Introduction to LTE

3GPP Evolution

1.1

General Requirements
Data rates (for a 20 MHz bandwidth): 100 Mbps in DL 50 Mbps in UL

1.2

Spectral efficiency associated to data rates shown above 5 bits/sec/Hz in DL 2.5 bits/sec/Hz in UL

Latency smaller than 5 msec for small IP packets Voice service: at least same quality as WCDMA/HSPA

Requirements: Mobility
Mobility: Optimised for 0 to 15 km/h High performance for up to 120 km/h

1.3

Should maintain a connection for up to 350 km/h (or even 500 km/h for some frequency bands)

Requirements: Coverage
Coverage:

1.4

Up to 5 km cell radius: meet throughput, spectral efficiency and mobility targets Up to 30 km cell radius: slight performance degradation is tolerated Up to 100 km cell radius: operation not precluded
5 km 30 km 100 km

Requirements: E-MBMS
Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (E-MBMS): Should provide MBMS better than Release 6; Broadcast required spectral efficiency 1 bit/sec/Hz;

1.5

Should be possible to have MBMS only or a mixture of MBMS and non-MBMS services; Can transmit MBMS over single frequency network (MBSFN);

Requirements: Spectrum Flexibility

Duplexing modes: FDD: Frequency Division Duplex TDD: Time Division Duplex

1.6

Example bandwidths: 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Frame Structure
FDD frame structure:
frame (10ms) 0 slot (0.5ms) subframe (1ms) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.7

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

TDD frame structure

frame 10 msec switch-point 0 2 3 4 5 6 GP 7 8 9

DwPTS 5 msec switch-point slot subframe

GP

UpPTS

DwPTS 3 4 5

UpPTS 7 8 9

Resource Grid
Two dimensional data structure
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

1.8

frame

a slot frequency 0 time OFDM symbols ... ... ... subcarriers ...

a resource element

...

... ... ...

...

Flexible Bandwidth
LTE defined in a bandwidth independent way with: resource blocks of 12 sub-carriers spaced 15 kHz
1 slot

1.9

12 subcarriers

resource block

time

System bandwidth should be easily reconfigured

frequency

Transmission Time Interval (TTI)

TTI: length of independently decodable transmission link

1.10

In LTE a TTI is a subframe (2 slots): 1 msec

frame: 10 msec 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

subframe: 1 msec

Minimum resource that can be allocated in LTE: 1 subframe in time: 1 msec 12 subcarriers in frequency: 180 kHz = 12 15 kHz

Multiple Access Scheme

Downlink

1.11

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) with cyclic prefix (CP)

Uplink Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) with cyclic prefix

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Downlink modulation schemes BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM

1.12

Uplink modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Channel coding: Turbo coder with coding rate of 1/3 two 8-state constituent encoders contention free internal interleaver

MIMO Support
Multiple input multiple output support (downlink only): 2 or 4 transmit antennas 2 or 4 receive antennas

1.13

Transmit diversity Cyclic delay diversity (CDD) Space frequency transmit diversity (transmit diversity coding applied before IDFT)

Spatial multiplexing Up to 4 layers or transmit streams Codebook based precoding

Note: one antenna is used in non-MIMO mode.

LTE Release 9 enhancements

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)

1.14

completion of MBMS specification by adding related logical channels and clarifying physical layer details.

Home eNodeB (femtocells) Interference scenarios such as WiFi and DECT interference;

Positioning support UE reception of satellite positioning signals (Galileo/GPS/ GLONASS) UE reception of new downlink positioning reference signal

Dual-layer UE-specific (non-codebook based) beamforming Two new reference signals are defined (antenna ports 7 and 8)

3GPP LTE Release 10 and beyond

Has been submitted to the ITU as a candidate for IMT-Advanced; Release 10 features: Carrier aggregation to give up to 100MHz bandwidth; Downlink transmission with 8 antennas and layers; Uplink multi-antenna transmission with up to 4 antennas;

1.15

Co-ordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission and reception; Relaying from Relay Nodes (RN) to eNB; Latency improvements; 2.6GHz TDD support for USA Self Optimising Networks (SON) enhancements

Uplink

Uplink Channels
Transport Channels (TrCH) UL-SCH RACH Uplink - Shared Channel Random Access Channel

2.1

Control Information UCI Uplink Control Information

Mapping to Physical Channels

Uplink UL-SCH RACH UCI PUSCH PRACH PUCCH

2.2

Control information can be carried in PUSCH and PUCCH

Uplink Control Signalling

Conveys L1 and L2 control information HARQ acknowledgments for DL-SCH blocks channel quality reports: CQI, RI and PMI scheduling requests

2.3

Transmitted on PUCCH if no resources are allocated to UL-SCH multiplexed with UL-SCH on to PUSCH (before SC-FDMA) if there is a valid schedule grant

Data & Control Information on PUSCH

For the PUSCH data and control information are multiplexed:

2.4

A bits

input bits a k CRC

data

L = 24, G CRC24A ( D ) attachment L = 24, G CRC24B ( D ) code block

segment. channel coding rate matching code block concat. UCI (control)

O bits
Channel Quality Indication (CQI) block code data and control multiplexing

1 or 2 bits Rank Indication (RI) block code

1 or 2 bits ACK / NACK

turbo

block code bitstream h k

channel interleaver

H bits

If only control is present, the data coding path is absent

Control Information PUCCH

The channel coding operations are:

2.5

0 bits scheduling request

1 or 2 bits ACK / NACK

up to 11 bits Channel Quality Indication (CQI)

1 or 2 bits ACK / NACK

up to 11 bits Channel Quality Indication (CQI)

block code 20 bits

block code 20 bits

PUCCH format 1

PUCCH format 1a or format 1b

PUCCH format 2

PUCCH format 2a or format 2b

Channels and Signals

2.6

A physical channel is defined as a set of resource elements carrying information originating at a higher layer; A physical signal is defined as a set of resource elements used in support of the physical layer but not originating from a higher layer. For the uplink, the following physical channels are defined: PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel; PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel; PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel.

For the uplink, the following physical signals are defined: Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS)

Uplink Reference Signals

There are two types of uplink reference signals: Demodulation reference signal: associated with PUSCH or PUCCH

2.7

Sounding reference signal: not associated with any other transmission They are time multiplexed with uplink data (not frequency multiplexed)
subframe slot PUSCH demodulation reference signal example (normal CP) user #1 user #2 slot

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

reference signal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 f data user #3 t

Used for channel estimation

Demodulation Reference Signals: DRS

There are two demodulation reference signals: one for the PUSCH; and one for the PUCCH.

2.8

Used for channel estimation to allow for coherent demodulation Desired attributes: small power variations in: time: results in high power amplifier efficiency frequency: results in similar channel estimation quality for all frequency components

DRS sequences used: Cyclic extensions of Zadoff-Chu sequences (long sequences) Special short QPSK sequences

Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) I

2.9

eNodeB needs channel quality information in order to assign resources From DRS eNodeB can only get channel estimates on UE spectrum
DRS channel estimates only available on this band
UE

rxed resource grid

allocated resources

txed resource grid

no channel estimates available in other bands

No information available out of assigned spectrum SRS overcome this problem Used by base station to estimate channel quality of UEs

Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) II

May cover large frequency span (not assigned to UE): minimum of 4 resource block span multiples of 4 resource blocks span
subframe subframe subframe subframe subframe subframe

2.10

Can be transmitted as often as 2 msec (every 2nd subframe)

SRS

Can be transmitted as infrequently as 160 msec (every 16th frame) Not necessarily transmitted with any physical channel (unlike DRS) SRS modes wideband: one transmission covers band of interest frequency hopping: narrowband, location changes with time

SRS Transmission
Transmitted on last symbol of subframe every 2nd subcarrier Multiple UEs can transmit SRSs simultaneously Interference is avoided by: using different cyclic shifts (phase rotations): orthogonality changing the comb transmission pattern
subframe
... ... ...

2.11

OFDM symbol used for SRS

SRS subcarriers UE1 SRS subcarriers

... ... ...

UE2 UE3

using different cyclic shifts for SRS

Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel conveys uplink control information;

2.12

never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH from the UE.

PUCCH:
uplink control

UE

PUCCH used if UE has no valid schedule grant Transmitted with frequency hopping (provides frequency diversity) Transmitted on band edges: leaves contiguous bandwidth for PUSCH in the middle.

PUCCH Bandwidth
One resource block (RB) allocated to each PUCCH This is too large for the amount of information transmitted Therefore more than one PUCCH can share the same RB: Use same base reference sequence Use different phase rotations (cyclic shifts ) Use different orthogonal cover code (formats 1, 1a & 1b)

2.13

Inter-cell interference can be a problem Inter-cell interference is randomised by using hopping patterns in and orthogonal codes with each symbol

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel carries data; control information.
PUSCH:
uplink data & control

2.14

UE

PUSCH processing chain:

Modulation mapper Resource el. mapper SC-FDMA modulation

Scrambling

Precoding

PUSCH Scrambling
PUSCH Scrambling Modulation mapper Precoding Resource el. mapper SC-FDMA modulation

2.15

Modulo 2 multiplication (XOR) with a scrambling sequence c Only applied to: coded data, channel quality coded bits, ACK coded bits Not applied to ACK placeholders, these are set to predetermined value
coded data ch. quality coded bits ACK coded bits

1 ACK bit
b(i)

placeholders ( Q m = 4 )

...0 0 1 0 1 1 1 X X X 0 1 1 0 1 0...
c(i)

b(i)

.0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
b(i) = b(i 1) b(i + 1) = b(i + 2) = 1

PUSCH Modulation
PUSCH Scrambling Modulation mapper Precoding Resource el. mapper SC-FDMA modulation

2.16

Maps bits into symbols The modulation mapping defines 3 constellations as follows:
Q
101111 101101 100101 100111 000111 000101 001101 001111

Q Q
10 1011 1001 0001 0011

101110 101100 100100 100110

000110 000100 001100 001110

5
101010 101000 100000 100010 000010 000000 001000 001010

3
00 1010 1000 0000 0010

3
101011 101001 100001 100011 000011 000001 001001 001011

1
11 01

I
1110 1100

1 1
0100

1 3
0110

I
111011 111001 110001 110011

010010 010001 011001 011011

QPSK

1111

1101

0101

0111

111010 111000 110000 110010

010010 010000 011000 011010

16-QAM

111110 111100 110100 110110

010110 010100 011100 011110

111111 111101 110101 110111

010111 010101 011101 011111

64-QAM

PUSCH Precoding
PUSCH Scrambling Modulation mapper Precoding Resource el. mapper SC-FDMA modulation

2.17

Not the same as downlink (multi-antenna) precoding Produces SC-FDMA modulation; Generation process: Split the M symb modulated symbols into Each set (of size M sc
PUSCH PUSCH M symb M sc

sets;

) forms an SC-FDMA symbol;

Perform a DFT (precoding part of SC-FDMA modulation); DFT size: its prime must be a product of 2, 3 and/or 5 Smallest DFT size is 12

PUSCH Precoding: DFT Size

DFT can be implemented with FFT for efficiency; DFT size: its prime factors are 2, 3 and/or 5
PUSCH M sc

2.18

RB N sc

N sc N RB

RB

UL

Minimum DFT size (resource block size in the frequency domain): 12

subframe
... ...

freq

12 subcarriers

DFT

...

N sc = 12
... ...

RB

... time

Resource Element Mapping

PUSCH Scrambling Modulation mapper Precoding Resource el. mapper SC-FDMA modulation

2.19

The final stage in PUSCH processing is to map the symbols z to the allocated physical resource elements Note that allocation sizes are limited to values whose prime factors are 2, 3 & 5 (imposed by precoding stage) Map in increasing order: first subcarriers then the time domain (SC-FDMA)

Avoid SC-FDMA symbols with Demodulation reference signals Sounding reference signals

PUSCH Frequency Hopping

Allocated spectrum to a UE can change every subframe; This is controlled by a frequency hopping function f hop ( . ) :
Mobile 1 short-term narrowband interference

2.20

Mobile 2 Mobile 3

subframe intervals

frequency time

This provides for better frequency and interference diversity.

Downlink

Downlink Channels
Transport Channels (TrCH): DL-SCH BCH PCH MCH Downlink - Shared Channel Broadcast Channel Paging Channel Multicast Channel

3.1

Control Information: CFI HI DCI Control Format Indicator HARQ Indicator Downlink Control Information

Mapping to Physical Channels

3.2

Downlink DL-SCH PCH BCH MCH HI CFI DCI PDSCH PBCH PMCH PHICH PCFICH PDCCH

Downlink Channels and Signals

3.3

A physical channel: set of resource elements carrying information originating at a higher layer; PDSCH: Phy DL Shared Ch PDCCH: Phy DL Control Ch. PMCH: Phy Multicast Ch. PBCH: Phy Broadcast Ch. PCFICH: Phy Ctrl Format Indicator Ch. PHICH: Phy Indicator Ch. Hybrid ARQ

A physical signal: set of resource elements used in support of the physical layer but not originating from a higher layer. Reference Signals; Synchronisation Signals;

Frame structure
SSS PSS BCH unused unused SSS PSS control regions ref. signal PSS SSS BCH

3.4

unused ref. signal PCFICH PDCCH PDSCH

subcarrier

PCFICH

OFDM symbol

Downlink PCFICH
PCFICH: Downlink Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

3.5

specifies how many OFDM symbols are used for PDCCH transmission;
PCFICH:
format of PDCCH

UE

Uses QPSK modulation Transmitted in the same set of antenna ports as PBCH; It has its own specific layer mapping, precoding and mapping to resource elements.

Physical Downlink Control Channel I

PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel

3.6

carries control information including scheduling assignments;

PDCCH:
downlink and uplink scheduling assignments

UE

Uses QPSK modulation Transmitted in the same set of antenna ports as PBCH; It has its own specific layer mapping, precoding and mapping to resource elements

Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel I

PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel hybrid-ARQ ACK and NACK indicators UEs;
PHICH:
ACK / NACK

3.7

UE

Transmitted in the same set of antenna ports as PBCH; The PHICH uses its own specific: layer mapping; precoding; mapping to resource elements.

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel It is the main downlink channel; Carries transport blocks to the mobiles;
PDSCH:
downlink data

3.8

UE

PDSCH uses the following antenna ports: {0}, {0,1} or {0,1,2,3} if UE-specific reference signals are not transmitted; {5} if UE-specific reference signals are transmitted.

Downlink PBCH
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

3.9

carries broadcast information (from the BCCH logical channel)

UE

UE

UE

UE

UE

Uses a simplified and fixed transport format; A coded block of 1920 samples for normal cyclic prefix or 1728 samples for extended cyclic prefix is produced by the channel coder every 40ms; This block is QPSK modulated into 960 or 864 complex symbols; Transmit diversity layer mapping and precoding is performed.

Downlink Reference Signals I

There are three types of downlink reference signal: Cell-specific: its structure depends on the cell ID MBSFN references for MBSFN transmission; UE-specific references: beamforming. used in non-codebook

3.10

based

Provided in support of coherent demodulation; Used by UE to perform channel estimation and to obtain channel quality measurements.

Downlink Reference Signals II

References are arranged across time and frequency;

3.11

Only one reference signal is transmitted through per antenna port, this allows for channel estimation for the different antenna ports; When an antenna port transmits a reference signal other ports are silent;
frequency ANTENNA PORT 1

Antenna port 1 reference signal Antenna port 2 reference signal No transmission

ANTENNA PORT 2

time

Synchronisation Signals I
There are two downlink synchronisation signals: Primary synchronisation signal; Secondary synchronisation signal.

3.12

This structure reduces cell search procedure complexity; Used to obtain:

Primary/secondary synch signals CELL
UE

Cell identity frame timing

Synchronisation Signals II
first 72 carriers (around DC carrier); OFDM symbols 5 and 6 of first slot in subframes 0 & 5.
10 msec radio frame
subframe

3.13

Always transmitted in the same place regardless of bandwidth used.

secondary synch signal #6 #7 slot #8 #9 slot 72 subcarriers primary synch signal

#0

#1 slot

#2

#3 slot

#4

#5

72 subcarriers

bandwidth f

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

OFDM symbol

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

OFDM symbol

Channel Coding Procedures

3.14

There are a number of procedures which are used for multiple transport channel or control information types: CRC calculation; Code block segmentation; Channel coding (tail biting convolutional and turbo); Rate matching;

Tr. Channel & Ctrl. Information Processing 3.15

Depending on the channel, a different set of processing steps occurs:
A bits A bits
input bits a k CRC attachment
G CRC24B ( D )

input bits a k

A bits
G CRC16 ( D )

CFI or HI

input bits a k

G CRC24A ( D )

G CRC16 ( D )

HI: rate 1/3 repetition code

code block segment. turbo channel coding rate matching code block concat.

CFI: rate 1/16 block code

CRC attachment

CRC attachment

conv.

rate matching

conv.

channel coding

channel coding

channel coding

rate matching

G bits

E bits

B bits

bitstream f k

bitstream e k

bitstream b k

E bits

bitstream e k

DL-SCH, PCH and MCH

BCH

CFI or HI

DCI

Downlink Physical Channel Processing

The general structure of downlink physical channels processing is:
code words
Scrambling Modulation mapper Layer mapper Scrambling Modulation mapper

3.16

layers
Resource el. mapper

antenna ports
OFDM modulation

...

...

...
OFDM modulation

Precoding

Resource el. mapper

This structure applies to the PDSCH; other channels have slightly different processing chains.

...

Scrambling
code words
Scrambling Modulation mapper Layer mapper Scrambling Modulation mapper

3.17
antenna ports
Resource el. mapper OFDM modulation

layers

...

...

...
OFDM modulation

Precoding

Resource el. mapper

( q ) from the code word bits ( q ) : Produces a block of scrambled bits b b ( q ) ( i ) = ( b ( q ) ( i ) + c ( q ) ( i ) ) mod 2; b i = 0M bit 1
(q)

Modulo 2 multiplication (XOR) of the code word bits with a scrambling sequence c ( q ) :
code word bits block of bits b (q) scrambling sequence (q)

scrambled bits

(q) block of bits b

...

Modulation
code words
Scrambling Modulation mapper Layer mapper Scrambling Modulation mapper

3.18
antenna ports
Resource el. mapper OFDM modulation

layers

...

...

...
OFDM modulation

Precoding

Resource el. mapper

Downlink supported modulation formats:

Physical Channel PDSCH PMCH PDCCH PBCH PCFICH PHICH Modulation Schemes QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK QPSK QPSK BPSK

...

Downlink Modulation Mapper

The modulation mapping defines 4 constellations as follows:
Q
1
0

3.19

Q
101111 101101 100101 100111 000111 000101 001101 001111

1
1

I
1011 1001

Q
0001 0011

101110 101100 100100 100110

000110 000100 001100 001110

5
101010 101000 100000 100010 000010 000000 001000 001010

BPSK
Q
10

3
1010 1000 0000 0010

3
101011 101001 100001 100011 000011 000001 001001 001011

1 1
1110 00 1100 0100

1 3
0110

I
111011 111001 110001 110011

010010 010001 011001 011011

1
11 01

1111

1101

0101

0111

111010 111000 110000 110010

010010 010000 011000 011010

16-QAM

111110 111100 110100 110110

010110 010100 011100 011110

QPSK

111111 111101 110101 110111

010111 010101 011101 011111

64-QAM

Amplitude levels are normalised.

Multi-antenna Processing in LTE

code words
Scrambling Modulation mapper Layer mapper Scrambling Modulation mapper

3.20

layers
Resource el. mapper

antenna ports
OFDM modulation

...

...

...
OFDM modulation

Precoding

Resource el. mapper

Includes layer mapping: splits data sequence into a number of layers precoding

Under precoding the LTE standard can use cyclic delay diversity (CDD) spatial multiplexing (precoding) transmit diversity

...

Transmission Schemes I
Single antenna port, Port 0: Transmit Diversity:
2 or 4 antennas supported

3.21

UE

SFBC

UE

non codebook based beamforming (single antenna, Port 5):

2 or 4 antennas supported

beamform

1 layer

UE

arbitrary beamforming vector

Transmission Schemes II
Open-loop spatial multiplexing (Large Delay CDD):
2 or 4 antennas supported codebook precoding

3.22

2, 3 or 4 layers

UE

Closed-loop spatial multiplexing:

2 or 4 antennas supported

precoding

2, 3 or 4 layers

UE

codebook

codebook selection suggestion (PMI)

Transmission Schemes III

Multi-user MIMO:
2 or 4 antennas supported
UE

3.23

2, 3 or 4 layers (shared resources)

beamform beamform

UE

codebook codebook

codebook selection suggestion (PMI) codebook selection suggestion (PMI)

codebook based beamforming (Closed-loop spatial multiplexing using a single transmission layer):
2 or 4 antennas supported

1 layer

beamform

UE

codebook

codebook selection suggestion (PMI)

Physical Antennas and Antenna Ports

LTE standard refers to antenna ports Antenna ports and physical antennas are different

3.24

Antenna port: defined by the presence of an antenna port specific reference signal There are up to 6 antenna port specific reference signals Number of physical antennas is { 1, 2, 4 } Antenna ports map to physical antennas.

Precoding for Spatial Multiplexing

Used with the layer mapping for spatial multiplexing Supports P = 2 or P = 4 antennas: p { 0, 1 } & p { 0, 1, 2, 3 } Different coding used for:

3.25

precoding without CDD or closed loop spatial multiplexing precoding with large delay CDD or open loop spatial mux.

Codebook based precoding: 7 element codebook for the 2 antenna port case 16 element codebook for the 4 antenna port case

For spatial multiplexing the number of layers is also known as the transmission rank

Spatial Mux: Precoding without CDD

precoding

3.26

x x x

(0) (1)

(i) (i) (i)

layer 1 layer 2

IDFT

CP CP

ant 1 ant 2

W ( i )P

IDFT

( 1)

layer

IDFT

CP

ant P

Also known as closed loop precoding Based on downlink channel estimates UE reports recommendations: RI (rank indication) and PMI (precoder matrix indication) eNodeB may or may not follow these recommendations when selecting W ( i )

Spatial Mux: Large Delay CDD Precoding

CDD layer 1 layer 2
1 0
j2k

3.27 ant 1

precoding
0 0 U

IDFT

CP CP

ant 2

0 e 0 0

layer

j2k ( 1 )

W ( i )P

IDFT

ant P IDFT CP

D ( i )

Also known as open loop precoding matrices U and D are applied first, then precoding W ( i ) codebook matrices used are predetermined channel quality measurements are not required

Beamforming
Supported by LTE: precoding applied to a single layer = 1 Codebook based beamforming: Use precoding matrix from codebook UE is informed of precoding matrix used

3.28

Non-codebook based beamforming: Arbitrary beamforming applied UE is not notified of precoding matrix used UE needs to estimate channel including effect of beamforming UE specific reference signals used (antenna port 5) Beamforming (UE specific) is applied to this reference signal

Transmit Diversity Precoding

For 2 antennas, precoding the Alamouti scheme is used as: 1 (1) 1 y ( 2i ) = ------ 0 (0) 2 0 y ( 2i + 1 ) 1 (1) y ( 2i + 1 ) y
(0)

3.29

( 2i )

0 1 1 0

j 0 0 j

0 Re { x ( i ) } (1) j Re { x ( i ) } j Im { x ( 0 ) ( i ) } 0 (1) Im { x ( i ) }

(0)

Note that any two columns of the coding matrix are orthogonal; This is space-frequency transmit diversity (coding in frequency domain) A similar sparse mapping applies to the case of 4 antennas.

Resource Element Mapping

code words
Scrambling Modulation mapper Layer mapper Scrambling Modulation mapper

3.30

layers
Resource el. mapper

antenna ports
OFDM modulation

...

...

...
OFDM modulation

Precoding

Resource el. mapper

The final stage in the physical layer processing before OFDM modulation is resource element mapping Symbols are mapped to assigned resource elements Resource elements used by reference signals are avoided

...

OFDM Symbol Construction

DC subcarrier is not modulated

3.31

Subcarriers of resource blocks are arranged on both sides of the DC subcarrier

resource block

...

...

f
DC subcarrier

For larger values of resource blocks in DL ( N RB ) more resource blocks lie to the left and right of the spectrum illustrated above. OFDM symbols are transmitted in turn.

DL

OFDM Modulation
code words
Scrambling Modulation mapper Layer mapper Scrambling Modulation mapper

3.32
antenna ports

layers
Resource el. mapper

OFDM modulation

...

...

...
OFDM modulation

Precoding

Resource el. mapper

Implemented using an IFFT with 15kHz carrier spacing Cyclic prefix also added at this stage Each antenna port has its own OFDM modulation

...