METHODS THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Concrete is said to be workable if it can be easily mixed and easily placed, compacted and finished, Etc., the ease with which concrete mix flows to the remote corner of the form work. Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concrete's quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), cementitious content and age (level of hydration), and can be modified by adding chemical admixtures. Raising the water content or adding chemical admixtures will increase concrete workability. Excessive water will lead to increased bleeding (surface water) and/or segregation of aggregates (when the cement and aggregates start to separate), with the resulting concrete having reduced quality. The use of an aggregate with an undesirable gradation can result in a very harsh mix design with a very low slump, which cannot be readily made more workable by addition of reasonable amounts of water. Table: consistency measurements by various methods (as per ACI committee 211) Workability description Workability measurement Slump (mm) Extremely dry Very stiff Stiff (very low) Stiff plastic (low) Plastic (medium) Flowing -0-25 25-50 50-100 100-175 Compacting factor 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.92 0.95 32-18 18-10 10-5 5-3 3-0 Vee-Bee time (seconds)

METHODS TO DETERMINE THE WORKABILITY 1. Compaction factor test (Ref: - IS: 1199 1959.) APPARATUs Compacting factor apparatus as per IS: 1199-1959

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND It is based upon the definition that workability is the amount of work necessary to achieve full compaction of concrete. Compacting factor test works on a principal of determining the degree of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work by allowing the concrete to fall through a standard height. PROCEDURE 1. Weigh the empty cylinder accurately and note down the mass say W1 kg. 2. Prepare the sample of concrete with given proportion and W/C ratio. 3. Fill the concrete in upper hopper carefully with hand scoop without compacting. 4. Open the trap door so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.

5. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, open the trap door of the lower hopper and allow concrete to fall into the cylinder. 6. Remove the excess concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder. 7. Find the weight of partially compacted concrete thus filled in the cylinder say W2 kg. 8. Refill the cylinder with the same sample of concrete and layers approximately 5 cm, vibrating each layer heavily so as to expel all the air and to obtain full compaction. 9. Clean the outside of cylinder and weigh it again say W kg

CALCULATIONS

Compaction factor, CF =

W 2W1 W3  W1

DISCUSSION Compaction factor test is very important to get information regarding the workability of concrete. If the concrete is dense it is less workable and that density depends upon shape and size of aggregates. compaction factor lets us to know whether concrete is dense or not and hense workable or not

FLOW TABLE METHOD Then test determine the fluidity or consistency of concrete by means of flow table. The spread of concrete subjected to jolting is taken as the measure of flow or consistency of concrete. APPARATUS Flow table as per IS: 15-1959, mould in the form a frustum of cone, weighing balance, tamping rod, calipers. PROCEDURE: 1. Clean the table top and inside of the mould. 2. Center the mould on the table platform and hold it firmly in place. 3. Fill the mould in the two equal layers. Each layer is given 25 strokes with the standard tamping rod in a uniform manner over the cross-section of the mould. 4. After the top layer has been tamped, struck of the surface with a trowel so that the mould is exactly filled. Clean the outside of the mould and table. 5. Remove the mould immediately by lifting it vertically by a steady upward pull. 6. Turn the handle 15 times at the rate of 1 revolution per second so that the concrete has been given a jolt by raising and dropping by 12.5 mm. 7. Measure the diameter of the spread concrete. 8. Obtain the flow or the consistency of concrete by expressing the increase in diameter of concrete specimen as the percentage of the original diameter of 250 mm. CALCULATION:

Flow percent =

increaseindia v 100 originaldi a

SLUMP TEST: (REF: - IS: 1199 1959) Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or in field. It is used conveniently as a control test and gives an indication of the uniformity

of the concrete from batch to batch. The information on workability and quality of concrete can be obtained by observing the manner in which concrete slumps. The apparatus for conducting the slump test is of metallic mould in the of frustum of cone having dimension: Bottom diameter Top diameter Height Thickness of metallic sheet y y : 20cm : 10cm : 30cm : 1.6mm form

Temping rod bullet end 16 mm dia. and 60 cm long Concrete mixing equipment

PROCEDURE:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Mix the concrete ingredients in the definite proportions of a particular grade. Oil the interior surface of the mould. Place the mould on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface. Mould is then filled with concrete in four layers and each layer is tamped 25 times by the tamping rod. 5. After the top layer has been rodded, the concrete is struck off level with a trowel and temping rod. 6. The mould is removed from concrete immediately by raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical direction. This allows the concrete to subside. 7. The difference of the level of mould and the highest point of the subsided concrete is measure

REPORTING OF RESULTS The slump measured should be recorded in mm of subsidence of the specimen during the test. Any slump specimen, which collapses or shears off laterally, gives incorrect result and if this occurs, the test should be repeated with another sample. If, in the repeat test also, the specimen shears, the slump should be measured and the fact that the specimen sheared, should be recorded. DISCUSSIONS Slump test not only reflects workability but cohesive property of the mix can also be simultaneously evaluated if performing the test takes place with correct degree of precision required, (in true slump only),thereby ensuring correct Water cement ratio. EXPERIMENT NO 10 COMPRESSIVE STRNGTH OF NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE To determine the compressive strength of a nominal mix concrete of a given grade Concrete Concrete is a construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures.

Nominal mix Nominal mix means mixing cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates based on volume E.g. 1:2:4 mix means mixing one volume of cement with two volumes of sand and four volumes of coarse aggregates. This is normally used when the volume of concrete work to be done is less. Design Mix A Design mix is that mix which uses minimum quantity of components to attain the designed strength of concrete whereas in a nominal mix attaining the characteristic compressive strength is the criteria of mix proportioning. Difference between design mix and nominal mix 1. In Nominal Mixes proportion of ingredients for a particular grade of concrete is fixed for e.g. M10 proportion is 1:4:8 where as in design mix for a particular concrete we decide proportion on various parameters like water cement ration size of aggregate workability etc. Trial mixes are taken and check for there strength. For low grade concrete, nominal and less important work we prefer nominal mixes 2. Nominal mix means mixing cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates based on volume Eg: 1:2:4 mix means mixing one volume of cement with two volumes of sand and four volumes of coarse aggregates. This is normally used when the volume of concrete work to be done is less. Design mix is a trial and error procedure. Here the characteristics of the aggregates cement and water used for concrete is first analyzed and these are mixed in ratio of their weights and are tested for the design strength. Here better quality control is maintained and also the unnecessary wastage of materials is less. Strength Strength is probably the most well-known PCC performance parameter. Compressive and tensile strength are fundamental to any building material in order to properly proportion and design structural items made from that material. Although PCC is most often known for its compressive strength, it is typically its tensile strength (or more exactly, its flexural strength) that governs its use in rigid pavements. However, given the popularity and relative ease of the compressive test, both tests are typically used in pavement applications. Strength concepts covered are: The compressive strength of concrete is the most useful and important properties of concrete. In most of the structural applications concrete is employed primarily to resist compressive stresses. Cubes or cylinders are casted and tested for the determinations of the compressive strength of harden concrete. Compressive strength to tensile and flexural strength:

Split Tensile Strength ! 6.7 f cd

, Where

Flexural Strength ! 7.5 f cd

f cd compressive strength =

QUANTITY REQUIRED FOR NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE OF GIVEN RATIO/GRADE Grade concrete of Qty of dry aggregate per 50Kg of cement 750 Kg Proportion of Quantity of water Water cement fine to coarse per 50 kg cement (w/c) Ratio aggregate 60 1.20

M 5 (1:5:10)

M 7.5 (1:4:8) M 10 (1:3:6) M15 (1:2:4) M 20 (1:1:3)

600 Kg 450 Kg 300 Kg 225 Kg 1: 2 In general

45 34 32 30

0.90 0.68 0.64 0.60

PROCEDURE:

1. Calculate the quantities of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water required for making 6 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
cubes of desired grade of concrete. Place the concrete mix in cube and vibrate it. After vibration, level the top surface of cube by removing excess concrete. Put the cube 27 s 2oC for 24 hrs. Remove the concrete cubes from the mould and put then in water for curing. Put them in compression testing machine after 7 days and 28 days of curing. Compare the theoretical and observed values.

CALCULATION: Compressive Strength fck =

Load P = in N/mm2 (mPa) Area A

EXPERIMENT NO 11 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (REFERENCE:- IS: 10262-1982) The cost of concrete is made up of the cost of materials, plant and labour. The variations in Introduction the cost of materials arise from the fact that the cement is several times costly than the aggregate, thus the aim is to produce as lean a mix as possible. From technical point of view the rich mixes may lead to high shrinkage and cracking in the structural concrete, and to evolution of high heat of hydration in mass concrete which may cause cracking. Standard mixes IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively. Factors to be considered for mix design 1. The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete. 2. The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of concrete. 3. Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possible within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000. 4. The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep. 5. The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for transportation, placing and compaction.

EXPERIMENT NO 12 MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF CONCRETE

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Whenever the direct load is applied to a beam, the top fibers are in compression and bottom fibers in tension. The maximum tensile stress at the bottom fiber of the beam is known as modulus of rupture. Flexural strength (sometimes called the modulus of rupture) is typically used in PCC mix design for pavements because it best simulates slab flexural stresses as they are subjected to loading. Because the flexural test involves bending a beam specimen, there will be some compression involved, and thus flexural strength will generally be slightly higher than tensile strength measured using a split tension test. Usually, mix designs are typically tested for both flexural and compressive strength; they must meet a minimum flexural strength, which is then correlated to measured compressive strengths so that compressive strength (an easier test) can be used in field acceptance tests. Ultimate strength determined in a flexure or torsion test. In a flexure test, modulus of rupture in bending is the maximum fiber stress at failure. In a torsion test, modulus of rupture in torsion is the maximum shear stress in the extreme fiber of a circular member at failure. Alternate terms are flexural strength and Torsional Strength. PROCEDURE 1. Measure the dimension of beam mould and determine the total volume of it. 2. Select any grade of concrete and according to it, calculate the quantities of cement, course aggregate, fine aggregate, and water required to make the concrete beam. 3. mix the cement, fine aggregate , course aggregate and water and prepare the concrete of design grade 4. Fill the concrete into mould in layers. 5. Compact each layer by means of vibrating table. 6. Keep the mould at temperature 27 20C for 24 hrs. 7. Remove the specimen from the mould and submerge in water for 7 days. 8. Take out the specimen from water and wipe off excess water from surfaces of beam. 9. Place the specimen in the flexure testing machine in such a way that load will be applied to the upper most surface. 10. Apply load gradually without any shock, at the rate of 180 kg/min OBSERVATIONS 1. Concrete mix = 2. Dimension of beam (b x d x l) = 10 x 10 x 50 cm 3. Volume of beam = 5000 cm3 4. Weight of beam = m

5. Unit weight of beam = 6. Breaking load, p =

gm/cc

7. Distance between line of facture and the nearest support , a = 8. Length in cm of the span on which the specimen was supported, l = CALCULATION (i) a = (a should be > 13.3 cm) Modulus of rupture, (ii) If 11.0 cm <a<13.3 cm Modulus of rupture, f b !

fb =

PvL bvd2

3Pa bd 2

(iii) If a<11.0 then discard the results EXPERIMENT NO 13 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE APPARATUS 1. Compression testing machine of sufficient capacity and with an arrangement for applying the load at the specified rate. The bearing faces of both plates shall provide a minimum loading area of 12 mm x the length of the cylinder so that the load is applied over the entire length of the specimen; 2. Two packing strips of plywood conforming to IS: 303-1970 for each specimen. The strip shall be 12 mm wide and 3 mm thick and used once only; 3. Cylinder moulds of 150 mm diameter and 320 mm height; . THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: The magnitude of tensile stress developed due to the application of comp. load is given by S= Where

2P Tdl

P = applied load d = diameter of cylindrical specimen l = Length of cylindrical specimen

Diameter should be larger than four times the maximum size of course aggregate or 150 mm whichever is greater. The length of the specimen should not be less than the diameter and should not be more than twice the diameter A splitting tension test uses a standard 150 mm diameter, 300 mm long (6-inch diameter, 12" long) test cylinder laid on its side. A diametric compressive load is then applied along the length of the cylinder until it fails (see Figure 5.41). Because PCC is much weaker in tension than compression, the cylinder will typically fail due to horizontal tension and not vertical compression. PROCEDUERE

1. Fill the cylinder mould with four layers, each of approximately 75 mm and tamp each layer more than 35 times with evenly distributed strokes. 2. Remove the surplus concrete from the top of the moulds with the help of the trowels. 3. Cover the moulds with wet mats and put the identification marks after about 3 to 4 hours. 4. Remove the specimen from the moulds after 24 hours and immerse them in water for the final curing. The test is usually conducted at the ages of 7nand 28 days. The age shall be calculated from the time addition of water to the dry ingredients. 5. test at least 3 specimens for each age of test as follows (i) draw diametrical lines on two ends of the specimen so that they are in the same axial plane (ii) Determine the diameter of the specimen lying in the plane of pre-marked lies measured near the ends and the middle of the specimen. The length of the specimen also shall be taken to the nearest 0.2 mm by averaging the two lengths measured in the plane containing the pre-marked lines. (iii) Center one of the plywood strips along the center of the lower plate place the specimen on the plywood strip and align it so that the lines marked on the end of the specimen are vertical and centered over the plywood strip. The second plywood strip is placed lengthwise on the cylinder centered on the lines marked on the lines marked on the ends of the cylinder. The assembly is positioned to ensure that the lines marked in the ends of the specimen are vertical and the projection of the plane passing through these two lines intersects the center of the plate. 6. Apply the load without shock and increase it continuously at a rate of produce a splitting tensile stress of approximately 1.4 to 2.1 N/mm2/min, until no greater load can be sustained. Record the maximum load applied to the specimen. 7. Note the appearance of concrete and any unusual feature in the type of failure. 8. Compute the splitting strength of the specimen to the nearest 0.05 N/mm2 CALCULATION: Tensile stress =

2 p 0.537 P ! dl Tdl

EXPERIMENT NO 14 EFFECT OF W/C RATIO ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of w/c ratio on the strength of concrete with a given proportion of fine and course aggregate (1:2.5 by weight) and with a constant slump of 4 cm. PROCEDURE y y y y y y y y Weigh the sand and gravel in the ratio 1:25. The materials required are 20 kg of gravel and 8 kg of sand for making 3 15 cm cubes. Prepare cement slurry with given w/c ration in the bucket and note the weight of the bucket. Test the mix for slump and increase the amount of slurry until required slump is obtained. Weigh the bucket and find the quantity of cement used. Prepare 15 cm cubes three in number. Test the cubes in compression after 28 days. Repeat the above procedure with cement slurry of different w/c ratios. Calculate the average compressive strength.