LANarchitecture

UnitIII

Eachcomputer,mobile,portableorfixed,isreferredtoasastationin802.11[WirelessLocalArea Networks]. Thedifferencebetweenaportableandmobilestationisthataportablestationmovesfrompointtopoint butisonlyusedatafixedpoint.MobilestationsaccesstheLANduringmovement. Whentwoormorestationscometogethertocommunicatewitheachother,theyformaBasicServiceSet (BSS).TheminimumBSSconsistsoftwostations.802.11LANsusetheBSSasthestandardbuilding block. ABSSthatstandsaloneandisnotconnectedtoabaseiscalledanIndependentBasicServiceSet(IBSS) orisreferredtoasanAdHocNetwork.Anadhocnetworkisanetworkwherestationscommunicate onlypeer topeer.Thereisnobaseandnoonegivespermissiontotalk.Mostlythesenetworksare spontaneous andcanbesetuprapidly.AdHocorIBSSnetworksarecharacteristicallylimited both temporallyandspatially.

"AdhocMode" WhenBSS'sareinterconnectedthenetworkbecomesonewithinfrastructure.802.11infrastructurehas severalelements.TwoormoreBSS'sareinterconnectedusingaDistributionSystemorDS.Thisconcept ofDSincreasesnetworkcoverage.EachBSSbecomesacomponentofanextended,largernetwork.Entry to the DS is accomplished with the use of Access Points (AP). An access point is a station, thus addressable.So,datamovesbetweentheBSSandtheDSwiththehelpoftheseaccesspoints. CreatinglargeandcomplexnetworksusingBSS'sandDS'sleadsustothenextlevelofhierarchy,the ExtendedServiceSetorESS.ThebeautyoftheESSistheentirenetworklookslikeanindependentbasic service set to the Logical Link Control layer (LLC). This means that stations within the ESS can communicateorevenmovebetweenBSSstransparentlytotheLLC.

InfrastructureMode

OneoftherequirementsofIEEE802.11isthatitcanbeusedwithexistingwirednetworks.802.11solved thischallengewiththeuseofaPortal.AportalisthelogicalintegrationbetweenwiredLANsand802.11. ItalsocanserveastheaccesspointtotheDS.Alldatagoingtoan802.11LANfroman802.XLANmust passthroughaportal.Itthusfunctionsasbridgebetweenwiredandwireless. TheimplementationoftheDSisnotspecifiedby802.11.Therefore,adistributionsystemmaybecreated fromexistingornewtechnologies.ApointtopointbridgeconnectingLANsintwoseparatebuildings couldbecomeaDS. WhiletheimplementationfortheDSisnotspecified,802.11doesspecifytheservices,whichtheDS mustsupport.Servicesaredividedintotwosections 1. StationServices(SS) 2. DistributionSystemServices(DSS). TherearefiveservicesprovidedbytheDSS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Association Reassociation Disassociation Distribution Integration

Thefirstthreeservicesdealwithstationmobility.IfastationismovingwithinitsownBSSorisnot moving,thestationsmobilityistermedNotransition.IfastationmovesbetweenBSS'swithinthesame ESS,itsmobilityistermedBSStransition.IfthestationmovesbetweenBSS'sofdifferingESS'sitis ESStransition.AstationmustaffiliateitselfwiththeBSSinfrastructureifitwantstousetheLAN.This isdonebyAssociatingitselfwithanaccesspoint.Associationsaredynamicinnaturebecausestations move,turnonorturnoff.AstationcanonlybeassociatedwithoneAP.ThisensuresthattheDSalways knowswherethestationis. Association supports notransition mobility but is not enough to support BSStransition. Enter Reassociation.ThisserviceallowsthestationtoswitchitsassociationfromoneAPtoanother.Both associationandreassociationareinitiatedbythestation.Disassociationiswhentheassociationbetween thestationandtheAPisterminated.Thiscanbeinitiatedbyeitherparty.Adisassociatedstationcannot sendorreceivedata.ESStransitionarenotsupported.AstationcanmovetoanewESSbutwillhaveto reinitiateconnections. DistributionandIntegrationaretheremainingDSS's.Distributionissimplygettingthedatafromthe sendertotheintendedreceiver.ThemessageissenttothelocalAP(inputAP),thendistributedthrough theDStotheAP(outputAP)thattherecipientisassociatedwith.Ifthesenderandreceiverareinthe sameBSS,theinputandoutAP'sarethesame.Sothedistributionserviceislogicallyinvokedwhether thedataisgoingthroughtheDSornot.IntegrationiswhentheoutputAPisaportal.Thus,802.xLANs areintegratedintothe802.11DS. Stationservicesare: 1. 2. 3. 4. Authentication Deauthentication Privacy MACServiceDataUnit(MSDU)Delivery.

Withawirelesssystem,themediumisnotexactlyboundedaswithawiredsystem.Inordertocontrol accesstothenetwork,stationsmustfirstestablishtheiridentity.Thisismuchliketryingtoenteraradio netinthemilitary. Beforeyouareacknowledgedandallowedtoconverse,youmustfirstpassaseriesofteststoensurethat

youarewhoyousayyouare.Thatisreallyallauthenticationis.Onceastationhasbeenauthenticated,it maythenassociateitself.TheauthenticationrelationshipmaybebetweentwostationsinsideanIBSSor totheAPoftheBSS.AuthenticationoutsideoftheBSSdoesnottakeplace. Therearetwotypesofauthenticationservicesofferedby802.11.ThefirstisOpenSystemAuthentication. Thismeansthatanyonewhoattemptstoauthenticatewillreceiveauthentication.Thesecondtypeis SharedKeyAuthentication.Inordertobecomeauthenticatedtheusersmustbeinpossessionofashared secret.ThesharedsecretisimplementedwiththeuseoftheWiredEquivalentPrivacy(WEP)privacy algorithm.Thesharedsecretisdeliveredtoallstationsaheadoftimeinsomesecuremethod(suchas someonewalkingaroundandloadingthesecretontoeachstation). DeauthenticationiswheneitherthestationorAPwishestoterminateastationsauthentication.Whenthis happensthestationisautomaticallydisassociated.Privacyisanencryptionalgorithm,whichisusedso thatother802.11userscannoteavesdroponyourLANtraffic.IEEE802.11specifiesWiredEquivalent Privacy(WEP)asanoptionalalgorithmtosatisfyprivacy.IfWEPisnotusedthenstationsare"inthe clear"or"inthered",meaningthattheirtrafficisnotencrypted.Datatransmittedinthecleararecalled plaintext.Datatransmissions,whichareencrypted,arecalledciphertext.Allstationsstart"inthered" untiltheyareauthenticated.MSDUdeliveryensuresthattheinformationintheMACservicedataunitis deliveredbetweenthemediumaccesscontrolserviceaccesspoints. Thebottomlineisthis,authenticationisbasicallyanetworkwidepassword.Privacyiswhetherornot encryptionisused.WiredEquivalentPrivacyisusedtoprotectauthorizedstationsfromeavesdroppers. WEPisreasonablystrong.Thealgorithmcanbebrokenintime.Therelationshipbetweenbreakingthe algorithmisdirectlyrelatedtothelengthoftimethatakeyisinuse.So,WEPallowsforchangingofthe keytopreventbruteforceattackofthealgorithm.WEPcanbeimplementedinhardwareorinsoftware. OnereasonthatWEPisoptionalisbecauseencryptionmaynotbeexportedfromtheUnitedStates.This allows802.11tobeastandardoutsidetheU.S.albeitwithouttheencryption.

802.11a,bandg,protocol
802.11b
IEEEexpandedontheoriginal802.11standardinJuly1999,creatingthe802.11bspecification.802.11b supportsbandwidthupto11Mbps,comparabletotraditionalEthernet. 802.11busesthesameunregulatedradiosignalingfrequency(2.4GHz)astheoriginal802.11standard. Vendorsoftenpreferusingthesefrequenciestolowertheirproductioncosts.Beingunregulated,802.11b gearcanincurinterferencefrommicrowaveovens,cordlessphones,andotherappliancesusingthesame 2.4 GHz range. However, by installing 802.11b gear a reasonable distance from other appliances, interferencecaneasilybeavoided. Prosof802.11blowestcost;signalrangeisgoodandnoteasilyobstructed Consof802.11bslowestmaximumspeed;homeappliancesmayinterfereontheunregulated frequencyband

802.11a
While802.11bwasindevelopment,IEEEcreatedasecondextensiontotheoriginal802.11standard called 802.11a.Because802.11bgainedinpopularitymuchfasterthandid802.11a,somefolksbelieve that802.11awascreatedafter802.11b.Infact,802.11awascreatedatthesametime.Duetoitshigher cost,802.11aisusuallyfoundonbusinessnetworkswhereas802.11bbetterservesthehomemarket. 802.11asupportsbandwidthupto54Mbpsandsignalsinaregulatedfrequencyspectrumaround5GHz. Thishigherfrequencycomparedto802.11bshortenstherangeof802.11anetworks.Thehigherfrequency

alsomeans802.11asignalshavemoredifficultypenetratingwallsandotherobstructions. Because802.11aand802.11butilizedifferentfrequencies,thetwotechnologiesareincompatiblewith eachother.Somevendorsofferhybrid802.11a/bnetworkgear,buttheseproductsmerelyimplementthe twostandardssidebyside(eachconnecteddevicesmustuseoneortheother). Prosof802.11a fastmaximumspeed;regulatedfrequenciespreventsignalinterferencefrom otherdevices Consof802.11ahighestcost;shorterrangesignalthatismoreeasilyobstructed

802.11g
In2002and2003,WLANproductssupportinganewerstandardcalled802.11gemergedonthemarket. 802.11gattemptstocombinethebestofboth802.11aand802.11b.802.11gsupportsbandwidthupto54 Mbps,anditusesthe2.4Ghzfrequencyforgreaterrange.802.11gisbackwardscompatiblewith802.11b, meaningthat802.11gaccesspointswillworkwith802.11bwirelessnetworkadaptersandviceversa.

Physicallayer
Thethreephysicallayersoriginallydefinedin802.11includedtwospreadspectrumradiotechniquesand adiffuseinfraredspecification. Theradiobasedstandardsoperatewithinthe2.4GHzISMband.Thesefrequencybandsarerecognized byinternationalregulatoryagenciesradiooperations.Assuch,802.11basedproductsdonotrequireuser licensingorspecialtraining. Spreadspectrumtechniques,inadditiontosatisfyingregulatoryrequirements,increasereliability,boost throughput,andallowmanyunrelatedproductstosharethespectrumwithoutexplicitcooperationand withminimalinterference. Theoriginal802.11wirelessstandarddefinesdataratesof1Mbpsand2Mbpsviaradiowavesusing frequencyhoppingspreadspectrum(FHSS)ordirectsequencespreadspectrum(DSSS).Itisimportant tonotethatFHSSandDSSSarefundamentallydifferentsignalingmechanismsandwillnotinteroperate withoneanother. Usingthefrequencyhoppingtechnique,the2.4GHzbandisdividedinto751MHzsubchannels.The senderandreceiveragreeonahoppingpattern,anddataissentoverasequenceofthesubchannels.Each conversationwithinthe802.11networkoccursoveradifferenthoppingpattern,andthepatternsare designedtominimizethechanceoftwosendersusingthesamesubchannelsimultaneously. FHSStechniquesallowforarelativelysimpleradiodesign,butarelimitedtospeedsofnohigherthan2 Mbps. This limitation is driven primarily by FCC (Federal Communications Commission USA) regulationsthatrestrictsubchannelbandwidthto1MHz.TheseregulationsforceFHSSsystemstospread theirusageacrosstheentire2.4GHzband,meaningtheymusthopoften,whichleadstoahighamount ofhoppingoverhead. Incontrast,thedirectsequencesignalingtechniquedividesthe2.4GHzbandinto1422MHzchannels. Adjacentchannelsoverlaponeanotherpartially,withthreeofthe14beingcompletelynonoverlapping. Dataissentacrossoneofthese22MHzchannelswithouthoppingtootherchannels. Tocompensatefornoiseonagivenchannel,atechniquecalledchippingisused.Eachbitofuserdata isconvertedintoaseriesofredundantbitpatternscalledchips.Theinherentredundancyofeachchip combinedwithspreadingthesignalacrossthe22MHzchannelprovidesforaformoferrorcheckingand correction;evenifpartofthesignalisdamaged,itcanstillberecoveredinmanycases,minimizingthe needforretransmissions.

802.11MAC(MediaAccessControl)
ThefollowingsectiondescribesthecommonMediaAccessControllayerusedbythe802.11familyof standards. The802.11familyusesaMAClayerknownasCSMA/CA(CarrierSenseMultipleAccess/Collision Avoidance) NOTE: Classic Ethernet uses CSMA/CD collision detection). CSMA/CA is, like all Ethernetprotocols,peertopeer(thereisnorequirementforamasterstation). InCSMA/CAaWirelessnodethatwantstotransmitperformsthefollowingsequence: 1. Listenonthedesiredchannel. 2. Ifchannelisidle(noactivetransmitters)itsendsapacket. 3. If channel is busy (an active transmitter) node waits until transmission stops then a further CONTENTIONperiod.(TheContentionperiodisarandomperiodaftereverytransmitonevery nodeandstatisticallyallowseverynodeequalaccesstothemedia.Toallowtxtorxturnaround thecontentiontimeisslotted50microsecforFHand20microsecforDSsystems). 4. IfthechannelisstillidleattheendoftheCONTENTIONperiodthenodetransmitsitspacket otherwiseitrepeatstheprocessdefinedin3aboveuntilitgetsafreechannel.

CSMA/CAProtocol Key: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. D=DCFInterFrameSpace(DIFS) S=ShortInterFrameSpace(SIFS) CW=ContentionWindow MPDU=MACProtocolDataUnit A=Ack

80211alsooffersapollingmode(knownasPCFPointCoordinationFunction)whichisfairlyclassic pollingschemee.g.3270bisync!!Aswithallpollingprotocolsasinglemaster(BaseStation)is required. Toimproveefficiencyadditionalfeaturesareemployed: 1. PositiveAcknowledgement(ACK) 2. MAClevelretransmission 3. Fragmentation

ACKing
Attheendofeverypacketthereceiver,ifithassuccessfullyreceivedthepacket,willreturnanACK packet(ifnotreceivedorreceivedwitherrorsthereceiverwillNOTrespondi.e.thereisnoNACK).The transmitwindowallowsfortheACKi.e.CONTENTIONperiodstartsaftertheACKshouldhavebeen sent.

MAClevelretransmission
IfnoACKisreceivedthesenderwillretrythetransmit(usingthenormalCSMA/CAprocedures)until eithersuccessfulortheoperationisabandonedwithexhaustedretries. Fragmentation Biterrorratesonwirelesssystems(10**5,10**6)aresubstantiallyhigherthanwirelinesystems(10** 12).Largeblocksmayapproachthenumberofbitswheretheprobabilityofanerroroccurringmay=1 i.e.everyblockcouldfailincludingtheretransmission.Toreducethepossibilityofthishappeninglarge blocksmaybefragmentedbythetransmitterandreassembledbythereceivernodee.g.a1500byteblock (12,000bits)maybefragmentedinto5blocksof300bytes(2,400bits).Whilethereissomeoverheadin doingthisboththeprobabilityofanerroroccurringisreducedand,intheeventofanerror,there transmissiontimeisalsoreduced.

TheHiddenNodeProblem
Thehiddennodeproblemoccursinapointtomultipointnetworkandisdefinedasbeingoneinwhich three(ormorenodes)arepresent.NodeA,NodeBandNodeC.ItispossiblethatinthiscaseNodeB canhearNodeA(andviceversa)andNodeBcanhearNodeC(andviceversa)BUTNodeCcannothear NodeA.InaCSMA/CAenvironmentNodesAandCwouldbothproperlytransmit(theycannothear eachotheronthe'listen'phasesocouldbothsimultaneouslyandproperlytransmitapacket)butNodeB wouldgetcorrupteddata.NodesAandCaresaidtobe'hidden'fromeachother.

UseofRTSandCTS
HiddenNodesaresolvedbytheuseofaRTS(requesttosend)/CTS(cleartosend)protocolpriorto packettransmission.InourthreenodenetworkaboveNodeAsendsasmallRTSpacketwhichisheardby NodeBwhichsendasmallCTSpacketwhichisheardbybothNodesAandNodeC.NodeCwillnot transmitinthiscase.

CSMA/CAwithRTS/CTS Key: 1. D=DCFInterFrameSpace(DIFS)

2. 3. 4. 5.

S=ShortInterFrameSpace(SIFS) CW=ContentionWindow MPDU=MACProtocolDataUnit A=Ack

NodeIdentification
Eachnodeina802.11networkisidentifiedbyitsMACaddress(exactlythesameasEtherneta6byte 48bitvalue).ReceivingnodesrecognizetheirMACaddress.

AccessPoints MACPacketFormat
Thefollowingdefinestheformatofan802.11packet(for802.3packetformatseehere) Frame Control 2 Values: Field Frame Control DurationID Address1 Address2 Address3 SequenceControl Address4 Duration Address1 Address2 Address3 Sequence Address4 ID (source) (destination (rxnode) Control (txnode) ) 2 6 6 6 2 6 Data FCS

02,312

NOTE:Bitsarenumberedrighttoleft(i.e.bitnumberissameas2**n) Bits 1514 1312 118 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 150 470 470 470 150 470 Values Notes/Description Protocolversion.Currently0 Type Subtype ToDS.1=tothedistributionsystem. FromDS.1=exitfromtheDistributionSystem. MoreFrag.1=morefragmentframestofollow(lastor unfragmentedframe=0) Retry.1=thisisaretransmission. PowerMgt.1=stationinpowersavemode,1=activemode. MoreData.1=additionalframesbufferedforthedestination address(addressx). WEP.1=dataprocessedwithWEPalgorithm.0=noWEP. Order.1=framesmustbestrictlyordered. Fordataframes=durationofframe.ForControlFramesthe associatedidentityofthetransmittingstation. Sourceaddress(6bytes). Destinationaddress(6bytes). Receivingstationaddress(destinationwirelessstation) Transmittingwirelessstation.

FrameBody FCS

310

02312octets(bytes). FrameCheckSequence(32bitCRC).definedinP802.11.

Problems,comments,suggestions,corrections(includingbrokenlinks)orsomethingtoadd?Pleasetake thetimefromabusylifeto'mailus'(attopofscreen),thewebmaster(below)orinfosupportatzytrax. Youwillhaveawarminnerglowfortherestoftheday.

HIPERLANprotocolarchitecture
Introduction
Forseveralyears,thetechnicalcommitteeRES10(RadioEquipmentandSystems)ofETSI(European TelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute)hasbeenworkingonHIPERLAN(HIghPERformanceLAN), whichisafamilyofstandardsondigitalhighspeedwirelesscommunicationinthe5.155.3Ghzandthe 17.117.3 Ghz spectrum. ETSI is currently referring the family as BRAN (Broadband Radio Access Networks).FourtypesofHIPERLANhasbeenproposed:HIPERLANtypes1and2,HIPERACCESS andHIPERLINK.TheHIPERLANstandardmerelydescribesacommonairinterfaceandthephysical layerforwirelesscommunicationsequipment,thusensuringcompatiblecommunicationssystemswhile leavingthehigherlevelfunctionsopentothemanufacturers.Itsspecificationconsistsofthetwolowest layersoftheOSImodel. UnliketheHIPERLANtype1,theHIPERLANtype2hasbeenspecificallydevelopedtomainlyhavea wired infrastructure providing a short range wireless access to IP, ATM and UMTS networks. The HIPERLANtype2operatesinthe5,2Ghzfrequencybandwith100Mhzspectrum.Atypicaltopology ofaHIPERLAN/2networkisdepictedinfigure1.TheMobileTerminals(MTs)communicatewithone Access Point (AP) at a time over an air interface; while on the move, HIPERLAN/2 automatically performshandovertothenearestAP.Adhocnetworks,wheretheMTscommunicatedirectly,canalsobe created,buttheirdevelopmentisstillinearlyphase.TheHIPERLAN/2isplannedtobefinalizedbythe endof1999.

AHIPERLAN/2network.

Features
TheHIPERLAN/2whitepapersummarizesthegeneralfeaturesoftheHIPERLAN/2technologyas follows[3]: Highspeedtransmission Connectionoriented QualityofService(QoS)support

Automaticfrequencyallocation Securitysupport Mobilitysupport Network&applicationindependent Powersave

HIPERLAN/2hasaveryhightransmissionrateupto54Mbit/s.Thisisachievedbymakinguseofa modularization method called Orthogonal Frequency Digital Multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM is particularlyefficientintimedispersiveenvironments,i.e.wheretheradiosignalsarereflectedfrommany points,e.g.inoffices. HIPERLAN/2 connections aretimedivisionmultiplexedandconnectionoriented,eitherbidirectional pointtopoint or unidirectional pointtomultipoint connections. There is also a dedicated broadcast channelthroughwhichthetrafficfromanAPreachesallterminals. Unlikeotherradiobasedsystems,thetrafficonaLANisinherentlyrandomandbursty.Thismaycause serious problems withrespecttothroughput, becausetheperformance is oneofthe most important factorsofwirelessLANs.InHIPERLAN/2,eachconnectioncanbeassignedeitherasimplerelative priorityleveloraspecificQoSintermsofbandwidth,delay,jitter,biterrorrate,etc. TheHIPERLAN/2AccessPointshaveabuiltinsupportforautomatictransmissionfrequencyallocation withintheAP'scoveragearea.ThisisperformedbytheDynamicFrequencySelection(DFS)function. Anappropriateradiochannelisselectedbasedonbothwhatradiochannelsarealreadyinusebyother AP'sandtominimizeinterferencewiththeenvironment.Thus,thereisnoneedformanualfrequency planningasincellularnetworkslikeGSM. The HIPERLAN/2 network supports authentication and encryption. Both the AP and the MT can authenticateeachothertoensureauthorizedaccesstothenetworkortoavalidnetworkoperator.The encryptioncanbeusedonestablishedconnectionstoprotectagainsteavesdroppingandmaninthe middleattacks.InHIPERLAN,eachcommunicatingnodeisgivenaHIPERLANID(HID)andaNode ID(NID).ThecombinationofthesetwoIDsuniquelyidentifiesanystation,andrestrictsthewayitcan connecttootherHIPERLANnodes.AllnodeswiththesamaHIDcancommunicatewitheachother usingadynamicroutingmechanismdenotedIntraHIPERLANForwarding. ThesupportforhandoverenablesmobilityofMTs.ThehandoverschemeisMTinitiated,i.e.theMT usestheAPwiththebestsignalasmeasuredforinstancebyS/Nratio,andastheusermovesaround,all establishedconnectionsmovetotheAPwiththebestradiotransmissionperformance,whiletheMTstays associatedtotheHIPERLAN/2network. TheHIPERLAN/2architectureiseasilyadaptedandintegratedwithavarietyoffixednetworks.All applicationsrunningoverafixedinfrastructurecanalsorunoveraHIPERLAN/2network. ThepowersavemechanisminHIPERLAN/2isbasedonMTinitiatednegotiationofsleepperiods.The MTrequeststheAPforalowpowerstateandaspecificsleepperiod.Attheexpirationofthesleep period,theMTsearchesforawakeupindicationfromtheAP,andintheabsenceofthatsleepsthenext period, andsoforth.TheMTreceivesanypendingdataasthesleepperiodexpires.Differentsleep periodsaresupporteddependingontherequirements.

Layers
TherearethreebasiclayersintheHIPERLAN/2:Physicallayer(PHY),DataLinkControllayer

(DLCandtheConvergencelayer(CL).

HIPERLAN/2protocolreferencemodel.

PhysicalLayer
The channeling is implemented byOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) due to its excellentperformanceonhighlydispersivechannels.ThebasicideaofOFDMistotransmitbroadband, highdatarateinformationbydividingthedataintoseveralinterleaved,parallelbitstreams,andleteach bitstreammodulateaseparatesubcarrier.Thechannelspacingis20MHz,whichallowshighbitratesper channelyethasreasonablenumberofchannels:52subcarriersareusedperchannel(48subcarriersfor data, 4 subcarriers tracking the phase for coherent demodulation). The independent frequency subchannelsareusedforonetransmissionlinkbetweentheAPandtheMTs. OFDMprovidesflexibilityconsideringtherealizationofdifferentmodulationalternatives.Seven differentphysicallayermodes(PHYmodes)arespecifiedintable PHYmodesdefinedforHIPERLAN/2. Mode Modulation Coderate PHYbitrate bytes/OFDM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BPSK BPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 9/16 3/4 3/4 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 27Mbps 36Mbps 54Mbps 3.0 4.5 6.0 9.0 13.5 18.0 27.0

DataLinkControlLayer
TheDataLinkControl(DLC)layerincludesfunctionsforbothmediumaccessandtransmission(user plane) as well as terminal/user and connection handling (controlplane). It consists of the following sublayers MediumAccessControl(MAC)protocol ErrorControl(EC)protocol(orLogicalLinkControl,LLC[2]) RadioLinkControl(RLC)protocol(alsoknownasRCP[2])withtheassociatedsignalling entities: DLCConnectionControl RadioResourceControl(RCC) AssociationControlFunction(ACF)

HIPERLAN/2functions. HIPERLAN/2functions. LLC MAC RCP DCC RRC ACF LogicalLinkControl Medium AccessControl RadiolinkControl Protocol DLCConnection Control RadioResource Control providemeanstoscopewiththeunreliableradiolinkbymeansof errordetectionandretransmissionprotocol Inchargeofsharingofthecapacityoftheradiolinkamongdifferent MTsandconnections.ThemasterschedulingislocatedinAP Providesfollowingfunctions: InchargeofDLCconnectioncontrol,e.g.,connectionsetupprocedure andconnectionmonitoring Inchargeofradioresourcehandling,channelmonitoring,channel selectionetc.

AssociationControl Inchargeofassociationprocedureaswellasreassociationprocedure Function

TheMACprotocolisusedforaccesstothemedium(theradiolink).ThecontroliscentralizedtotheAP whichinformtheMTs,whentheyareallowedtosenddata.Theairinterfaceisbasedontimedivision duplex (TDD) and dynamic timedivision multiple access (TDMA), which allows for simultaneous communicationinbothdownlinkanduplinkwithinthesametimeframe,i.e.theMACframe. TheMACframeformatconsistsoffourelements:BroadcastChannel(BCH),DownLink(DL),UpLink (UL), and Random Access (RA) . Except for the broadcast control, the duration of the fields is dynamicallyadaptedtothecurrenttrafficsituation.[3]ThewholeDLCisbasedonschedulingefficiently MACframe.TheMACframeandthetransportchannelsformtheinterfacebetweentheDLCandthe PHY.

MACframestructure.

ConvergenceLayer
TheConvergenceLayer(CL)adaptsservicerequestfromhigherlayerstotheserviceofferedbytheDLC andconvertsthehigherlayerpackets(SDUs)intoafixedsizeusedwithintheDLC.Thisfunctionmakes it possible to implement DLC and PHY that are independent of the fixed network to which the HIPERLAN/2networkisconnected. TherearecurrentlytwotypesofCLsdefined:cellbasedandpacketbased.Theformerisintendedfor interconnectiontoATMnetworks,thelatterisusedinavarietyofconfigurationsdependingonfixed networktype.

BluetoothArchitecture
Bluetoothcommunicationoccursbetweenamasterradioandaslaveradio.Bluetoothradiosare symmetricinthatthesamedevicemayoperateasamasterandalsotheslave.Eachradiohasa48bit uniquedeviceaddress(BD_ADDR)thatisfixed. Twoormoreradiodevicestogetherformadhocnetworkscalledpiconets.Allunitswithinapiconetshare thesamechannel.Eachpiconethasonemasterdeviceandoneormoreslaves.Theremaybeuptoseven activeslavesatatimewithinapiconet.Thus,eachactivedevicewithinapiconetisidentifiablebya3bit activedeviceaddress.Inactiveslavesinunconnectedmodesmaycontinuetoresidewithinthepiconet. AmasteristheonlyonethatmayinitiateaBluetoothcommunicationlink.However,oncealinkis established,theslavemayrequestamaster/slaveswitchtobecomethemaster.Slavesarenotallowedto talktoeachotherdirectly.Allcommunicationoccurswithintheslaveandthemaster.Slaveswithina piconetmustalsosynchronizetheirinternalclocksandfrequencyhopswiththatofthemaster.Each piconetusesadifferentfrequencyhoppingsequence.RadiodevicesusedTimeDivisionMultiplexing (TDM).Amasterdeviceinapiconettransmitsonevennumberedslotsandtheslavesmaytransmiton oddnumberedslots.

BluetoothScatternetsandPiconets Multiplepiconetswithoverlappingcoverageareasformascatternet.Eachpiconetmayhaveonlyone master,butslavesmayparticipateindifferentpiconetsonatimedivisionmultiplexbasis.Adevicemay beamasterinonepiconetandaslaveinanotheroraslaveinmorethanonepiconet. PhysicalChannel Bluetoothoperatesinthe 2.4GHzISMband.IntheUSandEurope,abandof83.5MHzwidthis available;inthisband,79RFchannelsspaced1MHzapartaredefined.InFrance,asmallerbandis available;inthisband,23RFchannelsspaced1MHzapartaredefined. Thechannelisrepresentedbya pseudorandomhoppingsequencehoppingthroughthe79or23RF channels.TwoormoreBluetoothdevicesusingthesamechannelformapiconet.Thereisonemaster and one or more slave(s) in each piconet. The hopping sequence is unique for the piconet and is determined by the Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR) of the master; the phase in the hopping sequenceisdeterminedbytheBluetoothclockofthemaster.Thechannelisdividedintotimeslotswhere each slot corresponds to an RF hop frequency. Consecutive hops correspond to different RF hop frequencies.

Thechannelisdividedintotimeslots,each625usinlength.Thetimeslotsarenumberedaccordingto theBluetoothclockofthepiconetmaster. A TDD scheme is used where master and slave alternatively transmit. The master shall start its transmissioninevennumberedtimeslotsonly,andtheslaveshallstartitstransmissioninoddnumbered timeslotsonly.Thepacketstartshallbealignedwiththeslotstart. PhysicalLinks TheBasebandhandlestwotypesoflinks:SCO(SynchronousConnectionOriented)andACL (AsynchronousConnectionLess)link.TheSCOlinkisasymmetricpointtopointlinkbetweenamaster andasingleslaveinthepiconet.ThemastermaintainstheSCOlinkbyusingreservedslotsatregular intervals(circuitswitchedtype).TheSCOlinkmainlycarriesvoiceinformation.Themastercansupport uptothreesimultaneousSCOlinkswhileslavescansupporttwoorthreeSCOlinks.SCOpacketsare neverretransmitted.SCOpacketsareusedfor64kB/sspeechtransmission. TheACLlinkisapointtomultipointlinkbetweenthemasterandalltheslavesparticipatingonthe piconet.IntheslotsnotreservedfortheSCOlinks,themastercanestablishanACLlinkonaperslot basistoanyslave,includingtheslavealreadyengagedinanSCOlink(packetswitchedtype).Onlya singleACLlinkcanexist.FormostACLpackets,packetretransmissionisapplied. LogicalChannels Bluetoothhasfivelogicalchannelswhichcanbeusedtotransferdifferenttypesofinformation.LC (ControlChannel)andLM(LinkManager)channelsareusedinthelinklevelwhileUA,UIandUS channelsareusedtocarryasynchronous,isosynchronousandsynchronoususerinformation.

Packets Alldataonthepiconetchannelisconveyedinpackets.
PacketTypes 13differentpackettypesaredefinedforthebasebandlayeroftheBluetoothsystem.Allhigherlayersuse thesepacketstocomposehigherlevelPDU's.ThepacketsareID,NULL,POLL,FHS,DM1;these packetsaredefinedforbothSCOandACLlinks.DH1,AUX1,DM3,DH3,DM5,DH5aredefinedfor ACLlinksonly.HV1,HV2,HV3,DVaredefinedforSCOlinksonly.

PacketFormat Eachpacketconsistsof3entities,theaccesscode(68/72bits),theheader(54bits),andthepayload (02745bits).

*DiagramSource:CourtesyofBluetoothSIG,BasebandSpecs,Fig4.1,p47 AccessCode:Accesscodeareusedfortimingsynchronization,offsetcompensation,pagingand inquiry.TherearethreedifferenttypesofAccesscode:ChannelAccessCode(CAC),Device AccessCode(DAC)andInquiryAccessCode(IAC).Thechannelaccesscodeidentifiesaunique piconetwhiletheDACisusedforpaginganditsresponses.IACisusedforinquirypurpose. Header:Theheadercontainsinformationforpacketacknowledgement,packetnumberingforout oforderpacketreordering,flowcontrol,slaveaddressanderrorcheckforheader. Payload:Thepacketpayloadcancontaineithervoicefield,datafieldorboth.Itithasadatafield, thepayloadwillalsocontainapayloadheader.

ChannelControl
ControllerStates Bluetoothcontrolleroperatesintwomajorstates:StandbyandConnection.Therearesevensubstates whichareusedtoaddslavesormakeconnectionsinthepiconet.Thesearepage,pagescan,inquiry, inquiryscan,masterresponse,slaveresponseandinquiryresponse. TheStandbystateisthedefaultlowpowerstateintheBluetoothunit.Onlythenativeclockisrunning andthereisnointeractionwithanydevicewhatsoever.IntheConnectionstate,themasterandslavecan exchangepacket,usingthechannel(master)accesscodeandthemasterBluetoothclock.Thehopping schemeusedisthechannelhoppingscheme.Theotherstates(page,inquiryetcaredescribedbelow) ConnectionSetup(Inquiry/Paging) Normally,aconnectionbetweentwodevicesoccurinthefollowingfashion:Ifnothingisknownabouta remotedevice,boththeinquiry(1)andpage(2)procedurehavetobefollowed.Ifsomedetailsareknown aboutaremotedevice,onlythepagingprocedure(2)isneeded Step1: Theinquiryprocedureenablesadevicetodiscoverwhichdevicesareinrange,anddeterminethe addressesandclocksforthedevices. 1.1: Theinquiryprocedureinvolveaunit(thesource)sendingoutinquirypackets(inquirystate) andthenreceivingtheinquiryreply

1.2: 1.3:

Theunitthatreceivestheinquirypackets(thedestination),willhopefullybeintheinquiry scanstatetoreceivetheinquirypackets.

Thedestinationwillthenentertheinquiryresponsestateandsendaninquiryreplytothe source. After the inquiry procedure has completed, a connection can be established using the paging procedure.

Step2: Withthepagingprocedure,anactualconnectioncanbeestablished.Thepagingproceduretypically followstheinquiryprocedure.OnlytheBluetoothdeviceaddressisrequiredtosetupaconnection. Knowledge about the clock (clock estimate) will accelerate the setup procedure. A unit that establishesaconnectionwillcarryoutapageprocedureandwillautomaticallybethemasterofthe connection.Theprocedureoccursasfollows: A device (the source) pages another device (the 2.1: Pagestate destination). 2.2: Thedestinationreceivesthepage. PageScanstate 2.3: Thedestinationsendsareplytothesource. SlaveResponsestate:(Step1) 2.4: ThesourcesendsanFHSpackettothedestination. MasterResponsestate:(Step1) 2.5: Thedestinationsendsit'ssecondreplytothesource. SlaveResponsestate:(Step2) Thedestination&sourcethenswitchtothesourceMaster Response state: Step 2 2.6: channelparameters. &SlaveResponsestate:Step3 TheConnectionstatestartswithaPOLLpacketsentbythemastertoverifythatslavehasswitchedtothe master'stimingandchannelfrequencyhopping.Theslavecanrespondwithanytypeofpacket.

ConnectionModes ABluetoothdeviceintheConnectionstatecanbeinanyofthefourfollowingmodes:Active,Hold,Sniff andParkmode. ActiveMode:Intheactivemode,theBluetoothunitactivelyparticipatesonthechannel.The masterschedulesthetransmissionbasedontrafficdemandstoandfromthedifferentslaves.In addition,itsupportsregulartransmissions tokeepslavessynchronizedtothechannel. Active slaveslisteninthemastertoslaveslotsforpackets.Ifanactiveslaveisnotaddressed,itmaysleep untilthenextnewmastertransmission. SniffMode:Devicessynchronizedtoapiconetcanenterpowersavingmodesinwhichdevice activityislowered.IntheSNIFFmode,aslavedevicelistenstothepiconetatreducedrate,thus reducingitsdutycycle.TheSNIFFintervalisprogrammableanddependsontheapplication.It hasthehighestdutycycle(leastpowerefficient)ofall3powersavingmodes(sniff,hold&park). HoldMode:Devicessynchronizedtoapiconetcanenterpowersavingmodesinwhichdevice activityislowered.ThemasterunitcanputslaveunitsintoHOLDmode,whereonlyaninternal timerisrunning.SlaveunitscanalsodemandtobeputintoHOLDmode.Datatransferrestarts instantlywhenunitstransitionoutofHOLDmode.Ithasanintermediatedutycycle(medium powerefficient)ofthe3powersavingmodes(sniff,hold&park). Park Mode: In the PARK mode, a device is still synchronized to the piconet but does not participateinthetraffic.ParkeddeviceshavegivenuptheirMAC(AM_ADDR)addressand occasionallistentothetrafficofthemastertoresynchronizeandcheckonbroadcastmessages.It

hasthelowestdutycycle(powerefficiency)ofall3powersavingmodes(sniff,hold&park).