GCR - 20 Page

Spain AND its TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIROINMENT
Submitted By: Ankit Jain (107690592031) Gaurav Verma (107690592058) Jagjit Singh (107690592007) Divya Nair (107690592043) Vikas Shah Guided By: Prof. Bansi Patel
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Global Country Report
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 2010-2012 (SEMESTER III) SHRI JAIRAMBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (NICM-MBA)
GTU/SJPI(NICM)/GCR/SPAIN/TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. 2.
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................3 TECHNOLOGY POLICIES IN SPAIN....................................................................6 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. INTERMEDIARIES BODIES..........................................................................7 RESEARCH PERFORMING INSTITUTIONS....................................................7 PRIVATE SECTOR.......................................................................................8 INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR.............................10 INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY SECTOR........................................................12 TEXTILE MACHININERY SECTOR........................................................12
3.
TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT..................................................................10 3.1. 3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2. THE AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES SECTOR.........................................................................................................13 3.3. ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY PRODUCTION............................................14 WIND ENERGY SECTOR.....................................................................15 SOLAR ENERGY SECTOR...................................................................16 SPAIN: LEADER IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT.......................17 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.4.1.
INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR.....................................................................17 CHEMICAL AND BIO- TECHNOLOGY SECTOR...........................................18 TRANSPORTATION SECTOR.....................................................................20 AEROSPACE: LEADERS AT EVERY ALTITUDE.....................................20 RAIL TRANSPORTATION....................................................................21
3.6.1. 3.6.2. 4.
BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................22
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. INTRODUCTION
Spain represents more than 2.1% of the worlds total GDP and has enjoyed a remarkable 14-year streak of economic growth above the 3% mark. Spain is fast becoming a leader in innovation and generating advanced solutions in the industries of aerospace, renewable energies, water treatment, rail, biotechnology, industrial machinery and civil engineering. There are many factors in the macro-environment that will effect the decisions of the managers of any organisation. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes are all examples of macro change. To help analyse these factors managers can categorise them using the PESTEL model. This classification distinguishes between:
Political factors: These refer to government policy such as the
degree of intervention in the economy. Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation.
Economic factors: These include interest rates, taxation changes,
economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. For example:

Higher interest rates may deter investment because it costs
more to borrow.
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Inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees
and raise costs.

Higher national income growth may boost demand for a firm's
products.
Social factors: Changes in social trends can impact on the demand
for a firm's products and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. In the UK, for example, the population has been ageing. This has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their employees because their staff lives longer.
Technological factors: new technologies create new products and
new processes. MP3 players, computer games, online gambling and high definition TVs are all new markets created by technological advances. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way we do business as a result of better technology. Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organisations providing the products.
Environmental
factors: environmental
factors
include
the
weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, tourism and insurance.
Legal factors: these are related to the legal environment in which
firms operate. In recent years in the UK there have been many significant legal changes that have affected firms' behaviour
Typical PESTEL factors to consider include: Factor Political Economic Could include: e.g. EU enlargement, the euro, international trade, taxation policy e.g. interest rates, exchange rates, national income,
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inflation, unemployment, Stock Market Social e.g. ageing population, attitudes to work, income distribution Technological e.g. innovation, new product development, rate of technological obsolescence Environmental e.g. global warming, environmental issues Legal e.g. competition law, health and safety, employment law
Organizations may also want to differentiate between factors which are very local, other which are national and those which are global. This version of PESTEL analysis is called LoNGPESTEL LOCAL Provision of services by local council NATIONAL UK government policy on subsidies GLOBAL World trade agreements e.g. further expansion of the EU.
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC SOCIAL
Local income Local population growth
TECHNOLOGICA Improvements in L local technologies e.g. availability of Digital TV ENVIRONMENTA Local waste L issues LEGAL Local licences/planning permission
UK interest rates Overseas economic growth Demographic Migration flows change (e.g. ageing population) UK wide International technology e.g. technological UK online breakthroughs services e.g. internet UK weather Global climate change UK law International agreements on human rights or environmental
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policy
()
1.TECHNOLOGY POLICIES IN SPAIN

Spanish Science &Technology (S&T) policies contain a set of policy legacies and inheritance that foster a favourable consideration of public and private sector collaboration in science, technology and innovation (STI), even if it is just limited to policy discourse. Those S&T policy legacies have framed the ideas, discourse and dominant implementation models, but also the preferences of most STI actors in the last 20 years. The Spanish Parliament has various Commissions to deal with research and technology related issues: the industry commission, the health commission and the education commission. However, the Spanish Parliament does not produce any guidelines in S&T policy. This function is performed by the Cabinet. Parliamentary Commissions role is mainly to react to the appearance of Cabinet members in Parliament who present their policy projects and other legislative initiatives to this institution.
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In Spain, there is not a single ministry of science and technology, but various ministries are involved in the whole policy process. Among them, the Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) and the Ministry of Industry are the most important ones. Since April 2004, the ministry responsible for the promotion and general coordination of scientific research, development and technological innovation is the Ministry of Education and Science (MEC). The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (MITYC) has responsibilities for industrial development and competitiveness and partially on innovation matters. In addition, the Ministry of Health is also involved in research policies and has its own research-funding agency. The Ministry of Finance sets important economic framework conditions for research every year.
1.1. INTERMEDIARIES BODIES

Unlike other countries, Spain has no Research Council which acts as a research-funding agency. The MER provides funds for public research directly, mainly through competitive calls in which proposals are evaluated by the National Evaluation and Foresight Agency (Agencia Nacional de Evaluacin y Prospectiva, ANEP). Additionally, an agency within the MITYC called Centre for
technological and industrial development (Centro para el desarrollo tecnolgico industrial,CDTI) is responsible for industrial technological
GTU/SJPI(NICM)/GCR/SPAIN/TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Page 7
research. This agency evaluates and finances industrial technological projects. Industry, however does not participate in the boards of this organisation, CDTI staff evaluates project proposals internally.
1.2. RESEARCH PERFORMING INSTITUTIONS

Universities are very important actors in the Spanish research landscape. There are approximately 60 public universities all over the country that perform the largest part of Public Sector research activities. They report to the regional authorities from which they receive their funding. But they are rather autonomous organisations and each of them has their own statutes. University Rectors have constituted an association (Conferencia de Rectores de Universidades Espaolas, CRUE) which gathers all rectors. CRUE has a committee on science policy that has become the negotiator with the government on related issues. By law, all Spanish public universities have a Social Board in which the local civil society is represented, including the Private Sector.
Although in the past these bodies have not had a very powerful role in the governance of universities, a recent legislative reform (Ley Organica de Universidades, LOU) has empowered these social boards to a certain extent by establishing their participation in the approval of the university budget. Non-university research is performed by public research centres under the authority of particular ministries, and by non-profit foundations of diverse nature. The largest public research institution is the CSIC, an umbrella organisation comprising more than one hundred institutes in all scientific fields. Unlike universities, public research organisations do not
have a similar type of formal participation of industry and firms in any of their boards. But some of these public research institutes, in sectoral areas such as biology, agriculture or oceanography have developed informal interactions with industry. Even if these interactions are of an informal nature, in some cases they have indirectly affected the orientation of research programmes in some public centres with strong links (via contract research) with some particular industries considerably.
1.3. PRIVATE SECTOR

At a central level, Private Sector firms are associated in the Spanish Confederation of Entrepreneurial Associations (CEOE). CEOE has a working group on innovation and technological development, the most influential interaction with Public Sector research policy decision making takes place at the sectoral level where sector-oriented Private Sector associations are active. The sectors with the strongest Private Sector R&D activities and related interest in research and innovation policies are the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry and the electronics industry. The corresponding sector associations are FIAB, Farmaindustria and AETIC.
These associations have set up specific commissions for R&D policy issues. These commissions are typically composed of a few key individuals and act as the interlocutors who interact directly with policy makers, often on an informal basis. For example, In the instigation of the last call for public-private joint projects of the Secretary of State for Telecommunications and Information Society, the Spanish associations of firms in electronics, TIC (Information
and Communication Technology) and AETIC (telecommunications), played an important role. Therefore, this interaction can be quite effective some cases, even if it is not formalised. Finally, significant number of private foundations, set up by banks and other financial institutions exist which finance research in particular areas. In addition, some non-profit foundations which do not fund research directly, act as think tanks in S&T policy issues. Among these the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (Fecyt) is of particular importance on a national level. The Catalan Foundation for Research (Fundaci Catalana per la Recerca) provides a good example for such an initiative on the regional level. Both work as idea foundries and/or motors of reforms. And the presence of the Private Sector in their Trusts is very significant in the latter.
2.TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Technological Environment means the development in the field of technology which affects business by new inventions of productions and other improvements in techniques to perform the business work.
Major technological sectors in Spain are:

Information and Telecommunications Sector Industrial Technology Sector Environment and Energy Sector Infrastructure Sector Chemical and Biotechnology Sector Transportation Sector
1.1. INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR

The Spanish information and communication technology (ICT) sector includes:
Telecommunications services: fixed and carrier services, mobile
services, data transmission/switching, cable telecommunications services, internet access services and other services.
Information technology: hardware, software and IT services. Digital content: audiovisual, film, music, video, internet, educational
content, digital publications, content for e-Books, videogames, content for mobiles.
Telecommunications
industries: telecommunications audio, cable TV, digital
equipment, photographic
systems integration and associated services.

Consumer
electronics:
cameras, video, magnetic supports, TV decoders.
Revenues generated by the total ICT sector recorded a modest increase from 72.846 billion in 2009 to 72.867 billion in 2010. By subsector, the highest increase (11%) was in other electronic activities,
which includes automotive electronics, videogame consoles, and the sale and maintenance of electronic equipment and components. The digital content subsector also grew significantly, by 7%.The largest decline was in telecommunications services (-3%). Information technology accounted for 1.56% of GDP, up by three basis points compared to 2009
Telecommunications industries recorded production of 1.671 billion, a 1% increase on the previous year. Mobile telephones performed strongly (22 million units sold during the year) and there was a significant rise in the use of smart phones. Investment in R&D by the ICT macro-sector in 2010 totaled 2.434 billion, a rise of 2.1% compared to the previous year. Investment in telecommunications services and industries was especially significant, accounting for 1.214 billion.() In 2006 Spain introduced the countrys first electronic identity cards, allowing its citizens to be in secure online touch with its government and health agencies. In what has become a reference point for other countries considering a similar move, participating Spanish citizens can use the cards to do things such as filing their taxes and checking their driving records online.
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Spains
Telefnica
has
grown
to
become
one
of
the
largest
telecommunications companies in the world. In addition to its focus on communications networks, it also develops technologies for health and education. The company is one of many Spanish success stories in the rapidly growing field of information technology and communication, as communications reach ever more distant corners of the world and innovations in computers, phones, and satellites facilitate an increasingly fast information flow.
1.1.
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY SECTOR
This sector includes: Defence and Military security Electrical Machinery and Materials Fluid Handling Equipments Transport Vehicles Packing and Packaging Machinery Textile Machinery Steel Works and Foundation Machinery This report touches some of the important sectors of industrial technology sector like textile machinery sector and the automotive sector.
1.1.1.
TEXTILE MACHININERY SECTOR
The Spanish textile machinery sector is comprised of 84 companies. In 2009 these firms recorded total sales of 238 million. This sector is largely made up of small and medium-sized companies, with 85% being firms having fewer than 30 workers. In 2009, textile and garment machinery manufacturers employed some 2,250 people.
The largest subsector in Spain is the dyeing and finishing machinery industry, which represents 31% of all companies in the sector. The sector is characterized by its high-tech content and a good pricequality ratio. Approximately 85% of all companies carry out R&D+i initiatives, many of them alone, although some work with universities and/or technology centres. The Spanish textile machinery sector is mainly comprised of small companies, which makes it highly flexible in terms of decision-making and requires a very direct relationship with the end client. This sector has the following strengths:
High level of technology Strong price-quality ratio High level of flexibility in the production of equipment based on
clients needs
Versatility
The key factors in this sector are:

Innovation. It is essential for sector companies to carry out R&D+i
projects in order to be competitive.

Adaptation to demand. This requires highly flexible decision-
making and product development, among other things.

Market diversification. Penetration of markets where there is
currently demand for this equipment, After-sales service, Provision of appropriate machine maintenance.()
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1.1.1.
THE AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES SECTOR
Spain has one of the strongest automotive component manufacturing industries in the world. In 2008, sector sales totalled 30 billion, generating employment for 208,766 people. The EU is Spains leading trade partner accounting for more than 80% of the total value of sector exports and over 90% of Spanish imports. France and Germany are the top countries in both cases. The main exported products are accessories, engines, bodywork and tires. The Spanish Automotive Equipment and Components Manufacturers Association was established in 1967. It is the most representative entity for the sector. Of the 1,000 Spanish companies that manufacture automotive equipment and components, over 350 are SERNAUTO members.() In southern Spain, the sun shines nearly all year long, providing energy for its wealth of crops, which have made the region a breadbasket not just
for Spain, but for much of the rest of Europe. In 2010, Spain exported more than 9.4 million tons of fruits and vegetables. Food and wine have long been a source of national pride here, and a major attraction for the more than 70 million tourists who visit every year.
1.2.
ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY PRODUCTION
This sector includes Fuels and lubricants Energy Complete energy generation installations, machinery and equipment Environmental equipment
1.1.1.
WIND ENERGY SECTOR
The Spanish wind energy industry is a world leader. It has a significant presence at every stage of the sectors value chain with a strong focus on the global market. This network of companies includes wind farm developers and manufacturers of wind turbines, as well as an entire group of component manufacturers and service companies that has sprung up from the rapid growth in this type of industry. Spain, which has a generation capacity of 16,740 MW, was the third ranked country at the end of 2008 in terms of installed wind energy, surpassed only by the United States and Germany. This capacity generated 31,130 GWh from wind technology in 2008, equivalent to 11.5% of Spains total electricity production. One of the sectors strengths is the presence of numerous Spanish companies abroad, while also having global leaders present in Spain.
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Some 8,000 MW of wind power has been installed and operated by Spanish firms in 17 other countries, with a significant presence in the United States, where they have installed more than 3,460 MW of power. Another relevant aspect regarding the importance of the Spanish wind energy sector around the world, which is not reflected in exports because it does not constitute domestic production, is the direct presence of the leading Spanish firms (mainly wind turbine manufacturers and developers/producers) in major markets such as China and the United States. In the United States alone the current world leader in installed wind power it is estimated that over a quarter of its power is of Spanish origin, either through developers or wind turbine manufacturers.()
The goals of the Spanish government in promoting wind are twofold: First, to reduce dependency on imported oil. "In relation to other countries in the OECD and the European Union, Spain is much more dependent on foreign oil," The second goal, according to Garcia, is equally important: reducing carbon dioxide emissions in line with the goals of the European Union.
According to IDAE figures, if Spain meets its goal of generating 30 percent of its electricity needs from renewable power by 2010, with half of that amount coming from wind power, it will reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by 77 million tons.
Spain with 9,000 megawatts of installed capacity, is ranked second in the world in 2005 in total installed capacity, behind Germany (16,000 megawatts) and ahead of the United States (6,500 megawatts).
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Furthermore, Spanish companies, both turbine manufacturers and wind-farm operators, are among the leaders in the global wind-power market. Some examples are Gamesa Elica (world's second largest turbine manufacturer), Iberdrola (world's largest wind-farm owner and operator) and Acciona Energa (world's largest wind-farm builder and developer). With 30 percent annual growth in the sector, and a clear commitment from the Spanish government to encourage private investment, technological advances, and grid development, Spain is poised to continue this trend toward powering its economic and technological growth with the strong winds that sweep over the country's mountains and plains.() 1.1.1. SOLAR ENERGY SECTOR
Spain forges ahead with plans to build concentrating solar power plants, establishing the country and Spanish companies as world leaders in the emerging field. At the same time, the number of installed photovoltaic systems is growing exponentially, and researchers continue to explore new ways to promote and improve solar power. Spanish companies and research centers are taking the lead in the recent revival of concentrated solar power, as expanses of mirrors are being assembled around the country for concentrated solar plants. At the same time, Spanish companies are also investing in huge photovoltaic fields, as companies dramatically increase production of PV panels and investigate the next generation of PV. In 2008, Spain installed the most PV in the world, ahead of the U.S. and Germany. Within only the past ten years, the number of companies working in solar energy has leapt from a couple dozen to a few hundred.
Concentrated solar has until recently cost nearly double that of traditional natural gas or coal power plants, and it only works effectively on a large power-plant scale. Immediately following the energy crisis of the 1970s, nine solar thermal plants were built in California to produce a total of 350 MW, but until this year no new commercial plant had been built, anywhere in the world, for fifteen years. With gas costs in flux and the world sharpening its focus on global warming, and governments around the world making a concerted attempt to invest in alternative energy sources on a larger scale, solar thermal is attracting new attention. In Spain in particular, the technology has been assisted by Royal Decree 436, implemented in March 2004, which approved a feed-in tariff (a guaranteed price) for solar thermal power, and the tariff-based system was renewed in 2007. The feed-in tariff made building this type of power plant economically viable. The government also recognizes that, as with wind, the support is necessary at the beginning to enable the creation of new plantswhich will most likely drive down prices, as has happened in Spain with wind power.()
1.2.
INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR
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1.2.1.
SPAIN: LEADER IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
In the world of concessions for infrastructure development, Spanish companies lead the international market. Six of the 10 top transportation concession companies are based in Spain, constructing and/or managing about 40 percent of all major transportation concessions in the world. Spanish companies are taking their knowledge and experience into an increasing number of markets each year.()
Spanish companies, which have achieved international prominence in traffic planning and modelling, tolling, lighting and signage, and guidance systems, are harnessing the latest technological advances, working to create this reality in cities around the world.()
Communications and computing power are already altering the way we drive. Cell phones and GPS navigators send out signals that allow managers to monitor the volume and speed of cars on the road. And the movements of buses, cars, and trucks are monitored in real time, with drivers alerted by their on-board navigators and by roadside signs to the best routes to take to avoid snarls. Systems like these, which employ the tools of the high-tech economy to keep traffic flowing, are some of the latest examples of ITS that are starting to enter the market.()
1.3.
CHEMICAL AND BIO- TECHNOLOGY SECTOR
The chemical industry is made up of a large number of diverse sectors, which can be grouped into three main sub-sectors: Basic chemicals, which includes organic and inorganic chemical products, industrial gases, plastic and synthetic rubber raw
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materials, nitrogen fertilizers and compounds, fertilizers, colorants and pigments. Chemicals for health, which comprises the plant protection
products, pharmaceutical raw materials, pharmaceutical products and animal health products. Chemicals for industry and final consumption, which include paints, dyes, glazes, frits, adhesives, mineral oils, explosives, detergents, soaps, perfumery and cosmetics. The Spanish chemical sector is one of the basic pillars of the Spanish economy, and is made up of more than 3,000 companies that, with annual sales of around 48 billion, generate 10% of the countrys gross domestic product. The sector provides more than 500,000 direct, indirect and induced jobs. The chemical sector has become the second largest exporter within the Spanish economy. In 2010, exports exceeded 25 billion, 24% more than in 2009, when sales to foreign markets already accounted for more than 40% of revenues. This industry is also a leader in R&D+i investments and environmental protection, accounting for 20% of national investments in this field. The revenues of Spains chemical industry worldwide stood at more than 24 billion in 2007, representing an increase of almost 10 billion in the past decade (15 billion in 1997). Spain was the fifth largest producer in Europe (after Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom), accumulating 7% of EU business and 2% of international trade. When broken down by countries, the United States continues to be the global leader in terms of revenue, accounting for 21.7% of the total, followed by China, which now accounts for 13.7% following its spectacular growth of recent years.
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Asia, thanks to the impetus of China, India and the countries of South East Asia, took second place with 34.5% of the total, while the NAFTA area amassed 24.7%. Asia is the only geographical region that has seen an increase in its share of world business since 1997.() According to the Spanish Association of Biotechnology (ASEBIO in Spanish), the sector has flourished in the last five years. By 2007, the latest year for which data is available, the association counted nearly 700 companies engaged in biotechnology, with almost 50 percent growth in funds devoted to research. Spain has a long tradition of scientific excellence, particularly in the life sciences. In the past decade the country has focused on transforming its research into consumer-focused companies and products. This advance has come about in large part because of a national and local government focus on increasing the countrys prominence in biotechnology.
Two of the most prominent examples of the countrys success are PharmaMar and Genetrix, both located on the outskirts of the city. Genetrix, today a family of nine biotechnology companies, was spun off from the National Center for Biotechnology in 2001 by researcher Cristina Garmendia. While Garmendia no longer heads the company, she is a powerful example of the cultural changes in Spain: she is now the minister of the newly-created Ministry of Science and Innovation. Cellerix, the most prominent Genetrix company, investigates the properties of adult stem cells derived from adipose (fat) tissue. The patients own fat is removed through liposuction, and its stem cells are isolated and cultivated, then used for the patients therapeutic needs.()
1.1.
TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
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1.1.1.
AEROSPACE: LEADERS AT EVERY ALTITUDE
The aerospace sector employs more than 36,000 people in Spain, and as of 2008 had a business volume of about 5.6 billion, with 70 percent of the manufacturing exported to external markets. Spanish companies are present at every stage of the aircraft manufacturing process, from research, production and sales through to aircraft maintenance. Behind this achievement are companies that continually innovate in every step of aircraft production and technology. EDAS, for example, the largest Spanish company in the aircraft sector in terms of revenue, specializes in aircraft assembly and sales. Eurocopter specializes in manufacturing helicopters, and Aernnove and Airbus are leaders in manufacturing and assembling planes. Spain's aerospace sector has grown steadily over the past few decades. It now contributes to major international research and commercial projects around the world. Spanish companies are taking the lead in a number of international flight and space missions, including the European Space Agency's innovative Proba-3 mission. Proba-3 will facilitate the strategic deployment of increasingly sensitive astronomical research instruments.() GMV has specialized in this sector and others for more than 25 years. The companys success has lead to international recognition: it is the only Spanish business included in the ranking of the top 50 companies published every year by Space News magazine. Each satellite launch is controlled by a complex set of systems, and more than 40 percent of those launch systems are developed by the Spanish company GMV. Its technology is used to manipulate the on-board
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satellite equipment from a ground control centre, and in the event of an error, to correct it remotely.()
1.1.2.
RAIL TRANSPORTATION
The Madrid to Barcelona high-speed rail line opened in early 2008, and traverses 390 miles in only two hours and 38 minutes. In its first year, the line captured more than 50 percent of the travel between the countrys two major economic centres, and significantly reduced the number of daily flights between the cities. Since then, Spains rail authority has continued expanding the network, in 2010 completing the connection between Madrid and the coastal city of Valencia.
According to Michael Clausecker, director of UNIFE, Spain has the most modern fleet of high-speed trains in Europe. The country has also been the first to have its high-speed network fully equipped with the latest signalling system, ERTMS, which will eventually become the unique signalling system for the entire European high-speed system and its international rail corridors, facilitating greater interoperability among different countries.
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2. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wednesday November 2011 <http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm>. Thursday November 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/viewDocum ent/0,,,00.bin?doc=4535704>. Friday November 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/viewDocum ent/0,,,00.bin?doc=4497094>. Friday Nov 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/viewDocum ent/0,,,00.bin?doc=4324364>. Friday November 2011 <http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/water/index.aspx>. Friday November 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_692757 7_6728366_4306529,00.html>. Friday November 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_671990 4_6728257_4319457_-1_385,00.html>. saturday November 2011 <http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/wind_archive/index.aspx>. Tuesday November 2011 <http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/solar/index.aspx>.
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Tuesday November 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_671993 7_6728366_4419173,00.html>. Wednessday November 2011 <http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/toll/index.aspx>. wednessday November 2011 <http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/traffic/index.aspx>. Thursday November 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/viewDocum ent/0,,,00.bin?doc=4495390>. friday November 2011 <http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/biotech/index.aspx>. Tuesday November 2011 <http://www.spaintechnology.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_671992 2_6728366_4480049_-1_2,00.html>. Tuesday November 2011 <http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/aero/index.aspx>.
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Spain AND its TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIROINMENT

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Global Country Report

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT..................................................................10 3.1. 3.2.

economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. For example:

Inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees

and raise costs.

Local income Local population growth

1.TECHNOLOGY POLICIES IN SPAIN

1.1. INTERMEDIARIES BODIES

1.2. RESEARCH PERFORMING INSTITUTIONS

1.3. PRIVATE SECTOR

Major technological sectors in Spain are:

1.1. INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR

industries: telecommunications audio, cable TV, digital

systems integration and associated services.

cameras, video, magnetic supports, TV decoders.

INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY SECTOR

TEXTILE MACHININERY SECTOR

The key factors in this sector are:

projects in order to be competitive.

making and product development, among other things.

THE AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT, COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES SECTOR

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY PRODUCTION

WIND ENERGY SECTOR

SPAIN: LEADER IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

CHEMICAL AND BIO- TECHNOLOGY SECTOR

AEROSPACE: LEADERS AT EVERY ALTITUDE

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