PUNJAB UNIVERSITY

COMPUTER (OPERATING SYSTEM AND P.C. SOFTWARE) PROJECT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION GGDSD COLLEGE, CHANDIGARH
Submitted To: Submitted By: Prof. Rashmi. Bhardwaj Kritika BBA II (A) 1601

CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgement 2. MS-DOS Features of DOS Booting process of Dos Internal commands External commands

1. Windows Operating System Features Difference between GUI & CUI Short notes Functions of explorer, recycle bin My computer Creating folders & shortcuts

1. Microsoft Word Applications of word processing Features of word Short notes Spell & grammar check Mail merge

1. Microsoft Excel Application of spreadsheet Built-in functions of excel Mathematical date & time Formatting spread sheet

1. Microsoft Access

Application of DBMS Import & export Form & report design

1. Microsoft PowerPoint Application of PowerPoint How to animate in PowerPoint

1. Virus

Activities of virus Classification of virus Symptoms of virus attack Virus cure Virus security

1. Bibliography

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has been made through direct and indirect cooperation of various persons for whom I wish to express my sincere thanks. This piece of acknowledgement is not sufficient to express the feelings of gratitude towards people who have helped me in this project. I am sincerely thankful to Prof. Rashmi for guiding me throughout the project by providing me valuable information and sharing her vast knowledge and experience with me, which helped a lot in preparing the project.

MS-DOS
MS-DOS i.e. Microsoft Disk Operating System is an operating system made by Microsoft. It was the dominant operating system for the PC compatible platform during the 1980s. It has gradually been replaced on consumer desktop computers with various generations of the Windows operating system. MS-DOS was originally released in 1981 and had eight major versions released before Microsoft stopped development in 2000. It was the key product in Microsoft's growth from a programming languages company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources.

Booting Process Of Dos

In computing, booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is switched on. The boot loader typically loads the main operating system for the computer. Steps In Booting:

The BIOS, having completed its functions, loads the boot code in the master boot record and transfers control to it. The master boot record code begins execution. If the boot device is a floppy disk, the process continues with step 6. The master boot code examines the master partition table. It is searching for two things. First, it must determine if there is an extended DOS partition. Second, it must determine if there is a bootable partition specified in the partition table.

If the master boot code finds an extended partition on the disk, it loads the extended partition table that describes the first logical volume in the extended partition. This extended partition table is examined to see if it points to another extended partition table. If it does, then that table contains information about the second logical volume in the extended partition, so it is loaded and examined. (Recall that logical volumes in the extended partition have their extended partition table chained one to the next.) This process is continued until all of the extended partitions have been loaded and recognized by the system. After loading the extended partition information (if any) the code attempts to boot the primary partition that is marked active (boot able). If there are no partitions marked active, then the boot process will terminate with an error. The error message is often the same one that occurs if the BIOS finds no boot device, and is generally something like "No boot device", but can be the infamous "NO ROM BASIC - SYSTEM HALTED". If there is a primary partition marked active, the code will boot it. The rest of the steps assume this is a DOS primary partition. The volume boot sector is loaded into memory and tested, and the boot code that it contains is given control of the remainder of the boot process. The volume boot code examines the structures on the disk that it is booting to ensure that everything is correct and in the right place. If not, the boot process will end in an error here as well. The code searches the root directory of the device being booted for the operating system files that contain the operating system. For a system running MS-DOS these are the files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS and COMMAND.COM. If the operating system files are not found, the boot program will display an error message, which is usually something like, Nonsystem disk or disk error - Replace and press any key when ready. Some people think that this message means the system was never booted, that the BIOS examined the floppy disk for example and just rejected it because it couldn't boot it. As you can see from this description of the boot process, the volume boot code was indeed loaded and executed, and in fact it is what prints the message when it can't find the operating system files. If the operating system files are found, the boot program will load them into memory and transfer control to them. These larger files contain the more complete operating system code that loads and

initializes the rest of the operating system structures. For MS-DOS, this means loading the command interpreter and then reading and interpreting the contents of the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT system control files.

DOS Commands
A command generally means an instruction written in computer acceptable language that the user types to execute a specific operation on the DOS prompt. The command interpreter accepts our input in a specific form. This specification is known as the syntax and the output is known as DIS command. There are two types of DOS commands:

Internal commands: copy con, copy, cd, date, del, dir, md, path, prompt, rd, ren, time, type, ver, vol. External commands: attrib, backup, chkdsk, deltree, diskcomp, diskcopy, doskey, edit, format, fdisk, find, fc, label, mem, more, move, mode, power, print, restore, scandisk, sort, sys, tree, unformat, xcopy.

Internal Commands
Internal commands are those commands that are loaded automatically in the memory when DOS is loaded into memory during booting process. These commands are easier to learn and use and requires no external files for their storage as in case of external commands. These commands are used for common jobs such as copying, erasing and renaming files.

COPY CON
copy con is an internal command. This command is used to create a file. The only disadvantage of this command is that the file created by this command cannot be modified. If a user tries to do it then a message is displayed whether user wants to overwrite the already existing file or not.

This command is not recommended for storing large text because if while typing some error occurs then it would be very difficult to modify.

SYNTAX C:\>copy con filename.extension

To save the contents of file press F6 key or Ctrl+z (^z) keys simultaneously. C:\>copy con abhi Hello everybody ^z 1 file(s) copied C:\>

Here a file named abhi is formed in which the contents Hello Everybody is saved after pressing (Ctrl+z) keys simultaneously and message 1 file(s) copied is displayed. You can check contents of new file formed with the help of type command.

CD or CHDIR
cd or chdir stands for change directory. It is an internal command. This command is used to find out the location of the file in the directory structure or it can also move us from one location in the directory structure to another. SYNTAX C:\>cd directoryname

Suppose ankur is a subdirectory in the directory amit and we are presently at DOS prompt and want to reach the subdirectory. Then

Step 1: Step 2: Finally: On entering C:\>cd.. C:\>cd.. C:\>cd\ subdirectory.

C:\>cd amit C:\amit>cd ankur C:\amit\ankur>

It displays currently logged directory/subdirectory. It moves one level back to the parent directory. It moves to the root directory directly from any logged

DATE
It is an internal command. This command is used to view the system date i.e. date as maintained by the DOS. It is also used to change the current date that entered by the user. Dates are accepted using the format mm/dd/yy, where mm the month (1-12), dd is is the day (1-31) and yy is the year from 1980 to 2079. It is useful in case when our computer has no real time clock.

SYNTAX C:\>date Current date is mon 09-09-2009 New date (mm-dd-yy): if you dont want to change the date press ENTER

C:\>date/t This command will only display the current date; and will not ask for a new date.

CLS
cls command is an internal command. It is basically used to clear all the information from the display screen, bearing only the system prompt and cursor on the upper left corner of the screen. SYNTAX C:\>cls

It will clear whole of the display screen and no previous command can be seen. It will display operation system prompt, if any, on the first line of the display.

COPY
copy is an internal command. The basic purpose of this command is: To copy the contents of one or more specified files to another disk or same disk with some or different file name. This command can also be used to copy several files in one stroke by using various wild cards.

This command can also be used to concatenate two or more files into single file.

SYNTAX C:\>copy<<source path>> <<target path>>

C:\>copyC:\abhiC:\atul contents of file atul.

This command copies the contents of file abhi to

C:\>copyC:\abhiD:\amit C drive to contents of file

This command copies contents of file abhi in the

amit on drive D.

External Commands
The external commands are used less frequently and are stored in some external files which are stored in some secondary storage device. Whenever an external command is to be executed then the external file in which that particular command is stored in transferred from the secondary storage i.e. disk to main memory i.e. RAM.

FIND
find is an external command. To execute this command we require an external file FIND.EXE. The FIND.EXE file requires 6.658 bytes for its storage. This command is used to search all occurrences of a specified character string in a specified file. This command can also be for specified file in a given drive. SYNTAX find string<filename> OR dir|findfilename

Example: C:\>findthisabc file. C:\find/? switches available with This command searches the string this in the abc This command is used to check the number of find command. C:\>findthisdef.txt?c This command gives the count of lines in def.txt that contain string file.

MORE
more is an external command which is executed when external file MORE.COM is loaded in memory. The MORE.COM requires 10472 bytes for its storage. This command is used to display the screen output of a command page by page. It is basically a filter command. SYNTAX C:\>type<filename>|more enter OR C:\>more<filename>enter

EXAMPLE: C:\>type abc.txt|more abc.txt page wise C:\>more def.txt page wise C:\>DIR|more screen. This command would allow the contents of the file This command will also show contents of def.txt It would display a list of directories page wise on

PRINT
print command is an external command. This command is basically used for printing the files. This command is used to set aside some space in RAM for printing the file in background while you continue in DOS.

SYNTAX Print<filename>

Example C:\>print abc.txt C:\>PRINT:\ABC\*.TXT subsidiary with the It will print a file named abc.txt This command will print all files in the c:\abc .txt command.

SORT
sort is an external command. This command is executed when an external file SORT.EXE which requires 25882 bytes for its storage is loaded in RAM. This command is used to sort out the contents of the file numerically and alphabetically. This command sorts input data and writes the result to the screen or to file or some other device.

Example: C:\>dir|sort a sorted order C:\>type abc.txt|sort/ reverse order and It will display all the files and directories in This command sorts the file abc.txt in the also print the result on the screen.

DELTREE
deltree is an external command and requires external file DELTRE.EXE for its execution. The deltree.exe external file requires 19083 bytes for its

storage. This command is used to delete all the files and directories in the current directory completely. This command prompts to verify the deletion which can be removed by using the switch Y. SYNTAX DELTREE[/Y][drive:]path[[drive:]path[]]

Example: C:\>deltree/? The various switches or options available in deltree can be checked by this Command. C:\>deltree a:\amit\*.* directory of floppy drive. This command deletes all the files in amit

WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

The software that administers the allocation of the possessions of the central processing unit and offers people who develop that program with a suitable interface used to get along with those possessions is known as Operating System (or simply OS). The operating system develops the system information and the entry of user and acts in response by assigning and organizing the jobs and interior system resources as the service to the users and the programs of the system. At the base of the entire system software, the operating system carries out the basic jobs like controlling and giving priority to the system requirements, assigning the memory, making easy in networking calculating input and output equipments, and organizing file systems. Microsoft has designed and marketed the Windows operating system as a collection of several operating systems. Microsoft was the first to introduce the idea of an operating setting which was named as Windows in November 1985 as an attachment to the MSDOS in reply to the increasing curiosity in Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows in the end started to govern the world market of the personal computers, going far ahead of Mac OS, which was predominating before its era. In the year 2004 at the Directions conference of IDC, the Vice President Mr. Saxena had declared that Windows had more or less 90% of the total customers of the operating system market. The latest version of Windows present in the market is Windows Vista while the latest server version of it is the Windows Server 2003. The descendant to Windows Server 2003 will be the Windows Server 2008 which is still in beta version and is at present being under tested.

COMMON WINDOWS Windows 98: Windows 98 is a modernize version of Windows 98. It was released on May 5, 1999. It solves many minor issues, the substitute of Internet Explorer 4.0 by relatively faster Internet Explorer 5 and better USB support.

Windows 98 SE Windows 2000 Windows 2000 (also called Windows Me) is an extension of the Windows 9x version, but with access to the actual mode MS-DOS limited so as to get a move for the system boot time. It was one of the most revealed alterations in Windows Me. Because of some applications that require actual mode DOS to run those could not be made to run on Windows Me. Windows Me Windows XP Microsoft has developed Windows XP is a line of operating systems for applying on general functional computer systems which includes business and home desktops, media centers and notebook computers. Windows XP was released on 25th October 2001. Windows Vista After a world-wide Success of XP and its service packs Microsoft has designed and created Windows Vista the operating system for use on personal computers, including business and home desktops, Tablet PCs, laptops and media centers. It was first named as Longhorn but later on 22nd July 2005, the name was announced as Windows Vista. The development of Vista was finished on 8th November 2006. In the next three months Vista was available in steps to computer software and hardware manufacturers, retail counters, and business organizations. It was released globally on 30th January 2007, for the general public.

CUl & GUI

CUI stands for Character User Interface; it means that you have to type commands to interact with your computer. E.g. In DOS for everything we type the commands. GUI stands for Graphical User Interface; it means that u dont need to type commands to interact with your computer instead u have to click with the help of mouse on the icons of readymade commands.

SHORT NOTES
Desktop
Computer's desktop is much like a physical desktop. Computer's desktop serves the same purpose: to give easy access to items on your hard drive. It is common to store frequently used files, folders, and programs on your desktop. This allows accessing the items quickly instead of digging through the directories on hard drive each time one wants to open them. Both the Macintosh and Windows interfaces use the desktop as a central part of the interface. Both operating systems allows to move items on and off the desktop as per own wish and offer organization tools to arrange and clean up the items on the desktop. Yes, it would be nice if there was an option like that for a real-life desktop. One can also customize computer's desktop with the pattern or background image of own choice. DESKTOP ICONS Desktop icons are the most commonly recognized icons by most people. They are used to convey purpose of an available function on a computer. On a very graphic oriented Windows environment such as Windows XP the common desktop icons you might see are My Computer, Recycle Bin, and various file folders with labels.

Start Menu
The Start Menu and Start Button are user interface elements used in the later versions of the Microsoft Windows operating systems and in some X window managers. The Start Button provides a central launching point for application and tasks. On Windows operating systems before Windows Vista, the Start Button consists of the word Start and the Windows Logo. It includes access to special folders like My Documents, Favorites etc. Windows XP's Start Menu was expanded to encompass various My Documents folders (including My Music and My Pictures), and transplanted other items like My Computer and My Network Places from the Windows desktop. The Start Menu provides a much quicker and easier way to open programs, even for experienced users, and consolidates a list of programs into one place. Microsoft uses the Start Menu more in each version of Windows as a way to shield novice users from the complexities of the operating system.

Scroll Bar
A scrollbar is an object in a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with which continuous text, pictures or anything else can be scrolled including time in video applications, i.e., viewed even if it does not fit into the space in a computer display window, or viewport. It was also known as a handle in the very first GUIs. Scroll bars are present in a wide range of electronic devices including computers, graphing calculators, mobile phones, and portable media players. They usually appear on one or two sides of the viewing area as long rectangular areas containing a bar that can be dragged.

Recycle Bin
When you delete a file or folder in Windows, it is placed in the Recycle Bin. Items are temporarily stored in the Recycle Bin before they are permanently deleted by the user. Recycle Bin is located on the Windows desktop. When it is empty, the icon is an empty recycle bin. If it contains one or more items,

the icon changes to a recycle bin with papers in it. You can move items to the Recycle Bin by either dragging them to the Recycle Bin icon or by selecting the items and pressing the Delete key. You may also right-click an item and select "Delete" from the pop-up menu. One can open the Recycle Bin by double-clicking its icon. This allows you to view the files the Recycle Bin contains, just like a typical folder. However, in the left sidebar of the window, there is a Recycle Bin Tasks section that includes the options Empty the Recycle Bin and Restore all items. Since Windows remembers the original location of each item, if you select "Restore all items," the files will each be located back in their original location. You can also select items individually and restore them back to their previous folders.

Emptying the Recycle Bin If you select Empty the Recycle Bin, all the items in the Recycle Bin will be will permanently deleted. If you only want to delete a single item, you can select it, press Delete, and then confirm you want to delete it. Deleted items cannot be restored, so you should only empty the Recycle Bin if you are sure you no longer need the files. It is a good idea to empty the Recycle Bin on a regular basis because it frees up disk space for other files. Recycle or Trash? The Recycle Bin serves the same purpose as the Trash found on Macintosh computers. While the name is not as simple, it is admittedly, more ecofriendly. It also reflects the idea that when you empty the Recycle Bin, it makes more disk space available, thereby recycling the sections of the disk that contained the previous data.

My Computer
My Computer item on the Start menu is configured to work like a standard folder window. If you need to access a specific drive, select My Computer from the Start menu, wait a moment for the window to appear, and then double-click the icon for the drive that you need to access. When you're in a hurry, this two-step procedure can be time-consuming and frustrating, especially if My Computer contains a large number of drive icons.

However, Windows XP makes it easy for you to configure My Computer so it works like a menu, with each drive listed as a menu item. Follow these steps: Right-click the Start button, and select Properties. Click Customize, which is adjacent to the Start Menu radio button, and select Advanced. Scroll through the Start Menu Items list box until you see My Computer. Select Display as a Menu, and click OK twice.

Now, when you select My Computer from the Start menu, you'll see a menu of individual drives.

MICROSOFT WORD
Features Of MS-word
i. Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting or moving some part of it. ii. Changing the size of the margins can reformat the complete document or a part of text. iii. Font size and type of font can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer can be included. iv. Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document. Word count and other statistics can be generated. v. Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made. vi. Tables can be made and included in the text. vii.Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical pictures can either be created in word itself or it can be imported from outside like from clip art gallery. viii.Word also provides the mail-merge facility. ix. Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some function or special keys or to a tool bar or menu. x. It also provides online help of any option.

Application of Word Processing

The basic application of word processing is creation of text documents. Except for labels and envelopes, it has replaced the electric typewriter in most offices, because of the ease in which documents can be edited, searched and reprinted.

Advanced word processors function as elementary desktop publishing systems. Although there are still machines dedicated only to word processing, most word processing is performed on general-purpose computers using word processing software such as Microsoft Word and WordPerfect. Following are its applications: 1. Text Editing: Text can be changed by deleting it, typing over it or by inserting additional text within it. 2. Word Wrap And Centering: Words that extend beyond the right margin are wrapped around to the next line. Text can be centered between left and right margins. 3. Search And Replace, Move And Copy: Any occurrence of text can be replaced with another block of text. You can mark a block of text and move it elsewhere in the document or copy it throughout the document. 4. Layout Settings: Margins, tabs, line spacing, indents, font changes, underlining, boldface and italics can be set and reset anywhere within the document. 5. Headers, Footers And Page Numbering: Headers and footers are common text printed on the top and bottom of every page. Headers, footers and page numbering can be set and reset anywhere within the document. Page numbering in optional Roman numerals or alphabetic letters is common. 6. Style Sheets: After designing a document, its format can be used again. Layout codes (margins, tabs, fonts, etc.) can be stored in a style sheet file and applied to a new document. 7. Mail Merge: Creates customized letters from a form letter and a list of names and addresses. The list can be created as a document or can be imported from popular database formats. 8. Math And Sorting: Columns of numbers can be summed and simple arithmetic expressions can be computed. Lines of text can be reordered into ascending (A--Z) or descending (Z-A) sequence. 9. Preview, Print and Group Print: A document can be previewed before it is printed to show any layout change that may not normally show on screen (page breaks, headers, footers, etc.). Documents can be printed individually or as a group with page numbers consecutively numbered from the first to the last document.

10. Footnotes And Endnotes: Footnote entries can be made at any place in the document, and the footnotes printed at the end of a page or document. 11. Spell Check And Thesaurus: Spelling can be checked for an individual word, marked block of text or an entire document. When words are in doubt, possible corrections are suggested. Advanced systems can correct the misspellings automatically the next time. A thesaurus displays synonyms for the word at the current cursor location. 12. File Management: Documents can be copied, renamed and deleted, and directories, or folders, can be created and deleted from within the program. Advanced systems set up a purge list of names or glimpses of document contents in order to allow a user to easily rid the disk of unwanted files.

Creating A Folder And Shortcut On Desktop

Creating a Shortcut to a Program or File:To create a shortcut on
the desktop to a program or file, there are two possible methods to choose from. Method 1

Right-click an open area on the desktop, point to New, and then click on Shortcut. Click Browse. Locate the program or file to which you want to create a shortcut, click the program or file, click Open, and then click Next. Type a name for the shortcut. If a Finish button appears at the bottom of the dialog box, click it. If a Next button appears at the bottom of the dialog box, click it, click the icon you want to use for the shortcut, and then click Finish.

Method 2

Click Start, point to Programs, and then right-click the program you want to create the shortcut to. Click on Create Shortcut. The shortcut is now at the end of the Programs list.

For example: To create a Shortcut to Microsoft Word, click Start, and then point to Programs. You will find the shortcut, named Microsoft Word (2) at the bottom of the Program list. Drag the shortcut to the Desktop.

To Create A File

Choose File> New from the menu. Click Blank Document in the New Document pane. If you need to close the pane, click on the x in the upper right corner of the New Document Pane to close the pane.

To Open File
Choose File> Open from the menu.

Make sure the folder you noted during the previous lesson displays in the Look In field. The file is named "lesson3.doc". Type lesson3.doc in the File Name field. Click Open. The file you created during the previous lesson appears. Alternate method (Opening a File by Using the Drop-Down Menu) Click File Look for the file name "lesson3.doc" near the bottom of the dropdown menu. Click lesson3.doc".The file you created during the previous lesson opens.

To Save File
Save your file by following these instructions:

Choose File> Save As from the menu. Specify the correct folder in the Look In field. Name your file by typing lesson4.doc in the File Name field. Click Save.

Creating A Graph In MS-Word

In the Insert menu, click Object. Click the Create New tab. In the Object type box, click Microsoft Graph Chart. Click OK.

Spelling And Grammar Check

Word checks your spelling and grammar as you type. Spelling errors are displayed with a red wavy line under the word, while grammar errors are displayed with a green wavy line, under the error. If you want to spell check your entire document, press F7 and click the spelling icon, or choose Tools> Spelling and Grammar from the menu. If you want to spell check part of your document, highlight the area you want to spell check. Then press F7 and click the spelling icon, or choose Tools> Spelling and Grammar from the menu. STEPS

Type the following exactly as shown. Include all errors. Open thr door for Mayrala. She is a teacher from the town of Ridgemont. Highlight: Open thr door for Mayrala. She is a teacher from the town of Ridgemont." Press F7 or click the Spelling icon on the Standard toolbar. "The" is misspelled, so it is highlighted on the screen and noted in the Not in Dictionary box. Word suggests correct spellings. These suggestions are found in the Suggestions box. To change the word to the correct spelling, make sure "the" is highlighted in the Suggestions box. Click Change. Note: lf the word is misspelled in several places in the document; click Change All to correct all misspellings. The name "Mayrala" is not in the dictionary, but it is correct. Click Ignore Once to leave "Mayrala" in the document with its current spelling. Note: If a word appears in several places in the document, click Ignore All so you are not prompted to correct the spelling for each occurrence. "Ridgemont" is not found in the dictionary. If you frequently use a word not found in the dictionary, you should add that word to the dictionary

by pressing the Add to Dictionary button. Word will then recognize the word the next time it encounters it. Click Add to Dictionary. The following should appear on your screen: Word finished checking the selection. Do you want to continue checking the remainder of the document? Click No. If you wanted Word to spell-check the entire document, you would have clicked on Yes.

Mail Merge
Mail merge is a software function describing the production of multiple (and potentially large numbers of) documents from a single template form and a structured data source. This technique of merging data to create, gave rise to the term mail merge. Mail merge often refers to combining a list or database of email addresses (sometimes names and other data too) with a mass (batch) emailing. For example, a company can email some or all the customers in their database with a similar message and include the name of each customer in the greeting.

MICROSOFT EXCEL
Application Of Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells usually in a two-dimensional matrix or grid consisting of rows and columns. Each cell contains alphanumeric text, numeric values or formulas. A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the contents of any other cell. Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information because of their ability to recalculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made.

Built-in Functions Of Excel

Excel has a number of built in functions that can be useful when creating simple or complex formulas. They are divided into several different categories and can be used as-is, combined or modified to produce the desired results. Excel offers a range of financial functions that can help calculate depreciation using several different methods, interest rates on loans, the amount of a payment on an installment loan, present and future loan values, the number of payments and a variety of other business-related options. They also include date and time-based functions. Many of Excel's date and time options rely on an internal conversion to Microsoft Excel's date-time code that changes the date to a serial number. The encoded serial number can be used by other functions for date and time calculations. Other calculations that use the Microsoft Excel date-time code can extract values such as a day of the week, month of the year, or hour, minute or second value from a time-stamp. Other functions that use the date-time code

include those that can return the serial number value for today, or a more precise version that returns the serial number for the current date and time. These functions can be used to calculate due dates or record occurrences of events. Excel's built-in functions also include a collection of common mathematical and trigonometric functions. Some of the functions in this category include those that will return the absolute value of a number, exponents, factorials, logarithms, natural logarithms, base-l 0 logarithms, rounding, and square roots. Basic trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, tangent and their arc functions are also included in this group. Excel offers a host of statistical options that can provide analysis for numbers and arrays. They also include lookups that can retrieve data from an array, database functions that can find and analyze records that meet your specific criteria, functions that will manipulate text, logical (Boolean) options that can help devise tests and information functions that can verify the validity of data. In all, Excel offers about 225 built-in functions that can help you manipulate data in a variety of ways, and construct your own complex formulas for finding, analyzing and manipulating data.

Mathematical Date And Time Functions

These functions are provided by Excel, to help you to work with dates and times. Before using Excel Date and Time Functions, it will help if you have an understanding of the way dates and times are stored in Excel - this is explained in the:

Excel Dates and Times Page.

DATE TIME

Returns a date, from a user-supplied year, month and day. Returns a time, from a user-supplied hour, minute and

second. DATE VALUE TIME VALUE Converts a text string showing a date, to an integer that represents the date in Excels date-time code. Converts a text string showing a time, to a decimal that represents the time in Excel.

Current Date and Time

NOW TODAY

Returns the current date and time. Returns todays date.

Performing Calculations With Dates

EDATE EOMONTH Returns a date that is the specified number of months before or after an initial supplied start date. Returns a date that is the last day of the month, which is a specified number of months before or after an initial supplied start date. Returns a date that is a supplied number of working days (excluding weekends & holidays) ahead of a given start date. Returns a date that is a supplied number of working days (excluding weekends & holidays) ahead of a given start date, using supplied parameters to specify weekend days (New in Excel 2010). Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year. (12 x 30 months).

WORKDAY

WORKDAY.INTL

DAYS360

NETWORKDAYS NETWORKDAYS.I NTL YEARFRAC

Returns the number of whole network days (excluding weekends & holidays), between two supplied dates. Returns the number of whole network days (excluding weekends & holidays), between two supplied dates, using parameters to specify weekend days (New In Excel 2010). Calculates the fraction of the year represented by, the number of whole days between two dates.

Formatting Worksheet
It is easy to format your Excel worksheets, because formatting cells is similar to formatting text in Word. Cells can be formatted to a particular style you choose, such as formatting all numbers consistently. You can also copy the formatting of a particular cell without affecting the information within the cell. Working with large amounts of data can be challenging for a variety of reasons. One of the ways to make data management easier is to organize your workbook into different worksheets. Planning the design of your workbook from the start can make it easier to work with, especially when the workbook gets larger or contains several sections. For example, worksheets within a faculty grade book can be color coded (text, cells, or background) to differentiate among class sections; even the worksheet tabs can be color coded. Other things you can do to make organizing your data more efficient include the following: Format the decimal points to align correctly. Only use the dollar sign for the first item in a monetary list and for totals. Improve readability by putting subtotals in separate columns. Distinguish elements of each worksheet by color coding the cells, text, sheet tab, and background.

Auto Format

To make formatting your worksheets a little easier, Excel has several preset formats available. With these preset formats, you can select all of the characteristics or only some (e.g., just the borders). Either way, it can be an efficient way to start formatting your worksheet. Once you apply the formatting with Auto Format, you can still make adjustments to the cells. Following are the steps for Auto Formatting:

Select the cell(s) to be formatted. From the Format menu, select Auto Format. The AutoFormat dialog box appears. Select the desired Auto Formatting option. OPTIONAL: To apply only some of the characteristics of a particular AutoFormat: Click options (The AutoFormat dialog box expands). Under Formats to apply, select or deselect the desired options. Click OK.

MICROSOFT ACCESS
Application Of DBMS
The major purpose of IT business is creation of information systems with access to document archives, management of business-process, and reception adequate information for expert systems, planning, monitoring of contacts with the outside world. Mandatory requirement is guaranty to the users of such systems access to their information resources as from a workplace (by means of a local network), and from anyone of globe (by means of Internet). Such systems, in addition, should have simple, but effective means of administration. It is obvious, that a basic element of information systems, which provides performance of the specified functions, is the database. Thus, for creation of such systems is necessary modern DBMS and application on their basis. The basic tasks solved by DBMS application are: Effective processing of complex data and data with set of the references for expression of the relations between them. Building of internet shops and distributed information systems. Building of the virtual company office and virtual kiosks. Storage and reproduction of graphic images, video and audio. Creation of websites, allotted to unlimited opportunities.

Forms And Reports

Creating reports Open the Navigation pane. Click the table or query on which you want to base your report. Activate the Create tab. Click the Report button in the Reports group.

Access creates your report and displays your report in Layout View. You can also modify the report. Note: After you create a report, you can save it.

Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. Access saves the report unless you are saving for the first time. If you are saving for the first time, the Save As dialog box appears. Type the name you want to give your report. Click OK. Access saves the report. You can now access the report by using the Navigation pane.

Modify a Report
After you create a report, you can modify it. You can add groups or sorts, add fields, change labels, and perform many other tasks. You can view a report in Report view, Layout view, Design view, and Print Preview. You can modify a report in Layout view or Design view. In Layout view, you can see your data, and the report you see closely resembles how your report will look when you print it. You can make most, but not all, changes to your report in Layout view. Design view displays the structure of your report. In this view you cannot see the underlying data, but you can perform some tasks in Design view that you cannot perform in Layout view. This tutorial focuses on Layout view:

To change to Layout view: Open your report. Activate the Home tab. Click the View button. A menu appears. Click Layout View. Access changes to Layout View.

To change the size of a field or label: Click the field or label. A border appears around it. Click a side of the border and drag outward to increase the width. Click a side of the border and drag inward to decrease the width.

To add current DATE or TIME: Open your report in Layout view. Activate the Format tab. Click the Date and Time button in the Controls group. The Date and Time dialog box appears. Deselect the Include Date box if you do not wish to include the date. Click to select a format if you are including the date. Deselect the Include Time box if you do not wish to include the time. Click to select a format if you are including the time. Click OK. Access places the date and/or time in your report.

Creating Forms
Access forms are much like paper forms you can use them to enter, edit, or display data. They are based on tables. When using a form, you can choose the format, the arrangement, and which fields you want to display. This steps below tell, how to create forms: Open the Navigation pane. Click the table or query on which you want to base your form. Activate the Create tab. Click Form in the Forms group. Access creates a form.

To save a form: Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. Access saves the form unless you are saving for the first time. If you are saving for the first time, the Save As dialog box appears. Type the name you want to give the form. Click OK. Access saves the form. You can now access the form by using the Navigation pane.

You may also save by right-clicking a form's tab and then selecting Save from the menu that appears.

To change the view: Open the form. Activate the Format tab. Click the down-arrow under the View button. A menu appears. Click the view you want.

To resize a datasheet: Click the datasheet to select it. Click a side of the datasheet and drag to change the width. Click the top or bottom of the datasheet and drag to change the height.

To add the date and time: You can easily add the date and time to your form: Activate the format tab. Click the date and time button. The Date and Time dialog box appears. Select the date and time format you want. The date and time appear on your form.

MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
Animations:
Animations control how objects move onto, off of, and around your slides. Transitions control how your presentation moves from one slide to the next. This is about how animations are created and how transitions take place. It also tells how to spell-check the document, how to use the Outline and Slides tabs, how to use Sorter view, and how to print the slides.

Adding Animations
You can animate the objects on your PowerPoint slides. Power Point provides four types of animations: Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, and Motion Paths. An Entrance animation determines the manner in which an object appears on a slide; for example, an object can move onto a slide. An Emphasis animation does something to draw attention to an object; for example, the object can become larger. An Exit animation determines the manner in which an object leaves a slide; for example, how an object can move off a slide. A Motion Paths animation determines how an object moves around a slide; for example, an object can move from left to right. After you add an animation, you can use the Custom Animation pane to modify it by choosing an effect. Choosing an effect enables you to define what starts the animation, its properties (such the direction from which an object moves onto the slide), and control the speed of the animation. In addition, you can have an animation start when you click the mouse, start along with the previous animation, or start at a specified time after the previous animation. If the Auto Preview box is checked on the Custom Animation pane, PowerPoint provides you with preview of your animation after you create it and each time you modify it. You can also use the Play button, on the Custom Animation pane to preview an animation.

To choose an effect: Select the object you want to animate. Choose the Animations tab. Click the Custom Animation button. The Custom Animation pane appears. Click the Add Effect button. A menu appears. Choose the type of effect you want. A submenu appears. Click the effect you want. PowerPoint applies the effect.

To modify an effect: Click the down arrow next to the Start field on the Custom Animations pane and then select the start method you want. Click the down arrow next to the Property field on the Custom Animations pane and the select the property you want. The Property field might be labeled Direction, Size, or some other property. Click the down arrow next to the Speed field on the Custom Animations pane and then select the speed you want to apply to your animation. To preview the animation, click the "Play button on the Custom Animations pane.

To add an animation to the slide: Click Slide 2 on the Slides tab. Select "Start saving early." Choose the Animations tab. Click the Custom Animation button. The Custom Animation pane appears. Click the Add Effect button. Choose Entrance. A submenu appears. Click Fly In. PowerPoint applies the effect. If the Auto preview box is checked, PowerPoint automatically provides you with a preview of the animation.

VIRUS
The word Virus has become a part of computer jargon. Virus basically stands for Vital Information Resource Under Siege. Like ordinary virus that encumbers the normal functioning of human body, the computer viruses also agitate the proper functioning of the computer system. Virus basically is a program written for destructive purpose. It is written in such a way that it can enter the computer without the knowledge of the user. It may enter the machine through an infected floppy or a program. Once it enters the computer, it replicates itself i.e. makes copies of itself and causes the abnormal functioning of the machine. The virus may even cause loss of data. A virus can be so powerful that it can avoid its detection. Viruses may cause an overall loss of important data in a computer. It may travel through a network and may spread itself to all the computers in the network. The major source of computer viruses is internet.

ACTIVITIES OF VIRUS
1. To replicate it and to spread to as many programs as possible. 2. To destroy data or programs by overwriting parts of data or program

or by simply erasing them. 3. To cause some malfunctioning in the computer system. The malfunctioning cause may be: To disorganize the data. To reduce the speed. To diminish the memory. To cause strange movements and patterns on screen. Appearance of unusual messages and graphics on screen for uncalled-for reasons.

CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Computer viruses are categorized on their method of replication and their destructive effects. Broadly they can be classified into Time Bombs, Trojan Horses and Worms. Time Bombs Time Bombs are Trojans that activate on certain dates. These viruses are very harmful as they destroy the executable files and other important files, important for the functioning of computer. These viruses activate itself whenever booting starts. As these viruses activate itself on some specific date, therefore they are called as Time Bombs. FRIDAY THE 13TH and HAPPY BIRTHDAY 30TH are some common Time Bombs. Trojan Horse Virus Trojan Horse Virus is a security breaking program that attaches itself to program but does not replicate. Normally they are present in computer networks where they take advantage of the parent program and create havoc. The user runs the program thinking it is a genuine one, not knowing that there is a virus hiding in it. Some common types of Trojan Horse are: Remote Administrators Trojans(RATs) Password Trojans Destructive Trojans Some common Trojans include Back Office (BO), NetBus, Prorate, Sub7, Pest Trap etc. Worms Worms are self replicating programs, which do not destroy the data as such but get into the computer memory and block the entire system with multiple copies of same program. It thus slows down the operation of computer. These viruses are usually spread over the internet via e-mail attachments and Internet Relay Chat (IRC).

SYMPTOMS OF VIRUS ATTACK

Frequent hanging of the system. Decrease in the main memory, causing problems when executing large programs. Decrease in free space available.

Loss of parts of files. Deletion of file or a number of files. Appearance of strange messages or patterns on screen. Decrease in the speed of the system.

VIRUS CURE
The virus programs should be completely removed from the computer so as to ensure the proper functioning of the computer. Various companies have designed various anti-virus programs which perform the following functions: Detection Prevention Control the virus Remove the virus Inoculation

Some of the common anti-virus are Dr. Nortons Antivirus, MCfaee Antivirus. These antivirus softwares are commonly available on CD-ROMs which can be installed on the computer easily. Moreover, anti-virus softwares are nowadays also available on internet.

VIRUS SECURITY
To protect the computer form viruses anti-virus softwares and firewalls should be installed on the computer system. It is always recommended to download files from trusted websites only. Firewalls provide protection against not only the viruses but also against cracking attacks. They keep a watch on the computer. They work as nets, allowing what the user wants to do and what he doesnt wants to do.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. 2. 3. 4. Google.com Wikipedia.com Book of fundamentals of information technology A book of windows based computer courses 5. Rapidex Computer Course (Windows Edition) by Vikas Gupta 6. Compact guide to windows, word and excel by Ron Mansfield, BPB publication.