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Frequency Characteristics of Very Fast Transient Currents in a 245-kV GIS

M. Mohana Rao, M. Joy Thomas, and B. P. Singh
AbstractThe conducted as well as the induced voltages on control cables and control circuits due to transient electromagnetic (EM) elds generated during switching operations in a gas-insulated substation (GIS) depend on the waveshape of the very fast transient overvoltages and the associated very-fast transient currents (VFTCs). The aim of this paper is to build a basis for characterizing the VFTC generated in gas-insulated switchgear and the associated equipment during switching operations for the study of transient coupling phenomena. The peak magnitudes of VFTC and their dominant frequency content at various locations have been computed in a 245-kV GIS for different switching operations as well as substation congurations. Finally, the inuence of the substation layout on the frequency spectrum, dominant frequencies, and the highest possible frequency component of the VFTC at various distances from the switch have been reported. Index TermsElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic interference (EMI), frequency spectrum, gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), switching, very-fast transient currents (VFTCs), very-fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs).

I. INTRODUCTION

ERY-FAST transient overvoltages (VFTOs) generated due to switching operations in a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and the associated very-fast transient currents (VFTCs) could have a rise time ranging from 4 to 7 ns [1]. The peak magnitude of the transient current may be about a few kiloamperes depending on the location of the switch operated, the substation layout, and the observation point. These transient voltages and currents radiate electromagnetic (EM) elds during its propagation through the coaxial GIS bus section as the associated frequencies are in the range of a few megahertz to about a few hundreds of megahertz. The transient electromagnetic elds, in turn, leak out into the external environment through gas-to-air bushing, gas-to-cable discontinuities such as termination, nonmetallic viewing ports, insulated anges, etc. and get coupled to the control equipment or data cables present in the GIS [2]. This coupling produces transient current/voltage on the shield of the control cables. Depending on the transfer impedance between the shield and the central conductor of the cable, the transient voltage appears at the terminals of the control cable. Pigtail coupling can also take place between the shield pigtail and the central conductor of the control cables. In

addition to the radiated EM eld coupling, conducted mechanisms are also responsible for the coupling of very-fast transient currents to the control wiring. The current transformer (CT) and the potential transformer (PT) get conductively coupled to the high-voltage bus of the GIS through the stray capacitance between the primary and secondary as well as the Faraday shields. Because of this coupling, a portion of the bus transient current couples directly to the central conductor of the control cables which, in turn, may appear at the terminals of the relay or data-acquisition (DAQ) systems, etc. connected to them [3]. All of these modes of coupling summed up with different waveshapes, frequency content, and relative phase shift result in a waveshape different from that due to any one of the coupling mechanisms acting alone [4], [5]. The protection of the control circuits against the induced transients is an important aspect for the reliable operation of a GIS. Malfunctioning of the primary/secondary equipment has been reported by many authors during switching operations in a GIS [1], [2], [6]. Since the transient voltages in control circuits depend on the nature of the radiated EM elds, it becomes necessary to estimate the magnitude and waveshape of the VFTC along with its frequency spectrum. Further, knowledge of the VFTC characteristics would be required in the theoretical study of EM eld coupling as well as shielding of the sensitive secondary equipment used in modern GIS. This paper covers the estimation of VFTC at various locations in a GIS for different switching operations. The congurations, such as small length of the bus section, high capacitance terminal components, and multiple branches of the bus section on the source/load side of the switch, are considered for the study. The peak magnitude of the transient currents at different locations and their attenuation with time/distance are calculated for various switching congurations. The variation in the frequency spectrum of the VFTC with distance from the switch operated for different switching congurations and substation layouts have been analyzed. The approach used in the present study can be extended to any other GIS also regardless of the size, rating, type, etc. EMC problems due to VFTC are of most concern for system voltages above 245 kV and at these voltages, segregated-phase GIS is normally used. Hence, such a system has been taken up for the study. II. VERY-FAST TRANSIENT CURRENTS (VFTCs) The parameters that characterize the VFTC are of more relevance for the protection of GIS controls and are as follows [7]: 1) amplitude of VFTC; 2) attenuation of the amplitude of VFTC with distance and time;

Manuscript received March 8, 2004; revised September 30, 2004. Paper no. TPWRD-00117-2004. M. M. Rao and B. P. Singh are with Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Corporate R&D, Hyderabad 500 093, India (e-mail: mmrao@bhelrnd.co.in; bpsingh@bhelrnd.co.in). M. J. Thomas is with the Department of High Voltage Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India (e-mail: thoma@hve.iisc.ernet.in). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.852362

0885-8977/$20.00 2005 IEEE

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TABLE I ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT REPRESENTATION OF GIS COMPONENTS [3], [8], [9]

Fig. 1.

Single-line diagram of a 245-kV GIS.

3) dominant frequency components of the VFTC; 4) variation in the frequency content of VFTC with distance. Fig. 1 shows the single-line diagram of a segregated-phase 245-kV GIS used for the VFTC studies. The incoming line of the GIS is comprised of an overhead transmission line of 5-km length, an XLPE cable of 8-km length, PT, lightning arrester (LA), earth switch (ES), disconnector switch (DS), etc. The XLPE cable and the power transformer (T1) locations are assumed as source and load side of the switch being operated, respectively. The most onerous condition during a switching operation is given for a voltage collapse of 2 p.u. (i.e., 1 p.u. p.u. on the load side) and this has on the source side and been simulated in the present study. The equivalent circuits for GIS components and the spark channel that develops between the switching contacts are essential for calculating the transient current levels. Table I gives the electrical equivalent representation of various GIS components. The gas breakdown between the switching contacts during its operation is simulated as a series connection of time-varying resistance and a xed inductance of 5 nH. The role of inductance becomes signicant especially for fast rising pulses such as VFTC. In the present study, time-varying resistance during the build up of the spark channel is simulated using Toeplers spark law [10]. According to this (1)

sums up the absolute value of current through the resistance over the time, beginning at the breakdown inception. The equation for spark resistance is solved at each time step through iterations by using the current integral along with the circuit parameters (surge impedance of the bus, surge impedance of the switch, capacitance between contacts, etc.). For this purpose, a computer code has been developed. A xed resistance of 2.5 has been assumed for the spark channel after the spark collapse time. The time step for the analysis is taken as 0.1 ns. The following switching events are considered in the study: 1) SW1: Closing operation of the disconnector switch DS1, when DS3 and CB3 are open; 2) SW2: Closing operation of the disconnector switch DS3, when circuit breaker CB3 is open; 3) SW3: Closing operation of the circuit breaker CB3, when disconnector switch DS6 is open. Fig. 2 shows the equivalent electrical network of the 245-kV GIS during SW3 operation. The amplitude and waveforms of the transient currents have been estimated using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). From the time-domain current waveforms, the frequency spectra have been calculated using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Fig. 3 shows the waveforms of the transient currents at different locations in a 245-kV GIS for the rst switching operation (SW1). From this gure, it is seen that the peak magnitude of the transient current at DS1 is about 8.18 kA and the highest magnitude of the transient current occurs at 3 m from the disconnector switch DS1 [i.e., at the CT (listed in Table II)]. This is in contrast to the peak magnitude for VFTO, which occurs at the open ends. The peak magnitude of the transient current at the GIS-cable junction is about 7.29 kA. To understand the effect of switching congurations on the peak magnitude of the VFTC at different locations, transient currents have been calculated for the second switching conguration (SW2). From the results, it is clear that the highest magnitude of transient current

where is Toeplers constant in V-sec/m, l is length of the spark is initial charge, and is the spark colchannel in meters, lapse time in seconds. For the switching operations in a GIS, k value is taken as 0.005 V-sec/m. The integral in the spark law

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Fig. 2. Equivalent electrical network of the 245-kV GIS.

occurs very near to the switch (i.e., at the BUS LINK). The peak magnitude of the transient current at the GIS-cable junction is about 4.12 kA. The reduction in amplitude of transient current at the cable end for the SW2 operation may be due to the presence of the gas-insulated bus-sections (245 kV BUS II) on the source side and a smaller length of the bus section on the load side of the switch. More clearly, the transient current divides between the BUS II and the incoming line. To understand the effect of high surge capacitance components on the peak magnitude of the transient currents, the third switching operation has been considered and the results are shown in Fig. 4. From this gure, it is clear that the peak magnitude of the transient current at the switch operated is high compared to the other two switching operations and the highest magnitude of the transient current occurs at 1.9 m from the switch (load side of CB3). The increase in transient current may be due to the high surge capacitance on the load side of the switch. The peak magnitude of the transient current at the GIS-cable junction is about 6.92 kA. Also in the present conguration, the transient current divides between BUS II and the incoming line as in the case of the second switching conguration. From the above analysis, it is also clear that the peak magnitude of the transient current near the open end of the bus sections is signicant (up to 3 kA) and is of higher value for the SW1 operation than for the other two switching operations. This may be due to a) the high capacitance termination for the third switching conguration and, thus, the current owing through the open end bus section is low; b) branching of the transient current between BUS II and the incoming line for the SW2 and SW3 congurations. The following salient features have been observed during the VFTC characterization.

Fig. 3. VFTC waveforms at three different locations for the rst switching operation (SW1). TABLE II TRANSIENT CURRENTS IN kILOAMPERES AT DIFFERENT GIS COMPONENTS.

1) VFTC waveform attenuates with time and approaches to zero within a few microseconds.

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TABLE III DIFFERENT SUBSTATION LAYOUTS UNDER THE STUDY

Fig. 5. Variation in peak magnitudes of the VFTC with distance for various substation layouts.

Fig. 4. VFTC waveforms at three different locations for the third switching operation (SW3).

2) The highest magnitude of the transient current occurs at or near the switch for all of the switching operations. 3) The peak magnitude of the transient current decreases with distance from the switch in either direction. 4) The peak magnitude of the transient current is low when switching on/off bus sections of smaller lengths. 5) The peak magnitude of the transient current and its waveshape at different components of the GIS change with each switching operation. The peak magnitude of VFTC at various locations depends on the terminal component connected to the GIS. The terminal component could be an XLPE cable or an overhead transmission line or a gas-insulated transmission line (GITL). To understand

the effect of different terminations on the peak magnitude of the transient currents, various substation layouts have been considered and are listed in Table III. These substation layouts have been arrived at with the modication of the terminal components for the third switching conguration of the 245-kV GIS. For the CFG5 conguration, the load side of the switch CB3 is terminated with a long gas-insulated line ( km) and the source side of the switch is terminated with an XLPE cable. The peak magnitude of the transient current in each cable for the second substation layout (CFG2) is less than that in the cable of the rst conguration. Fig. 5 shows the variation of the peak magnitude of the transient current with distance for different substation layouts. From this gure, it is evident that the reduction in peak magnitude of the transient current for the overhead line termination (bushing) is more compared to the GITL and XLPE cable terminations. Nevertheless, the peak magnitude of the transient current at the bushing is small compared to the other terminations of the GIS, the highest transient current level remaining unaltered. The peak amplitude of the transient current for the fth substation layout (CFG5) is the lowest compared to the other substation layouts. This may be due to the presence of GITL instead of high capacitance component (T1) on the load side of the switch. The attenuation of the transient current amplitude with time at a particular location is found to depend on the switching conguration and the terminal component connected to the GIS. The attenuation rate is high if the GIS is terminated with low impedance systems, such as XLPE cable, and the attenuation rate is low if the GIS is terminated with high surge impedance

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TABLE IV ATTENUATION RATE OF TRANSIENT CURRENT AMPLITUDES WITH TIME

elements such as an overhead line. Similarly, if the GIS is terminated with a long length of GITL, there is a possibility of the transient currents for a longer time duration. The attenuation rate of the amplitude of VFTC with time has been calculated at different locations of the GIS for the above substation layouts and are listed in Table IV. For the purpose of comparison, the peak magnitude of the transient current at about 2 s is considered as the base value. The attenuation rate of the at a particular position in GIS is dened transient currents as follows: % (2)

where is the peak magnitude of transient current for the is the peak magnitude of transient entire time duration and current after 2 s of the strike between the switching contacts. The attenuation rate of the amplitude of the VFTC with the time at the switch operated is more or less in the same range with a cable or a GITL termination on the source side and a power transformer on the load side of the switch. The attenuation of transient currents with time is low if the GIS is terminated with an overhead line (CFG4) on the source side of the switch. In other words, there is a possibility of higher transient currents for a longer time duration. There is a considerable change in attenuation of the transient current amplitude at the GIS-cable junction if the load side of the switch is terminated with GITL (CFG5) instead of a power transformer (CFG1). More clearly, the attenuation of transient current at the source side of the switch not only depends on the source side termination but also on the load-side termination and vice versa. In the second stage of the analysis, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique has been employed to identify the dominant frequencies of the transient currents. The frequency spectrum has been calculated by considering the VFTC waveform for the time duration of 4 s. Fig. 6 shows the frequency spectrum of the VFTC at different locations of a 245-kV GIS during the rst switching operation. From this gure, it is evident that the dominant frequency components of the VFTC at the switch DS1 are up to 150 MHz, except that there is a high-frequency component of 238 MHz with considerable amplitude. The high-frequency content of the transient current may be due to the small length of the open-end sections near the switch operated as well as due to the fast voltage collapse (a few nanoseconds) between the switching contacts during its operation. Near the switch DS1, the highest frequency of 310 MHz is possible and this highfrequency component created locally is observed to attenuate within a small distance (a few meters) from its point of generation. Similar observations have been made in the earlier experi-

Fig. 6. Frequency spectra of the VFTC for the rst switching operation (normalized amplitude in arbitrary units).

mental works reported in the literature [1]. At the current transformer location, the frequency components of the VFTC are not dominant beyond 150 MHz except that there is a high-frequency component of 238 MHz with reduced amplitude. However, there is a considerable reduction in the amplitude of the fre-

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quency components of the VFTC above 50 MHz. Interestingly, the frequency components at the GIS-cable junction are dominant only up to 14 MHz where as the frequency components maximum of 31.5 MHz appear with moderate amplitudes. Similarly, for the second switching operation, VFTC waveforms are rich with high-frequency content at or near the operated switch. From the results, it is understood that the dominant frequency components at the switch DS3 are up to 140 MHz. However, there are high-frequency components with moderate amplitudes in the range of 200 to 300 MHz at or near the switch DS3. At the current transformer location, the frequency components of the VFTC are limited to 130 MHz except a high-frequency component of 238 MHz. Even though the physical location of the CT for the second switching conguration is at a longer distance from the switch operated than for the rst switching conguration, high-frequency components have been observed for the VFTC at CT during the second switching operation. This may be due to switching on a smaller length of bus section for the SW2 conguration. At the GIS-cable junction, the highest dominant frequency components are up to 13 MHz only. To understand the effect of high capacitance components such as the power transformer on the frequency content, frequency spectra have been obtained for the VFTC at various locations during the third switching operation and are shown in Fig. 7. From the above gure, it is evident that the frequency content of the VFTC at or near the switch CB3 are dominant up to 95 MHz except that there are high-frequency components of 164 and 270 MHz with moderate amplitudes. Interestingly, the highest possible frequency component of the VFTC at the current transformer is only 80 MHz. The dominant frequencies at CT are in the lower range for the third switching operation due to the presence of the power transformer on load side of the switch. At the GIS-cable junction, the dominant frequencies of the VFTC are limited to 15.5 MHz. The following observations have been made from the frequency spectrum of the VFTC at various locations during the above switching events: 1) The amplitude of the frequency components particularly above 10 MHz is observed to have signicant attenuation with distance depending on the switching conguration. 2) At most of the locations in a 245-kV GIS, the highest amplitudes are possible for frequencies of a) 5 MHz for the rst switching conguration, b) 3.5 MHz for the second switching conguration, c) 1.5 MHz for the third switching conguration. This frequency value is expected to decrease with an increase in the length of the gas-insulated section of the switching conguration. 3) The high-frequency components in the range of 150 MHz and above attenuate within a few meters from the point of generation (i.e., from the switch operated). The attenuation of amplitudes of high frequencies with distance from the switch changes with the switching conguration of GIS. The variation in the frequency spectrum of the VFTC with distance has been analyzed for different switching operations in the 245-kV GIS. Fig. 8 shows the variation in the highest dominant frequency component (only those frequency components whose amplitudes are at least 10% of the maximum possible

Fig. 7. Frequency spectra of the VFTC for the third switching operation.

amplitude) with distance. From this gure, it is clear that for the third switching conguration, high-frequency components of the VFTC are damped out within a short distance from the switch compared to the other two switching congurations. It

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the viewing ports depending on the electrical dimensions. The VFTC waveforms obtained in the present study could be used as the excitation for the quantication of transient EM eld emission from different modules of GIS and, hence, will be helpful in developing an electromagnetic-interfeence (EMI) chart for a particular GIS installation. IV. CONCLUSION The peak magnitude of VFTCs generated during switching events changes from one position to another depending on the switching operation in a 245-kV GIS. In the present paper, the parameters that characterize the VFTC have been analyzed. The peak magnitude of the transient currents at or near the switch operated could be in the range of 10 kA and dominant frequency components are possible up to 270 MHz depending on the substation layout. The peak magnitude of the transient current at the entrance of the gas-to-air bushing for most of the congurations of the 245-kV GIS is about 1 kA. However, in a special situation such as switching of a small length of the bus section with the switch located at a few meters distance from the bushing, the peak magnitude of VFTC could be about 2 kA and a frequency component of even 150 MHz is possible. The peak magnitude of the transient currents at the GIS-cable junction is in the range of 4 to 9 kA, depending on the switching congurations or substation layouts. The dominant frequencies of the VFTC at the GIS-cable junction are less than 16 MHz and the frequency components maximum of 31.5 MHz appear with moderate amplitudes. The attenuation rate of the transient current with time and distance is observed to be a function of the location of the switch being operated and the terminal component of the GIS. Switching on or off of smaller length bus sections (i.e., a few meters) results in transient current waveforms with dominant frequencies beyond 200 MHz at most of the locations in a 245-kV GIS. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are thankful to the management of BHEL and the Indian Institute of Science for their permission to publish the work. The rst author would like to thank Dr. H. S. Jain for his continuous encouragement and cooperation. REFERENCES
[1] J. Meppelink, K. Diederich, K. Feser, and P. Pfaff, Very fast transients in GIS, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 223233, Jan. 1989. [2] P. Clarenne, G. Ebersohl, J. Vigreux, and G. Voisin, The effect of highfrequency transient regimes on secondary equipment in gas insulated substations-design of earthing system, low voltage wiring, and electronic equipment, Electra, no. 126, pp. 95116, Oct. 1989. [3] A. M. Miri and Z. Stojkovic, Transient electromagnetic phenomena in the secondary circuits of voltage and current transformers in GIS (measurements and calculations), IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 571575, Oct. 2001. [4] C. M. Wiggins and S. E. Wright, Switching transient elds in substations, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 591600, Apr. 1991. [5] C. M. Wiggins, D. E. Thomas, F. S. Nickel, T. M. Salas, and S. E. Wright, Transient electromagnetic interference in substations, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 18691884, Oct. 1994. [6] S. Nishiwaki, K. Nojima, S. Tatara, M. Kosakada, N. Tanabe, and S. Yanabu, Electromagnetic interference with electronic apparatus by switching surges in GISCable system, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 739746, Apr. 1995.

Fig. 8. Variation of highest dominant frequency component of the VFTC with distance.

has also been observed that high-frequency components above 200 MHz appear at most of the locations for the rst and second switching congurations. More clearly, switching on or off a smaller length of the bus section generates relatively lower transient current with very-high-frequency content and switching on or off of high capacitance components generates higher transient currents with a frequency content limited to 95 MHz. To understand the effect of terminal component of the GIS on the frequency spectrum of the VFTC, different substation layouts have been considered for the study (Table III). Interestingly, the dominant frequencies of the VFTC at the switch operated are almost in the same range for all of the congurations (CFG1 to CFG4), except a slight shift in the frequencies. However, the amplitude of dominant frequency components changes with each conguration. This may be due to an appreciable difference in peak magnitude and attenuation rate of the transient current at all of the locations of the GIS for different substation layouts. From the analysis, it has been observed that the dominant frequencies appearing at the GIS-cable junctions/gas-to-air bushing are always less than 16 MHz and the frequency components maximum of 31.5 MHz appear with moderate amplitudes. Further, the frequencies up to 74.5 MHz appear with very low amplitudes. To establish the highest possible frequency component at the GIS-bushing junction, the transient currents are calculated at the entrance of gas-to-air bushing for the rst and second switching congurations (SW1 and SW2) by replacing XLPE cable with an overhead transmission line. The peak magnitude of the transient current at the bushing is about 2.01 kA and 1.16 kA for these congurations, respectively. Interestingly, the frequency components of the VFTC at this location during SW1 operation are possible up to 150 MHz. The transient currents of these frequency components generate radiated electromagnetic (EM) elds, which leak out from the bushing through a composite insulator housing and may interfere with the nearby controls. Similarly, the transient current of the frequencies in the range of 130150 MHz and sometimes as high as 238 MHz through the CT couple to the control cables by means of either radiated EM elds or the conducted coupling mechanisms. Finally, the transient EM elds due to VFTC with frequency components up to 310 MHz appearing at or near the switch mostly leak out of the GIS through the nonmetallic anges and

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[7] M. M. Rao, M. J. Thomas, and B. P. Singh, Frequency spectrum analysis of fast transient currents (FTC) during switching operation in a 245 kV GIS, in Proc. IEEE/PES T&D Conf., Yokohama, Japan, Oct. 2002, pp. 22392243. [8] S. Ogawa, E. Haginomori, S. Nishiwaki, T. Yoshida, and K. Terasaka, Estimation of restriking transient overvoltage on disconnecting switch for GIS, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. PWRD-1, no. 2, pp. 95102, Apr. 1986. [9] Z. Haznadar, S. Carsimamovic, and R. Mahmutcehajic, More accurate modeling of gas insulated substation components in digital simulations of very fast electromagnetic transients, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 434441, Jan. 1992. [10] P. Osmokrovic, S. Krstic, M. Ljevak, and D. Novakovic, Inuence of GIS parameters on the Toepler constant, IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 214220, Apr. 1992.

M. Joy Thomas was born in Kerala, India, on July 22, 1961. He received the B.Tech. degree in electrical engineering from Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, and the M.Sc. (Eng.) and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of High Voltage Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with the Department of High Voltage Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. His research interests are gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC), pulsed power engineering, electrical transients in power systems, digital measurement of high voltage, extra-high-voltage (EHV) power transmission, and insulation engineering.

M. Mohana Rao was born in Guntur, India, in 1973. He received the B.Tech. degree from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, India, in 1994 and the M.Sc. degree in engineering in 1996 from the High Voltage Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree. Currently, he is a Senior Engineer with Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. R&D, where he has been since 1996. His research areas are the design and development of gas-insulated substations (GIS), gas-insulated lines, electromagnetic-interference/electromagnetic-compatibility (EMI/EMC) studies in GIS- and computational uid dynamics (CFD)-based analysis of circuit-breaker (CB) arcs.

B. P. Singh was born in Bihar, India, in 1947. He received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Bihar, India, in 1968, the M.E. degree in high voltage from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 1971, and the Ph.D. degree from the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K., in 1974. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Liverpool on a project sponsored by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy agency and thereafter for two years at the Reactor Research Center, Kalpakkam, India. Currently, he is General Manager of High Voltage, Gas Insulated Switchgear and Advanced Technical Education with Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., R&D, Hyderabad, India. He joined Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. in 1978. His research interests are switchgear, high-voltage power transformers, motors, and capacitors. He has published many papers in various national and international journals and conferences.