1.

Background studies

A cloud-to-ground lightning flash generates a transient electromagnetic field which can induce overvoltages of significant magnitudes on overhead power lines situated in the vicinity. The return stroke phase of the lightning discharge is considered to be the major responsible for the induced voltages, because the most intense electromagnetic radiation occurs during this phase [1] The calculation of lightning-induced voltages requires the following stages. - first, evaluation for critical area for occurring lightning induced over voltages is determine by using the choosed models - secondly ,a return-stroke model which specifies the spatial and temporal distribution of the lightning current along the channel during the return-stroke phase is adopted; - then, the electromagnetic field change produced by such a current distribution, ideally including propagation effects on the field, is calculated along the line, and - then, voltages resulting from the electromagnetic interaction between the field and the line conductors are obtained by using a coupling model -finally, will be the fast calculation of lightning induced voltage

2.0

Task Completed

This section covers the literature review on the topics related to the project title. The topics are evaluation for critical area, return current model, electromagnetic field evaluation, coupling model and fast calculation of lightning induced voltages. Understanding the relative connections between these topics is vital to accomplish the objective of this research.

2.1

Evaluation for critical area

Occurring of Indirect lightning induced over voltage is understand happen when the lightning which hits the area around a distribution lines. Indentifying the area where effect of lightning could be seen is very important so that we indentify the are that we should observe Studies shows there a few methods to find critical area for occurring lightning induced over voltages such as :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IEEE working group method Armstrong and whitehead method Eriksson method Rizk method Anderson method Dellera and garbagnati method Golde method

After studies on all these methods, IEEE working group method is choosed with few good reason which is the most easiest n effective. How IEEE working group method works is shown as below:


 



 

 

Return storke velocity

 

Light speed in free space c=3x108 m/s

CFO= the line critical flashover voltage

Example of calculation - Lightning peak current(1KA) h -Average height(5M) v - return stroke velocity(24 107 m/s)

- (150v)    


 

  

 

 

 

   

 

 

  

   

 

2.2

Return stroke model

Lightning return stroke models are categorized into four classes. They are gas dynamic or physical models, electromagnetic models, distribution circuit or (RLC) transmission line models and engineering models. The most frequent used models for computing the lightning return stroke current are the engineering models. Engineering models have the following methods such as: 1. Bruce-Goldw (BG) model 2. Transmission line (TL) model 3. Master,Uman,Lin and Standler (MULS) model 4. Travelling current cource (TCS) model 5. Modified transmisiion line (MTL) model 6. Modified transmission line with Exponentially decay (MTLE) model 7. Modified transmission line with Linear current decay (MTLL) model 8. Diendorfer-Uman (DU) model 9. Generalization of the engineering Models The lightning discharge has been studied by many researchers for over a century. One of the most important parameters that is of interest of researchers (especially from the point of view of protection) is the lightning return-stroke current. In order to directly measure the lightning current one must know the exact location of lightning strikes, which can only be accomplished using instrumented tall towers, towers placed on elevated grounds or by rocket-triggered lighting experiments. In most investigations, the lightning current characteristics are determined from measured electric and magnetic fields through the usage of a lightning return-stroke model. After a deep discussions the transmission line (TL) model is choosed to express the lightning electromagnetic fields. Using the TL model along with the derivative of Heidler function, focuses on the determination of the lightning current special temporal distribution along the current path during the lightning return-stroke phase. These models do not concentrate on the physics of lightning but rather on obtaining a good agreement between the measured electromagnetic field and electromagnetic field obtained from modeling.

B. Transmission line (TL) Model In this model, the current waveform at the ground is assumed propagated upward at a constant speed without any distortion or attenuation. Based on this model, the current is in the form. [1] In this model, the charge transfers from the bottom of the channel to the top without any removal of net charge from the channel [2,3]. The return stroke current propagating-upward according to the transmission line model is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Return stroke current propagating-upward according to the TL Model [2,4].

2.3

Electromagnetic field evaluation

Evaluation of electromagnetic fields associated with lightning channel of calculation methods are divided into two perfect ground conductivity casa n non perfect ground conductivity case. Perfect ground conductivity case in consider here since almost all the line transmission have a perfect ground conductivity case. There few methods for perfect ground conductivity such as: 1. Monopole method 2. Dipole method 3. Change density method 4. FDTD method 5. Hybrid method

Dipole method
        

Return stroke parameters will be the input for the field expressions in the time domain. Then the evaluation of return stroke at channel base and at the height of z. H will be calculated using dipole an proposed method. At the end the output will be the evaluation of Ex, Ey, Ez in the domain.

Electromagnetic fields expressions ( Dipole method) Electric field decompose to static component, induction component and radiation component. Where the static component is more effective at closed distances from lightning channel and where the induction component are more effective at intermediate distances from lightning channel. Magnetic fields decompose to induction component which more effective at closed and intermediate distances from lightning channel and with the radiation component which effective at far distances from lightning channel

Electrostatic


Induction


Radiation

 

 

 

Magnostatic

Radiation

2.4

Coupling Models

Electromagnetic fields are generated by the lightning current stroke. These fields can destroy the electrical network[5]. The coupling between the stroke anf the lines are archieved using Rucsk model concerning field to line coupling. These models will be briefly described assuming that the conductors are located above the perfectly conducting ground and considering the geometry .

Figure 2 Geometry used for the calculation of overvoltages induced on an overhead power line by an indirect lightning return stroke (a lossless single-conductor overhead line parallel to the xaxis and contained in the xz plane terminated to two resistances R0 and RL [6]. A Rusck Model The transmission lines equations associated with the Rusck model were derived relating the total electric field on the conductor surface to the scalar and vector potentials. The corresponding transmission line coupling equations derivative by Rusck are listed in the following forms [6,7]:  

where is the total induced scalar potential in the line due to the scalar potential ( i) of the incident field, i(x,t) is the total line current and L and C are the corresponding line inductance and line capacitance per unit length, respectively. The total induced voltage u(x,t) on the line is given by:  where h is the height of the conductor and is is the vertical component of the incident vector potential. Therefore, the boundary conditions for the transmission corresponding to equations   From the abovementioned coupling line equations, the forcing functions are the scalar potential of the incident field and the vertical component of the incident vector potential at the line terminations. In other words, the line is excited by the scalar potential of the incident field which generates a vertical component of the electric field [8]. The peak induced overvoltage in a power line closest to the lightning strike has been estimated by Rusck using a simplified equation depending on stroke location and amplitude. The corresponding form is: 


            

 

 

 

where Z0 is the characteristic impedance , I0 is the lightning peak current and d is the closest distance between the lightning strike and the line. However, this equation does not give a complete description of the lightning induced overvoltage where it provides only the peak value. Also, there are restrictions for applying this equation where it is only applied under perfect ground conductivity and perpendicular lightning channel to the ground. Figure 3 depicts the transmission line representation of the Rusk model.

Figure 3 Transmission line coupling circuit associated with Rusck model.

The model can be simplified by substituting the value of Z0 by 30 where the speed of the measured lightning return stroke for natural lightning varies between 0.29108 m/s and 2.4108 m/s as addressed in . By assuming the return-stroke velocity is 1.2108 m/s, the model takes the form:  

As aforementioned, the shortcoming of this model is that it provides no information regarding the front and decay times of lightning-induced overvoltages [5].

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3.0

Fast calculation of lightning induced voltage

The distance within which a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge can cause an induced voltage flashover is generally within 200 m. This distance depends on the severity of the stroke (current peak and maximum time derivative, return stroke speed), line configuration (length, height), stroke location, ground electrical conductivity, and the BIL. Lightning strokes occurring beyond a few hundred meters from the line can cause a line flashover for poor conducting soils [20].

  

 

 

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Figure 4 Shows the Return Stroke Chanel

Figure 5. The graph above shows the fast calculation of lightning induced voltage when Ipeak=12kA, z=10m, r=200m

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Figure 5. The graph above shows the fast calculation of lightning induced voltage when Ipeak=12kA, ,d=50m, h=10m, x=0, using IEEE method Ymin=53m and Ymax=65m

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4.0

Problem Encountered

Throughout this project, there were problems encountered while completing it. The problems that occurred along the way are: 1. Difficulty in following suggested time line. y y Due to the other commitments as a student, the progress is hindered slightly due to other works, project and subject test schedule. Other constraints such as delay of time in gathering research information and also the down time of certain system that are required to complete the project is also a drawback to meet suggested time line A better time management is proposed to solve this problem.

2. Overloading of online information resources and text while researching. y Too much information and unrelated text to filter while researching for the design and devices.

To solve this problem, the search criteria should be more precise and the source of the information should be judged as trustworthy information or not by doing more studies through books and meeting with lecturers.

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5.0
NO

Schedule Work
ACTIVITIES/WEEK W1 W2 W3 W4 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1 (SEMESTER 2 2010/2011) W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15

4 5 6 7 8 9

DISCUSSION AND TITTLE PROPOSAL PREPARATION TITTLE SUBMISSION AND APPROVAL PROJECT PROPOSAL REPORT LITERATURE REVIEW PROGRESS REPORT 1 PROGRESS REPORT 2 ORAL PRESENTATION LOGBOOK MEETING ADVISER WITH

Work done

future work

NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MONTH WEEK Research in TNBR Development Lectures Comment Progress report 3 Thesis submission Thesis finalisation Presentation & Thesis submission

JAN FEB MARCH APRIL 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

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6.0

Conclusion y Evaluation of lightning induced voltage can help designers to set appropriate levels on the line while the LV lines usually doesnt have any protection are connected directly to customers. The lightning induced voltage can be effective on the transformers while the power lines are connected to transformers and LV side usually doesnt have any protection. The lightning induced voltage is directly on striking point, therefore the crictical values of lightning induced voltage can be estimated by using geometrical methods and applying calculation methods on critical distance,

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7.0

References

[1] M. A. Uman and D. K. Mclain, Magnetic Field of Lightning Return Stroke, Journal of
Geophysics Research, Vol. 74, 1969.

[2] D. Djalel, H. Ali and C. Fayal, The Return-Stroke of Lightning Current, Source of
Electromagnetic Fields: Study, Analysis and Modelling, American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 42-48, 2007.

[3] C. A. Nucci and F. Rachidi Experimental Validation of a Modification to the

transmission line model for LEMP calculations 8th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC, Zurich: 6-11, 1989

[4] J. L. Bermudez Lightning Currents and Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Return
Strokes to Elevated Strike Objects, Ph.D. Thesis No. 2741. EPFL, pp. 65-98, 2003.

[5] R. Montano, The Effects of Lightning on Low Voltage Power Networks, Ph.D Thesis,
Uppsala university, 2005

[6] C. A. Nucci, Lightning-Induced Voltages on Overhead Power Lines. Part II: Coupling
Models for the Evaluation of the Induced Voltages, Electra, No.162, pp. 121-145, Oct. 1995.

[7] S. Rusck, Induced Lightning Overvoltages on Power Transmission Lines with

Special Reference to the Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Networks, Transactions of the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, No. 120, 1958.

[8] V. Cooray, Calculating Lightning-Induced Overvoltages in Power Lines: A Comparison

of Two Coupling Models, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 36, No. 3, Aug. 1994. [20] De la Rosa F., R. Valdiviva, H. Prez, J. Loza, "Discussion about theinducing effects of lightning in an experimental power distribution line in Mexico", IEEE Trans. on PWDR, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 1080-1089, July 1988.

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