Linear Transformations DEFINITION (Linear Transformation): A transformation (or mapping) T from a vector space V1 to a vector space V2 , T : V1 V2 is a linear transformation

n (or a linear operator, a linear map, etc.), if: (i) T (u + v) = T u + T v for all vectors u, v in V1 ; and (ii) T (cu) = cT u for all vectors u in V1 and all scalars c. EQUIVALENT DEFINITION (Linear Transformation): is a linear transformation if: A transformation T : V1 V2

T (au + bv) = aT u + bT v for all vectors u, v in V1 and all scalars a, b. BASIC FACTS: If T is a linear transformation, then T 0 must be 0. (So if you nd T 0 = 0, that means your T is not a linear transformation.) Any linear transformation T : Rn Rm can be given by a matrix A of type m n, T (u) = Au for vectors u in Rn .

EXAMPLES: The following are linear transformations. T : R5 R2 dened by x1 x2 2x2 5x3 + 7x4 + 6x5 , T x3 = 3x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 x4 + x5 x4 x5 or equivalently, x1 x1 x2 x2 0 2 5 7 6 x . T x3 = 3 4 8 1 1 3 x4 x4 x5 x5 5 0 0 Scaling (expansion by factor 5): T : R3 R3 with matrix 0 5 0 . 0 0 5 Scaling (contraction by factor 1/3): T : R2 R2 with matrix Scaling in certain direction: T : R2 R2 with matrix 5 0 . 0 1 1/3 0 . 0 1/3

Rotation in R2 about the origin by angle /3 counterclockwise: T : R2 R2 with matrix cos(/3) sin(/3) 1/2 3/2 = . sin(/3) cos(/3) 3/2 1/2 Reection in R2 through the x2 axis: matrix 1 0 . 0 1

1 0 0 Orthogonal projection in R3 onto the x1 x3 -plane: matrix 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 8 2 2 1 Orthogonal projection in R3 onto the plane x1 2x2 + 2x3 = 0: matrix 2 5 4 . 9 2 4 5 A horizontal shear in R2 : matrix 1 3 . 0 1

T : C[, ] R, dened by T f =

f (x) sin(3x)dx.

T : C 1 [0, 1] R, dened by T f = f (1) + 3f (1). T : C 2 [0, 3] C[0, 3], dened by T f (x) = x2 f (x) 3xf (x) + ex f (x). 2

EXAMPLES: The following are NOT linear transformations. T : R5 R2 dened by x1 x2 2x2 5x3 + 7x4 + 6x5 + 777 T x3 = . 3x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 x4 + x5 x4 x5 T : R R, T (x) = x2 . x1 3 2 x2 = x1 + 2sin(x2 ) 4x3 . T :R R ,T x2 + 2x3 x3 T : R2 R dened by T (Check whether or not T x1 x2 = 2x1 3x2 4x1 3x2 if x1 0, if x1 < 0.

3 = 3T 0

1 . If not satised, this T is not linear.) 0

T : C 2 [0, 1] C[0, 1], T f = f + 1 f . T : C 2 [0, 1] C[0, 1], T f = f + f ef .

EXERCISES Are the following mappings linear transformations? 1. T : R R, T (x) = 3x. 2. T : R R, T (x) = 3x 2. 3. T : R R, T (x) = x3 . 4. T : R R, T (x) = (x + 3)2 x2 9. 0 x1 5. T : R2 R3 , T = 0 . x2 0 1 x1 2 3 1 . 6. T : R R , T = x2 1 sin(x1 + x2 ) x1 . 7. T : R2 R3 , T = 0 x2 0 x1 x1 + x 2 + x 3 8. T : R3 R3 , T x2 = x2 + 5x3 . x3 x1 9. T : C[0, 1] C[0, 1], T f (x) = 10. T : C[0, 1] R, T f =
1 0 1 0

f (y) sin(x y)dy.

f 2 (y)dy.

11. T : C 1 [0, 1] R, T f = f (0)f (0). 12. T : C 1 [0, 1] R, T f = f (0) f (0). 13. T : C 4 [0, 1] C[0, 1], T f (x) = d f (x) + dx4 14. T : C 4 [0, 1] C[0, 1], T f (x) = d f (x) + dx4 15. T : C 4 [0, 1] C[0, 1], T f (x) = d f (x) + dx4
4 4 4

d2 f (x) dx2 d2 f (x) dx2 d2 f (x) dx2

+ f (x). + (1 + x2 )f (x). + 1 + f (x)2 .

ANSWERS: Y,N,N,Y,Y,N,N,Y,Y,N,N,Y,Y,Y,N