Science with the LCLS Science with the LCLS

J. B. Hastings SLAC/SSRL/LUSI

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Palo Alto
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

1878-1879

1878: E. Muybridge at Stanford

Tracing motion of animals by spark photography

E. Muybridge

Muybridge and Stanford disagree whether all feet leave the ground at one time during the gallop
E. Muybridge, Animals in Motion, ed. by L. S. Brown (Dover Pub. Co., New York 1957).
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Ultrafast Sources and Science Ultrafast Sources and Science Synchrotrons

X-ray sources: Current lasers: Laser plasmas XFELs Ultrafast lasers

Acoustic phonons Science: Vibrations (Optical phonons) Strings, Particle Collisions Chemistry and Biochem Cosmology Electron dynamics
harpo 10-27 yocto zepto 10-24 10-21 atto 10-18 femto 10-15 pico 10-12 nano 10-9 micro 10-6 milli 10-3

Pulse duration (seconds)

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

coherent power

N 6109
Power
incoherent power

1/3

z
Wavelength
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Microbunching through SASE Process Microbunching through SASE Process

undulator undulator entrance entrance

half-way half-way saturation saturation

full full saturation saturation GENESIS - simulation for TTF parameters

Courtesy - Sven Reiche (UCLA)

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

1.5-15

LCLS
2 compressors

one undulator

X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing SLAC linac

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Peak Brilliance of FELs Peak Brilliance of FELs

photons per phasespace volume per bandwidth

X-Ray 106 by FEL gain

~109

103 by e quality, long undulators

courtesy T. Shintake
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Temporal Characteristics
E(t)=j E0(t-tj), tj is the random arrival time of jth eNu E0: wave packet of a single e lc ~ 100-1000 < bunch length Sum of all packets E(t)

lc
2c

Nu

bunch length
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

SLAC Report 611

Atomic, molecular and optical science Nano-particle and single molecule (non-periodic) imaging
t0
Absorption

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

Aluminum plasma
classical plasma
G =1

Resonance Raman

Diffraction studies of stimulated dynamics (pump-probe)

G =10

dense plasma

Program developed by international team of scientists working with accelerator and laser physics communities the beginning.... not the end

G =100

High energy density science

high density matter

10-4 10-2 1 10 2 10 4

Density (g/cm-3)

t= t=0

Coherent-scattering studies of nanoscale fluctuations

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Focused beam (100nm):

Formation of Hollow Atoms:
h =900eV
Ne Photoionization

Auger
=2.5fs

K-edge

All atoms have multiple core holes per pulse (105 atoms)

Multiphoton Ionization:
h h

Kr photoabsorption L-edge

Note effect ~ I2
All atoms experience multiphoton ionization per pulse (105 atoms)

h =900eV

2h

Giant Coulomb explosions of Xe clusters

109 atoms

Xe
h =950eV 3p (M3)

Auger
=0.1fs

Auger rate 1000 times faster than ionization rate Valence shell is missing - only cores left Understanding is central to the imaging of biomolecules

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules

Conventional method: x-ray diffraction from crystal

Proposed method: diffuse x-ray scattering from single protein molecule

Neutze, Wouts, van der Spoel, Weckert, Hajdu Nature 406, 752-757 (2000)

Lysozyme

Calculated scattering pattern from lysozyme molecule

Implementation limited by radiation damage:

In crystals limit to damage tolerance is about 200 x-ray photons/2 For single protein molecules need about 1010 x-ray photons/2 (for 2 resolution)

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

LCLS Nanocrystal of lysozyme

1 LYSOZYME

5x5x5 LYSOZYMES

Nanocrystal of lysozyme

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

562kD a

1 fs 5 x 1013

5 fs 1 x 1013

2 resolution

Predicted scattering from a single RUBISCO molecule (Relectronic = 15%)

10 fs 5 x 1012

50 fs 8 x 1011

100 fs 3 x 1011

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Ultrafast Coherent Single Shot X-ray Diffraction The First Demonstration at the VUV-FEL at DESY
Pulse #1: Diffraction reveals structure before radiation damage occurs Pulse #2: Structure was completely destroyed by pulse #1

Incident VUV15o FEL pulse: 30 fs, 32 nm, -15o 13 W 3 x 10 1x3 SiN membrane cm-2 with 200 nm pattern Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

multilayer mirror

To beam dump CCD

VUV-FEL Pump-probe Experiments Measure the FELinduced explosion with 30 fs Time Resolution
Latex particles Multilayer Mirror

30 fs pulse (9 m long) Detector

z
Prompt diffraction Delayed diffraction

Time delay = 2z/c The pattern is the interference of the waves scattered from the unexploded particle (reference wave) and the same particle during explosion. Many particles generate speckle also.

Single shot ultrafast time-delay X-ray hologram, with 300 fs delay

Jerry Hajdu and APS Chapman,HastingscollaboratorsApril 23, 2006

Scattering experiments

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

EOS and Pump-Probe

Typical time resolved experiment utilizes intrinsic synchronization between pump excitation and probe
system response impulse

S1

S9

S4

S7

S6

S3

S8

S0

S5

S 2 time

Electro-Optic Sampling (EOS) delivers arrival time to users

Pump-Probe experiments now possible at XFELs Machine jitter exploited to sample time-dependent phenomena
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

(Typical)Single-Shot EOS Data at SPPS (100m ZnTe)

~ 200 fs

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Dynamics of high amplitude coherent optical phonons

Bi structure

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

X-rays diffraction direct probe of atomic motion

111 forbidden in simple cubic 222 perfect in simple cubic

467 fs

Sokolowski-Tinten et al., Nature, 422 (2003)

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Using the jitter @ SPPS for Random Sampling

D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Using the jitter @ SPPS for Random Sampling

1.74 mJ/cm2 (absorbed), <n>~1% < x> = 5pm f =2.5 THz* A = 0.92 pm

N=12463

Arrival time distribution D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Sorted normalized data

*precise time calibration still in progress

Measured (Mean) Equilibrium Position

D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Exciting science with the baseline LCLS

Atomic physics in a new regime Potential to collect and invert diffraction patterns from single molecules providing atomic resolution Study directly the atomic scale motions on the time scales of interest to chemistry and materials science And MUCH more
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Looking to the future: Can we get attosecond pulses ??

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Saturation Saturation Exponential Gain Regime Exponential Gain Regime

Undulator Regime Undulator Regime

Select a single spike ~ 300 attoseconds

0.9 fs

1 % of X-Ray Pulse 1 % of X-Ray Pulse Electron Bunch Electron Bunch Micro-Bunching Micro-Bunching

0.2 fs

2.5 fs

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Transverse Emittance is Critical for X-ray FEL

< 1 m at 1 , 15 GeV
N = 1.2 m N = 2.0 m

P = P0 P = P0/100

Can we spoil most of the e bunch and leave 1-fs to lase?

courtesy S. Reiche
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

single bunch, 1-nC, 120-Hz single bunch, 1-nC, 120-Hz

7 MeV z 0.83 mm 0.2 % rf gun
w w ne ne

150 MeV z 0.83 mm 0.10 %

250 MeV z 0.19 mm 1.8 %

4.54 GeV z 0.022 mm 0.76 %

14.35 GeV z 0.022 mm 0.02 %

Linac-X L =0.6 m rf=180 Linac-1 L =9 m rf = 38

21-1b 2121-1d 21-

Linac-0 L =6 m

Linac-2 L =330 m rf = 43 X BC-1 L =6 m R56= 36 mm

21-3b 2124-6d 24-

Linac-3 L =550 m rf = 10
25-1a 2530-8c 30-

...existing linac DL-1 L =12 m R56 0

BC-2 L =22 m R56= 22 mm

undulator L =120 m DL-2 L =66 m R56 = 0

SLAC linac tunnel

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Magnetic Bunch Compression Magnetic Bunch Compression

0.1 mm (300 fs) rms / / x, horizontal pos. (mm) 2.6 mm rms
or overcompression

z0 z0
z
50 m

chirp

undercompression

E/E E

zz

z, longitudinal position (mm)

V = V0sin() 0
RF Accelerating RF Accelerating Voltage Jerry Hastings APS Voltage 2006 April 23,

z = R56/ 56
Path Length-Energy Path Length-Energy Dependent Beamline Dependent Beamline

Add thin slotted foil in center of chicane Add thin slotted foil in center of chicane
y
coulomb scattered eunspoiled ecoulomb scattered e-

e-

2Dx
PRL 92, 074801 (2004). (2004
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

x DE/E tt x DE/E
15-mm thick Be foil

P. Emma, M. Cornacchia, K. Bane, Z. Huang, H. Schlarb, G. Stupakov, D. Walz (SLAC)

z 60 m x-ray Power

2 fsec fwhm

(GW)
Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006

Summary The fun begins in 2008 -2009 and the unexpected is the most exciting !

Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006