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Sub Saharan Africa.

The Mali empire of the 13-15 centuries were converted to Islam peacefully throug h Muslim merchants of the trans Saharan trade over time. They wrote in Arabic an d their most prominent ruler, Mansa Kankan Musa, made his pilgrimage to Mecca an d gave away so much gold that it ruined the gold economy of Cairo for years. In 1433, the Tuareg captured the capital city of Timbuktu which led to the fall of the Mali empire. The Indian ocean trade extended to cities on the east coast of sub Saharan Africa, centering in Kilwa, which was also a Muslim city. In the 15t h century great Zimbabwe rose to its peak of power and built a large stone city with walls over 17 feet thick and housing over 18000 people. They had an abundan ce of gold and were wealthy from long distance trade. An ecological crises contr ibuted to their decline in the 15th century. SOUTHWEST ASIA & NORTH AFRICA The Arabs of 600 CE lived exclusively in the Arabian Peninisula. Many of the sou thern regions were isolated by the "empty quarter" which was a large sand sea. M uhammad, a man born in Mecca ( the eventual Muslim Pilgramage site) moved to Med ina in 622 because his growing influence frightened the Meccan leaders. This was the beginning of the Muslim Caliphate. The Umayyad caliphate ruled in 632 arou nd Southwest Asia and North Africa. Abu Bakr was the chosen successor after Muha mmad's death. The Umayyad Caliphate held the first four caliphs. In 656, after t he current caliphdied, The Battle of the Camel arose concerning the successor. A li won, but a supporter killed him for agreeing to arbitration. This stemmed the creation of 3 forms of Islam: Shi' ite, Sunni, and Kharjite. In 750, the Abbasi de Caliphate took over the former regions used tof Umayyad except for Spain and Indus Valley. The d until Abbasids made a fine show of leadership and concern fo r Islam. This caliphate laste until 1258, when the Mongol invaders killed the la st of them. By 1260, the Il-khan State controlled parts of Armenia, all of Azerb aijan, Mesop., and Iran. Under Hulegu's rule, Mongols slowly turned Muslim and h ere, Mongols attempted to use tax farming that eventually ruined the economy. Ar ound 1340s, the Bubonic plauge outbursted, and the inhabitants took it as a puni shment from God. After Timur's death, his kingdom declined and disappeared after an Ottoman defeat. In the fourteenth century, many brokefree from Mongol rule. EAST ASIA The Tang in 618-755 in China were Buddhist with Chang'an as the center of commun ication that became a cosmopolitan center. They advanced in technology by creati ng the compass and large ocean going vessels. Eventually, the Tang dynasty falls because the Silk Road is no longer safe for trading. The Song dynasty in 960 in China, created fractions, the calendar, gunpowder, and junks. They achieved a m ilitary that was four times larger than the Tang's military. Footbinding was als o used to show the status of women. During this era, monastaries were burned dow n in order to get rid of Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism was also used to insure that the best fitted person will engage in a role in the government. On the other ha nd, Korea in East Asia in the 500s continued to pay tribute to the Song in order to protect themselves from threat while supporting Buddhism. Japan also support ed Buddhism and had the same ruling family through out the centuries while borro wing the culture of China in 600s such as writing. Vietnam in East Asia in 936 a dopted Confucianism and Mahayyana Buddhism while specializing in a rice based ag riculture. They were also involved with the Indian Ocean trade that was the main trading system in the world. However, in 1200, the Mongols in Eurasia takes ove r China, Korea, and Vietnam making the Silk Road revive because protection was o ffered. THE AMERICAS The people of Teotihuacan in northeast of modern Mexico from 600-900, the classi c era, worshipped many gods and was not under a monarchy. The Maya in the Yucata

n Peninsula about 800-900 made advanced calendars and had human sacrificing. In the Post Cassic Period the Toltecs from Central Mexico in 900-1175 ruled with a duarchy and had religious ball games. Then the "Mexica" or Aztecs pushed their w ay into centra Mexico and ruled from 800-1500, they introduced monarchical syste , had tribute system, and worshipped many but and overall god Huitziopochti. In the North the Anasazi/"Ancient Ones" prospered in the four corners of Arizona, N ew Mexico, Colorado, and Utah; they had kivas which were underground rooms To th e east on Mississippi and Ohio River the Cahokia in 700-1250 were mound builders and rued with chiefdoms. In Andean Civilization the Moche on the north coasta r egion of Peru in the sixth century strived but dcined due to natura disasters Th e tiwanaku on the high treeless plain near Lake Titicaca from 600-100 shared ele ments of stone masonry Wari was the conteporary of Tiwanaku located near Hyacuch e from 600-100 shared elements of culte and technoogy of Tiwanaku. However the I nca Empire from fourthteenth centry to 1525 stretched fro Maule River, to Ecuado r , and the Pacific Coast, finally into Argentina; they had a mit'a system and a n allyu social system. SOUTH ASIA Between 1200& 1500, the richest Muslim states outside the Islamic heartland were the Mali Empire in the western Sudan and the Delhi Sultanate in India. Unlike t he Mali Empire, the Delhi Sultanate was created by invading Turkish and Afghan M uslims, who forced them to convert to Islam. Even though the state suffered from the violence, trade boom in the Indian Ocean Trade, especially for slaves and c otton. Through the conversion, the Quran made literacy rise; Arabic served for r eligious purpose and Persian was for language of high culture. Eventually, Persi an-influenced literacy form in Hindi written in Arabic formed called Urdu. The D elhi Sultanate also improved women status and created higher education for mathe matics, medicine, and science. But in 1398, Timur attack Delhi and cause the Del hi Sultanate to decline. Europe In 600-1200, the Byzantine ruled Constantinople and Germanic peoples assumed con trol over large area. In the west, Roman languages rose in the economic and pol itical continuity. Charlemagne demonstrates political power during these years. The eastern and western churches competed in converting Slavic people. The Poles became Roman catholics. Russsians established their own orthodox church on the byzantine pattern. By the 12th and 13th century, europeans intellectual life enj oyed the stimulus of scientific and philosophical ideas inspired by classical Gr eek origin being translated from Arabic into Latin. Christians crusades were ar med pilgrimages aimed at restoring the Christian control in the holy land. Durin g 1200-1500, new technology improved economy such as windmills, water wheels, an d dams. The Hanseatic League expanded their trade eastward to Novgorod and westw ard to London. Jews were blamed for causing the plague epidemic and after the re vival of the plague, they became moneylenders. Universities were founded inspire d by Greek and Latin work. Paintings and sculptures were commisioned by wealthy merchants and prelates. The Hundred Years war challenged the class of knights an d the feaudal system. The great western schism weakened the church and the papal authority. In 1550, Columbus founded the Americas and the Europeans created emp ires in the Americas.

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