Bronchiectasis

Definition : Bronchiectasis enlargement is of an abnormal,

Pulmonary Edema
Definition :

the

chronic Pulmonary edema is the term used when bronchi, the edema happens in the lungs. The immediate

passageways from the trachea to the alveoli area outside of the small blood vessels in the that are the air-exchanging parts of the lungs is occupied by very tiny air sacs called Accompanying the enlargement of the alveoli. This is where oxygen from the air the bronchi is their decreased ability to clear is picked up by the blood passing by, and secretions. Failure to clear secretions allows carbon dioxide in the blood is passed into the lungs. microbes and particles to collect in them, alveoli to be exhaled out. Alveoli normally which leads to more secretions and have a thin wall that allows for this air the exchange, and fluids are usually kept out of airways,causing more dilation in a vicious the alveoli unless these walls lose their integrity cycle inflammation that further damage

Pathophysiology :

Pathophysiology :

Bronchiectasis generally occurs as a result As mentioned earlier, pulmonary edema can of infection, although noninfectious factors be broadly divided into cardiogenic and nonmay contribute to the development of this cardiogenic causes. Some of the common condition. Bronchiectasis is an abnormal causes are listed below. dilation of the proximal and medium-sized 1. Cardiogenic causes of pulmonary bronchi (>2 mm in diameter) caused by weakening or destruction of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial walls. Affected areas may show a variety of edema Cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema results from high pressure in the blood vessels of the lung due to poor heart

changes, including transmural inflammation, function. Congestive heart failure due to poor edema, scarring, and ulceration, among heart pumping function (arising from various other findings. Distal lung parenchyma may causes such as arrhythmias and diseases or also be damaged secondary to persistent weakness microbial infection and of the heart muscle), heart frequent attacks, or abnormal heart valves can lead to

postobstructive pneumonia. Bronchiectasis accumulation of more than the usual amount can be congenital but is most often acquired. of blood in the blood vessels of the lungs. Congenital bronchiectasis usually affects infants and children. These cases result from developmental arrest of the bronchial tree.Acquired forms occur in adults and older 2. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

children and require an infectious insult, and/or a defect in host defense. The tissue is also damaged in part by the host response of neutrophilic proteases, inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and oxygen radicals. This results in damage to the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial wall. Additionally, peribronchial alveolar tissue may be damaged, dilatation resulting with in diffuse wall peribronchial fibrosis.The result is abnormal bronchial bronchial destruction and transmural inflammation. The most important functional finding of altered airway anatomy is severely impaired clearance of secretions from the bronchial tree.Impaired clearance of secretions causes colonization and infection with pathogenic organisms, contributing commonly to the purulent in

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema can Acute respiratory distress syndrome Kidney failure High altitude pulmonary edema, which can happen due to rapid ascent to high altitudes of more than 10,000 feet. Brain trauma, bleeding A rapidly expanding cause lung can sometimes re-expansion

impairment of drainage, airway obstruction, be commonly caused by the following:

pulmonary edema. This may happen in cases when the lung collapses (pneumothorax) or a large amount of fluid around the lung (pleural effusion) is removed, resulting in rapid expansion of the lung. Rarely, an overdose on heroin or methadone can lead to pulmonary edema. Aspirin. pulmonary embolism eclampsia in pregnant women.

expectoration

observed

patients with bronchiectasis. The result is further bronchial damage and a vicious cycle of bronchial damage, bronchial dilation, impaired clearance of secretions, recurrent infection, and more bronchial damage. In 1950, Reid characterized bronchiectasis as cylindrical, cystic, or varicose in nature. Cylindrical bronchiectasis involves diffuse mucosal edema, with resultant bronchi that are dilated but have straight, regular outlines that end squarely and abruptly .

Bronchiectasis

Pulmonary edema

Cylindrical bronchiectasis with signetring appearance. Note that the luminal airway diameter is greater than the diameter of the adjacent vessel Pulmonary edema on chest X-ray supine view Pulmonary edema on chest X-ray supine view. Supine view is identified by the absence of fundal gas bubble below the diaphragm. Moreover, the scapulae are seen within the lung fields, which will not be there in a well positioned chest X-ray PA view. The apparent Cystic and cylindrical bronchiectasis of the right lower lobe on a posterioranterior chest radiograph cardiomegaly cannot be commented upon since it is a supine. A repeat chest X-ray after treatment of the left ventricular pulmonary failure edema which caused the showed complete

clearance of the pulmonary congestion