CHAPTER ONE: 10 INTRODUCTION Maintenance refers to the act of keeping /retaining the structure in accessible condition.

This involves the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function1. The activities of maintenance function could be either repair or replacement activities, which are necessary for an item to reach its acceptable productivity condition or these activities, should be carried out with a minimum possible cost, but sometimes maintenance can be carried for preventive purposes to reduce the chance (probability) of occurrence of failure. 1.1 Maintenance Objectives Maintenance objectives should be consistent with and subordinate to production goals. The relation between maintenance objectives and production goals is reflected in the action of keeping production machines and facilities in the best possible condition. Maximising production or increasing facilities availability at the lowest cost and at the highest quality and safety standards. Reducing breakdowns and emergency shutdowns. Optimising resources utilisation. Reducing downtime. Improving spares stock control. Improving equipment efficiency and reducing scrap rate. Minimising energy usage. Optimising the useful life of equipment. Providing reliable cost and budgetary control. Identifying and implementing cost reductions. Built environment refers to the surroundings in which buildings components are found. It comprises of various components including products, interior, structure, land scape, city, region and Earth.These components are constructed by dozens, hundreds, even thousands of material products and production systems. Look further afield and observe the variety ofobjects and environments out of the window. Buildings,automobiles, roads, bridges, the landscaped areas, parks,and the surrounding city are also part of a human-madeor -arranged built environment. So, these components some times do relate from each other for example one component can lead to the formation of other component like in land scopes we get the cities, in the Earth we get region etc.

CHAPTER TWO:
1British Standard Glossary of terms (3811:1993)

To review of the published literature and background information on maintenance problem. 10 BACKGROUND OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT Recently many buildings and different structures are deteriorate from their original state in items of discoloration, cracks, corrosion and others which make them to fail to perform its functional requirements. This is due to poor maintenance, the maintenance of built up environment come to rescue, protect and preserve the building into original state. The concept of built environment has emerged from early 1980s and come into more spread in 1990s, to illustrate the term built environment is an intergral part of new definition of landscape architecture approved in 2003 by International Federal of Landscape Architects. It include planning, designing, management, maintenance and monitoring of function and aesthetic layouts of built environment. (Tom J Bartuska 1981) Building and structure created by human are unnatural structure because they are not self-replicating like a tree or frog, they need to be constantly maintained by humans or they will deteriorate. Building maintenance activities can include anything from cleaning a floor to major renovation such as removing and replacing a roof. Building will begin to deteriorate if they are doing not observing regular maintenance. Normally maintenance is very crucial aspect when we are dealing with built up environment. Many buildings are deteriorate due to lack of proper and regular maintenance. According to Piotrowski . J (2001) define maintenance as the act of keeping something into proper condition. Maintenance it involves preservation of building through different ways in order to make into a good situation and comfort ability for the users. Maintenance of built environment can be caused by several factors such as, i. Physical wear and tear ii. Fault in Design that is load of the structure is not proportional with strength of the foundation and soil bearing capacity. iii. Faulty Specification this is due to wrong choice of materials which are not suitable for the type of construction. iv. Faulty Workmanship this is due to the employing incompetent workers who lacks skills and knowledge and experience in construction. v. Vegetation this is where by some trees have long and spreading roots which find their way into buildings foundation or extract water from soil and cause shrinkage which results into cracks o f walls vi. Weather Agents these includes strong winds which may affects the roof covering if are not properly secured also rain penetration may lead to moisture into a building.

vii. Users/occupants also may damage the building through their actions/activities undertaken in the building. viii.Change of use from one use to another use in this case maintenance should be made in order the changes to the building to match the new use. ix. Overloading this occur especially through vertical extension of the structure where by the foundation fail to support/accommodate/absorb extra load. x. Vandalism this occurs especially when theft stealing materials and fixtures from the structures it can be through break of windows louvers and glass. Therefore through these factors is where maintenance must be carried out. In addition to that by maintaining built environment is where we get the following advantages: i. The major aim of maintenance is to preserve, keep, and sustain the structure to an acceptable condition or the structure to be in its origin state. ii. Maintenance also aims to fulfill the functional requirement of the structure. iii. Maintenance also aims to represent good appearance of the structure.

2.1 Reactive Maintenance Reactive maintenance is basically the run it till it breaks maintenance mode. No actions or efforts are taken to maintain the equipment as the designer originally intended to ensure design life is reached. the following are the Advantages of it; Low cost. Less staff 2.1.1 Disadvantages of Reactive Maintenance Increased cost due to unplanned downtime of equipment . Increased labor cost, especially if overtime is needed . Cost involved with repair or replacement of equipment. Possible secondary equipment or process damage from equipment failure. Inefficient use of staff resources. 2.2 Preventive Maintenance

Preventive maintenance can be defined as follows: Actions performed on a time- or machine-run-based schedule that detect, preclude, or mitigate degradation of a component or system with the aim of sustaining or extending its useful life through controlling degradation to an acceptable level.under preventive maintenance there are advantages and disadvantages. 2.2.1 Advantages of preventive maintenance Cost effective in many capital-intensive processes . Flexibility allows for the adjustment of maintenance periodicity. Increased component life cycle. Energy savings . Reduced equipment or process failure. Estimated 12% to 18% cost savings over reactive maintenance program. 2.2.2 Disadvantages of preventive maintenance Catastrophic failures still likely to occur. Labor intensive. Includes performance of unneeded maintenance . Potential for incidental damage to components in conducting unneeded maintenance 2.3 Predictive Maintenance Predictive maintenance can be defined as follows: Measurements that detect the onset of system degradation (lower functional state), thereby allowing causal stressors to be eliminated or controlled prior to any significant deterioration in the component physical state. Results indicate current and future functional capability.

2.3.1 Advantages of predictive maintenance Increased component operational life/availability. Allows for preemptive corrective actions. Decrease in equipment or process downtime. Decrease in costs for parts and labor. Better product quality. Improved worker and environmental safety. Improved worker morale. Energy savings. Estimated 8% to 12% cost savings over preventive maintenance program.

2.3.2 Disadvantages of predictive maintenance Increased investment in diagnostic equipment. Increased investment in staff training.

Savings potential not readily seen by management

2.4 Reliability Centered Maintenance Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) magazine provides the following definition of RCM: a process used to determine the maintenance requirements of any physical asset in its operating context. Basically, RCM methodology deals with some key issues not dealt with by other maintenance programs. It recognizes that all equipment in a facility is not of equal importance to either the process or facility safety. It recognizes that equipment design and operation differs and that different equipment will have a higher probability to undergo failures from different degradation mechanisms than others 2.4.1 Advantages of Reliability Centered Maintenance Can be the most efficient maintenance program. Lower costs by eliminating unnecessary maintenance or overhauls. Minimize frequency of overhauls . Reduced probability of sudden equipment failures. Able to focus maintenance activities on critical components . Increased component reliability . Incorporates root cause analysis

2.4.2 Disadvantages of Reliability Centered Maintenance Can have significant startup cost, training, equipment, etc. Savings potential not readily seen by management. CHAPTER THREE:

3.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT: 3.1 DISPENSARY BLOCK: Characteristics of the built environment of Dispensary Block clearly expressed as follows;

3.1.1 ROOF: Roof is the top part of a building which is in contact with external environment with Roof with two major parts as Roof structure refers to the one which carries the load coming over it, it is the one which gives the strength of a roof and Roof covering the one which gives the shape of the roof. Dispensary Block constructed of Double pitched roof, covered by Corrugated Asbestos sheets owing to their good thermal insulation properties, these materials keep the building cool even without the aid of the ceiling. Asbestos sheets take on a dirty hue because of the growth of algae on their surfaces but can be treated chemically also those sheets attached on timber trusses. Ceiling covered materials are cheap board fitted also painted in white colour also provided with some few spaces to provide thermal insulation. 3.1.2. WALLS: A wall is a continuous, usually vertical solid structure of brick, stone, concrete or metal which encloses and protects a building or serves to divide buildings into compartments or rooms. Categorized into; Internal walls: These are vertical dividers that are used to separate the internal space of a building into rooms and circulation areas such as corridors. External walls: Walls which are in contact with external environment or External vertical structure enclosing element of a structure (load or non-load bearing walls). Walls constructed by Sand Cement Blocks these being larger than bricks, may be hollow, cellular or solid. They are often made from concrete (cement sand blocks) or from clay; laid to bond in mortar. Such these walls finished by Plastering; A substance based on Portland Cement, gypsum plaster or lime putty mixed with sand and applied to wall and ceiling surfaces in a series of coats to provide a smooth hard finish. External Rendering: An application of cement and sand or similar mix (e.g. cement, lime and sand) to the face of the building to provide a surface, for reason of appearance or to make the wall more waterproof. Also painted on both sides of the walls in white colour. 3.1.3 FLOOR: Floor is the horizontal element of a building structure which divides the building into different levels, for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a restricted space one above the other. With the aim of supporting the inmates of a building together with their belongings, occupants, furniture and equipment of a building. To provide level surface for people to walk on and to insulate the house in terms of heat, sound and the spread of fire. Floor structure of Dispensary Block categorised into only ground floor as the floor which is in contact with the

ground. Floor finishes with Chinese Tiles for pleasing appearance and good durability. 3.1.4 OPENINGS: These are means of access into the building and ventilation provision, in this structure there are both doors and windows DOORS: Door is that which closes the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, safe, wardrobe as can be grouped into External doors - Doors that are situated in openings in external walls and Internal doors Doors fixed inside a building and leading from one room to another room or one compartment to another. Basically doors constructed at dispensary are Flush Doors made up timber incorporated with security metal grills on timer frames. WINDOWS: A window is an opening formed in a wall or roof to admit daylight through some transparent or translucent material fixed in window opening. Basically windows at Dispensary categorised in accordance to the construction or form of shutter such that, Glazed casement windows on steel shutters with wire mesh and mosquito wire gauze incorporated with security metal grills. 3.1.5 SERVICES, FIXTURE AND FITTINGS: Dispensary block supplied with electricity and water services from mains, provided with water storage tank. Also mostly not attached with many fixtures simply there are air conditioners provided with Self contained type system. Hand wash basins and ward robe. Clearly the following figure illustrates the diagram one of the air conditioner s affixed on to the Dispensary Block.

Figure 1; illustrates Air conditioner supplied with self contained system. 3.1.6 LANDSCAPES:

The visible features of an area of land, including but not limited to living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly referred to as gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape, natural elements such as landforms human elements such as structures, building, fences or other material objects created or installed by humans and abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions. Among these the landscape of Dispensary include Lawns, Trees, Paths, Garden (not well organised) and Driveways.

Figure 2; illustrates Driveway along Dispensary Block.

Figure 3 and 4; illustrate Lawns and Trees.

3.2 ARISA CLUB: Characteristics of the built environment of Arisa Club clearly expressed as follows; 3.2.1 ROOF: Roof is the top part of a building which is in contact with external environment with Roof with two major parts as Roof structure refers to the one which carries the load coming over it, it is the one which gives the strength of a roof and Roof covering the one which gives the shape of the roof.

Arisa Club constructed of Double pitched roof, covered by Corrugated Iron sheets These are light and versatile roofing materials popularly known as iron sheets extensively used in the tropics. Because they easily absorb heat and transfer it to their underside, a ceiling is often required to keep a building reasonably cool in hot whether. Ceiling covered materials are Timber and Groove (TNG) vanished to protect from fungi and bacteria, also provided with some few spaces to provide thermal insulation. 3.2.2 WALLS: A wall is a continuous, usually vertical solid structure of brick, stone, concrete or metal which encloses and protects a building or serves to divide buildings into compartments or rooms. Categorized into; Internal walls: These are vertical dividers that are used to separate the internal space of a building into rooms and circulation areas such as corridors. External walls: Walls which are in contact with external environment or External vertical structure enclosing element of a structure (load or non-load bearing walls). Walls constructed by Clay Burnt Bricks jointed by cement mortar. Such these walls (external and internal) finished as Fair Face, this is the case where the external surfaces of the bonded clay burnt bricks are not plastered or left uncovered with other materials. The fair faces come in varieties of fashions. 3.2.3 FLOOR: Floor is the horizontal element of a building structure which divides the building into different levels, for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a restricted space one above the other. With the aim of supporting the inmates of a building together with their belongings, occupants, furniture and equipment of a building. To provide level surface for people to walk on and to insulate the house in terms of heat, sound and the spread of fire. Floor structure of Arisa Club categorised into only ground floor as the floor which is in contact with the ground. Floor finishes with Insitu-terrazo tiles for pleasing appearance and good durability. 3.2.3 OPENINGS: These are means of access into the building and ventilation provision, in this structure there are both doors and windows DOORS: Door is that which closes the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, safe, wardrobe as can be grouped into External doors - Doors that are situated in openings in external walls and Internal doors Doors fixed inside a building and

leading from one room to another room or one compartment to another. Basically doors constructed at Arisa Club Braced and Battened Doors made up timber incorporated with security metal grills on timer frames. WINDOWS: A window is an opening formed in a wall or roof to admit daylight through some transparent or translucent material fixed in window opening. Basically windows at Arisa Club categorised in accordance to the construction or form of shutter such that, Louvered Glazed windows on timber frame incorporated with iron bars fitted on timber frame and some with metal grills. 3.2.4 SERVICES, FIXTURE AND FITTINGS: Arisa Club supplied with electricity and water services from mains, provided with water storage tank. Also affixed with Hand wash basin, Asian water closet (w/c), Telephone stand holder.

Figure 5; illustrate the Hand washing basin. 3.2.5 LANDSCAPES: The visible features of an area of land, including but not limited to living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly referred to as gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape, natural elements such as landforms human elements such as structures, building, fences or other material objects created or installed by humans and abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions. Among these the landscape of Arisa Club include Lawns, Trees, Paths, Garden, car parking, as illustrated next page as;

Figure 6,illustrate Lawns

Figure 7, illustrates a garden.

Figure 8, illustrates Path way

Figure 9, illustrates Car Parking.

CHAPTER FOUR: 4.0 DEFECTS OF DISPENSARY AND ARISA CLUB BLOCKS: 4.1 DISPENSARY BLOCK: Roof: It bears double pitched type of roof covered with corrugated asbestoes sheets rest on timber members, purlins and rafters. Defects of the roof

I. Deterioration on upper surface of apex of the roof , II. water penetration at one side (left) of the building

Figure 10, illustrates dampness on roof

Figure 11, Ridge deterioration

Ceiling: as a part of the roof, the ceiling of Dispensary building (figure three) is constructed by using chip board fixed in good order. It have been undergoes the defects such as Deteoration and stain both internally and at the verandah.

f Figure 12, Ceiling defect Walls: Are constructed with sand cement blocks plastered, rendered and painted internally and externally. Defects of the wall I. Wear and Tear of the wall due to environmental condition and cracks are developed II. staining & discoloration

Figure 13, Efflorescence

Figure 14, Cracks

Windows: Are grazed casement made on steel shutters Incorporated with metal grills, wire mash and mosquito wire gauze. Defects of the windows I. Windows have rusting on metal grills II. Discolouration

Figure 15, Rusts on iron bars Doors: Are of Flash type of door Made on timber frames incorporated with security metal grills. Defect on doors I. Rusting II. Discolouration

Floor: Is made of concrete slab and stable finishes with Chinese Tiles. I. Wear and tear II. Cracks to some joints to some part of the verandah

Figure 16, Cracks on joints External Ground works: this consists driveways, paths,lawns,gardens, and trees. Defects in Ground works I. Deterioration II. Disorganized paths

Figure 17, disorganized paths

Figure 18, broken water pipes

4.2 ARISA CLUB: This is one among the buildings within Ardhi University. It comprises of restaurant, land scape (gardens), parking, and Drinks shop. This building has got several defects that need to be taken into consideration in general maintenance. These defects are as follows.

Roof;

Figure 19, roof structure

Figure 20, fisherboard

The roof of ARISA club is built by using the corrugated iron sheet which have got the defects of corrosion/rusting, staining/discoloration on fisher board, snail loose especially on the Ridge as shown on the figure one and two above. So, its very crucial to deal with these defects by making maintenance so as to make the building in accessible conditions. Ceiling, as a part of the roof, the sailing of ARISA building (figure three) is constructed by using timber materials which are laid in a good sequential order. It have been undergoes the defects of the wear and tear together with cornice deteoration.

Figure 21, Ceiling deteoration Walls; Material used, the material that have been used in walling is clay burnt bricks as shown on figure 4 next page,

Figure 22,Cracks

Figure 23,Broken louvers

Figure 24,Locks deteoration

Finishes, it is a fair external finishes where by there no more are cladding works on that wall. Condition of the wall Crack, major cracks on the wall as shown on the figure 4 which have been caused by the failure of the foundation due to settlement. Dampness on the bottom of the wall in figure 4 which lead to the growth of algae and change the condition of the wall. Windows Louvered glazed windows in corporates with metal grills (iron bar) fitted on the timber frame. The defects of this window is the missing (break down) of the glasses, corrosion/ rusting on iron bars and steel as shown on the figure 5. External door The door have been constructed with battened framed timber door with security metal grills. Deterioration it involves rocks deterioration and discoloration. Floor

Figure 25, floor finishes (insitu-terrazzo) Insitu-terrazo finishes on concrete slab Deterioration this has been caused by the users, physical wear and tear. Expansion joints tear away due to poor joints finishes. Some parts has shown cracking as shown in figure 6 due to settlement of the building. Stair case The condition of the stair cases is not well as it is shown in figure seven. It have undergoes some defects as shown on the figure below,

Figure 26, illustrates Stair cases as constructed from concrete and finished with cement screed finishes. Defects Cracking, also there is poor designing of the outside stair cases as there is poor proportionality between the trend and riser. There is high deterioration of the stair cases External ground works.

Figure 27, Pathway Pathways, driveways, trees, lawns

Figure 28, Entrance gate

Defects Deterioration on pathways, most of the pathways at ARISA has wear and tear, broken pavements that are being provided has cracks and weak in joints. Lawns are unpruned, in drive ways and pathways they do retain stagnant water due to deterioration. Their gardens are not well organized.

CHAPTER FIVE: 5.0 REMEDIAL MEASURES OF THE DEFECTS IN DISPENSARY AND ARISA CLUB BLOCKS. 5.1 DISPENSARY BLOCK: ROOF

Since roof structure is covered by asbestors sheets suffered from stains and deterioration, allow water penetration inside the building the following has to be done. Critical maintenance of removing defected sheets by replacing new ones, painting them and replacing affected truces Ceiling ; It is observed chip board ceiling provided in the structure has been deteriorated and affected by the water penetrated through the uncovered joint of the roof structure then the affected structure has to be replaced by new once and some parts has to be repainted also the prevent the parts which allow the water penetration. WALLS Major defect on the walls of this structure is deterioration of the color painted so what to be done if repainting the structure both internally and externally. FLOOR Floor of this block is finished with concrete slab and Chinese tiles on the top which are in good condition what required is filling few gaps found in joints. FIXTURES AND FITTINGS This structure is associated with air conditioner and wash basin fittings all of them are in deterioration stage needs critical maintenance and others needs replaced by new fittings since doesnt work properly. EXTERNAL SURROUNDINGS This is all about landscape and pavements, The garden available is disorganized hence needs well organization especially lawns. Also some of the trench filed up with dust does not allow water movement, they have to be well maintained.

5.2 ARISA CLUB ROOF Remedial measures The following are the remedial measure that has to be taken to overcome those defects on roof. 1. To roof should be painted so as to over come the problem of corrosion/Rusting. This also will contribute to the aesthetic consideration of the building and

maintain it in an acceptable condition. This also will help to overcome further deterioration that can cause water penetration towards the ceiling. 2. To replace the nails that have been loosed and fallen away. This will help to have a good bonding between the trusses and the roof it self. 3. To replace the corrugated iron sheet with the corrugated aluminum sheets which are resistant against rusting/corrosion. As we know the aluminum is a good resistant against corrosion so it will prevent the problems of the roof defects 4. In case of the ceiling, it should be repaired or repainted. WALLS The following are the remedial measures that have to be taken to retain the wall surface in its acceptable condition. Plastering the plastering will be helpful in places where the defects have been occurred. This will help to maintain the wall at the acceptable and agreeable condition. Painting will also help to reduce the defects on the metal grills that have been undergoes the corrosion and rusting especially in doors grills. Replacing rock timber this will help to remove the defects of the door and maintain the maximum security of the structure since the door will be stable and will increase the existence of the door. Staircases Remedial measures To replace terrazzo which has cracks with new ones and use appropriate cement sand ratio in joints to avoid tear away of expansion joints. To demolish the existing structure which have been broken by applying mortar in the cracked or broken spaces. This could be done in case the finance is not enough to replace the new terrazzo. INTERNAL FINISHES Remedial measures. 1. Replace the broken fittings with the new ones. 2. Painting of television stand to prevent it from rusting. 3. Repair of the plumbing systems EXTRENAL GROUND WORKS

Remedial measures 1. Replacement of the broken and deteriorated pavement. 2. Pruning of the lawns to keep them in good standard. Gates Gates are not much secured, all gates do have rusting on metal grills Remedial measures 1. Repaints the grills to prevent them from rusting. 2. To use strong grills to increase security of the area

CHAPTER SIX: 6.0 CONCLUSION

SCHOOL OF REAL STUDIES ESTATE DEPARTMENT OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND VALUATION LM 328 Maintenance of built environment

Dispensary Block
NAMES OF PARTICIPANTS REVOCATUS, Boniphace RAJABU, Said PESHA, Mwesige PESAMBILI, Emmanuel D OTTULO, Felixian NKUNYA,Ramadhan S NJAU, Steven NDUNGURU, Cresent P NAKANWAGI, Jane Francis MZENGA, Pirmin P MWITA, Yohana C MWITA, Lenartus M

Arisa Club Block

REG NO: 1516/T.2009 1515/T.2009 1514/T.2009 1513/T.2009 1512/T.2009 1510/T.2009 1509/T.2009 1508/T.2009 1506/T.2009 1505/T.2009 1504/T.2009 1503/T.2009

December 2011.